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List of plesiosaur genera

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Summary

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This list of plesiosaurs is a comprehensive listing of all genera that have ever been included in the order Plesiosauria, excluding purely vernacular terms. The list includes all commonly accepted genera, but also genera that are now considered invalid, doubtful (nomen dubium), or were not formally published (nomen nudum), as well as junior synonyms of more established names, and genera that are no longer considered plesiosaurs. The list currently includes **** genera.

Scope and terminology

There is no official, canonical list of plesiosaur genera but one of the most thorough attempts can be found on the Plesiosauria section of Mikko Haaramo's Phylogeny Archive; also pertinent is the Plesiosaur Genera section at Adam Stuart Smith's Plesiosaur Directory.

Naming conventions and terminology follow the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature. Technical terms used include:

Junior synonym: A name which describes the same taxon as a previously published name. If two or more genera are formally designated and the type specimens are later assigned to the same genus, the first to be published (in chronological order) is the senior synonym, and all other instances are junior synonyms. Senior synonyms are generally used, except by special decision of the ICZN, but junior synonyms cannot be used again, even if deprecated. Junior synonymy is often subjective, unless the genera described were both based on the same type specimen.
Nomen nudum (Latin for "naked name"): A name that has appeared in print but has not yet been formally published by the standards of the ICZN. Nomina nuda (the plural form) are invalid, and are therefore not italicized as a proper generic name would be. If the name is later formally published, that name is no longer a nomen nudum and will be italicized on this list. Often, the formally published name will differ from any nomina nuda that describe the same specimen. In this case, these nomina nuda will be deleted from this list in favor of the published name.
Preoccupied name: A name that is formally published, but which has already been used for another taxon. This second use is invalid (as are all subsequent uses) and the name must be replaced. As preoccupied names are not valid generic names, they will also go unitalicized on this list.
Nomen dubium (Latin for "dubious name"): A name describing a fossil with no unique diagnostic features. As this can be an extremely subjective and controversial designation, this term is not used on this list.

The list

Genus	Authors	Year	Status	Age	Location	Notes	Images
author=A. Yu. Berezin	year=2011	title=A new plesiosaur of the family Aristonectidae from the early cretaceous of the center of the Russian platform	journal=Paleontological Journal	volume=45	issue=6	pages=648–660	doi=10.1134/S0031030111060037	bibcode=2011PalJ...45..648B	s2cid=129045087 }}	Berezin	2011	Valid	Early Cretaceous	Russia	Had a uniquely short, triangular skull with extremely large eye sockets	[[File:Abyssosaurus nataliae.png	200px]]
Acostasaurus	Gómez-Pérez & Noè	2017	Valid	Early Cretaceous	Colombia	Noted for its unusually caniniform dentition compared to other pliosaurids	[[File:Acostasaurus pavachoquensis by duskyvel-dbys3fi.png	200px]]
Albertonectes	Kubo et al.	2012	Valid	Late Cretaceous	Canada	Had the longest neck of any known plesiosaur, made up of seventy-six vertebrae	[[File:Albertonectes vanderveldei.png	200px]]
Alexandronectes	Otero et al.	2016	Valid	Late Cretaceous	New Zealand	last1=O'Gorman	first1=Jose P.	last2=Otero	first2=Rodrigo A.	last3=Hiller	first3=Norton	last4=O'Keefe	first4=Robin F.	last5=Scofield	first5=R. Paul	last6=Fordyce	first6=Ewan	date=2021-03-04	title=CT-scan description of Alexandronectes zealandiensis (Elasmosauridae, Aristonectinae), with comments on the elasmosaurid internal cranial features	url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/02724634.2021.1923310	journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology	volume=41	issue=2	doi=10.1080/02724634.2021.1923310	bibcode=2021JVPal..41E3310O	s2cid=237518012	issn=0272-4634	url-access=subscription}}	[[File:Alexandronectes zealandiensis.png	200px]]
Alexeyisaurus	Sennikov & Arkhangelsky	2010	Dubious	Late Triassic	Russia	Although originally described as an elasmosaurid plesiosaur, it was suggested to be an undiagnostic sauropterygian taxon by subsequent analyses
Alzadasaurus	Welles & Bump	1949	Jr. synonym	N/A	N/A	Junior synonym of Styxosaurus
Anguanax	Cau & Fanti	2015	Valid	Late Jurassic	Italy	Several features of its skull would indicate a diet of soft or small-bodied prey	[[File:Anguanax skull.jpg	200px]]
Anningasaura	Vincent & Benson	2012	Valid	Early Jurassic	United Kingdom	Known from a partial skeleton belonging to a juvenile animal	[[File:Hydrorion brachypterygius skull.JPG	200px]]
Apatomerus	Williston	1903	Dubious?	Early Cretaceous	United States	Originally identified as a crocodilian and later reinterpreted as a pterosaur, although it may very likely be a plesiosaur
Aphrosaurus	Welles	1943	Valid	Late Cretaceous	United States	Distinguished by the presence of a deepened ventral notch along the centra of its cervical vertebrae	[[File:Aphrosaurus furlongi profile reconstruction.jpg	200px]]
Apractocleidus	Smellie	1915	Jr. synonym	N/A	N/A	Junior synonym of Cryptoclidus
Aptychodon	von Reuss	1855	Valid	Late Cretaceous	Czech Republic	Some studies suggest this genus may be a potential junior synonym of Polyptychodon	[[File:Aptychodon teeth 2.png	200px]]
Archaeonectrus	Novozhilov	1964	Valid	Early Jurassic	United Kingdom	Originally mistakenly believed to be a species of Plesiosaurus	[[File:Archaeonectrus NT.jpg	200px]]
Aristonectes	Cabrera	1941	Valid	Late Cretaceous	Antarctica
Argentina
Chile	This genus would have migrated regularly between Patagonia and Antarctica as implied by its fossil record	[[File:Aristonectes_parvidens.png	200px]]
Arminisaurus	Sachs & Kear	2017	Valid	Early Jurassic	Germany	Shares some features of its skeleton with leptocleidian plesiosauroids	[[File:Arminisaurus.jpg	200px]]
Attenborosaurus	Bakker	1993	Valid	Early Jurassic	United Kingdom	Named in honor of British broadcaster and naturalist David Attenborough	[[File:Attenborosaurus conybeari life restoration.jpg	200px]]
Atychodracon	Smith	2015	Valid	Late Triassic to Early Jurassic	United Kingdom	Has been assigned to four different genera before its formal description	[[File:Atychodracon DB.jpg	200px]]
author=Roger B. J. Benson	author2=Mark Evans	author3=Patrick S. Druckenmiller	name-list-style=amp	year=2012	title=High Diversity, Low Disparity and Small Body Size in Plesiosaurs (Reptilia, Sauropterygia) from the Triassic–Jurassic Boundary	journal=PLOS ONE	volume=7	issue=3	article-number=e31838	doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0031838	pmid=22438869	pmc=3306369	bibcode=2012PLoSO...731838B	doi-access=free }}	Benson, Evans & Druckenmiller	2012	Valid	Early Jurassic	United Kingdom	One of the oldest plesiosaurs known to date	[[File:Holotype of Avalonnectes arturi NHMUK 14550.png	200px]]
Bathyspondylus	Delair	1982	Valid	Late Jurassic	United Kingdom	Possesses an unusual mix of pliosauroid and plesiosauroid features	[[File:Bathyspondylus.jpg	200px]]
Bishanopliosaurus	Dong	1980	Valid	Early Jurassic to Middle Jurassic	China	Could be distinguished by the bifurcated ribs of its sacrum	[[File:Bishanopliosaurus.jpg	200px]]
Borealonectes	Sato & Wu	2008	Valid	Middle Jurassic	Canada	One of the few North American plesiosaurs that lived during the Jurassic
last1=Benavides-Cabra	first1=Cristian D.	last2=Garavito-Camacho	first2=Renzo A.	last3=Páramo-Fonseca	first3=María E.	last4=Pomar	first4=Daniel Eduardo	date=November 3, 2025	title=A new brachaucheniine pliosaurid (Plesiosauria, Pliosauridae) from the upper Aptian of Villa de Leyva, Boyacá, Colombia	journal=Historical Biology	language=en	pages=1–27	doi=10.1080/08912963.2025.2580967	issn=0891-2963}}	Benavides-Cabra et al.	2025	Valid	Early Cretaceous	Colombia	Known from two specimens found in association with ammonites
Brachauchenius	Williston	1903	Valid	Late Cretaceous	Morocco
United States	Several pliosaurid specimens of same age had been referred to this genus, although they were either renamed as new taxa or considered dubious	[[File:Brachauchenius lucasi2DB.jpg	200px]]
Brancasaurus	Wegner	1914	Valid	Early Cretaceous	Germany	Its cervical vertebrae are noted for having shark fin-shaped neural spines	[[File:Brancasaurus habitat.jpg	200px]]
Brimosaurus	Leidy	1854	Dubious	Late Cretaceous	United States	May be synonymous with Cimoliasaurus
Callawayasaurus	Carpenter	1999	Valid	Early Cretaceous	Colombia	Has no pectoral bars, a trait shared with Terminonatator	[[File:Callawayasaurus colombiensis.png	200px]]
Cardiocorax	Araújo et al.	2015	Valid	Late Cretaceous	Angola	The morphology of its scapula suggests a relatively unique swimming style for this genus	[[File:Cardiocorax mukulu.png	200px]]
Ceraunosaurus	Thurmond	1968	Jr. synonym	N/A	N/A	Junior synonym of Trinacromerum
last1=O'Gorman	first1=José P.	last2=Carignano	first2=Ana Paula	last3=Calvo-Marcilese	first3=Lydia	last4=Pérez Panera	first4=Juan Pablo	date=2023-08-10	title=A new elasmosaurid (Sauropterygia, Plesiosauria) from the upper levels of the La Colonia Formation (upper Maastrichtian), Chubut Province, Argentina	journal=Cretaceous Research	volume=152	language=en	article-number=105674	doi=10.1016/j.cretres.2023.105674	bibcode=2023CrRes.15205674O	s2cid=260830333	issn=0195-6671}}	O'Gorman et al.	2023	Valid	Late Cretaceous	Argentina	Larger than the contemporary Kawanectes due to its marine habitat
Cimoliasaurus	Leidy	1851	Valid	Late Cretaceous	United States	Discovered in sediments that superficially resemble the chalk deposits found in the Western Interior Seaway	[[File:Cimoliasaurus.jpg	200px]]
Colymbosaurus	Seeley	1874	Valid	Middle Jurassic to Late Jurassic	Norway
United Kingdom	The holotype humerus was originally misidentified as a femur	[[File:Colymbosaurus megadeirus.png	200px]]
Crymocetus	Cope	1869	Dubious	Late Cretaceous	United Kingdom	Today seen as an indeterminate plesiosaur. Only known from a single vertebra	[[File:Crymocetus.jpg	200px]]
Cryonectes	Vincent, Bardet & Mattioli	2012	Valid	Early Jurassic	France	Possessed a relatively elongated snout	[[File:Cryonectes neustriacus.jpg	200px]]
Cryptoclidus	Seeley	1892	Valid	Middle Jurassic to Late Jurassic	United Kingdom	Would have preyed on small, soft-bodied animals as indicated by the delicate build of its skull and teeth	[[File:Cryptoclidus NT small.jpg	200px]]
Discosaurus	Leidy	1851	Valid	Late Cretaceous	United States	Has been argued to be the same taxon as Elasmosaurus	[[File:Discosaurus.jpg	200px]]
Djupedalia	Knutsen, Druckenmiller & Hurum	2012	Valid	Late Jurassic	Norway	Named after former Minister of Education and Research Øystein Djupedal	[[File:Djupedalia engeri.png	200px]]
Dolichorhynchops	Williston	1902	Valid	Late Cretaceous	Canada
United States	Described two years after its discovery	[[File:Dolichorhynchops osborni.png	200px]]
Dravidosaurus	Yadagiri & Ayyasami	1979	Dubious	Late Cretaceous	India	Suggested to be either an ornithischian (potentially stegosaurian) dinosaur or a plesiosaur
Eardasaurus	Ketchum & Benson	2022	Valid	Middle Jurassic	United Kingdom	Had prominent enamel ridges in its teeth, which would indicate a diet of large prey	[[File:Eardasaurus full skeleton.jpg	200px]]
Edgarosaurus	Druckenmiller	2002	Valid	Early Cretaceous	United States	One of the first polycotylids to become native to the Western Interior Seaway	[[File:Edgarosaurus.jpg	200px]]
Eiectus	Noè & Gómez-Pérez	2021	Valid?	Early Cretaceous	Australia	Potentially synonymous with Kronosaurus
Elasmosaurus	Cope	1868	Valid	Late Cretaceous	United States	Originally erroneously reconstructed with its skull placed at the end of its tail	[[File:Elasmosaurus platyurus.png	200px]]
Embaphias	Cope	1894	Dubious	Late Cretaceous	United States	Based on three cervical vertebrae
Eoplesiosaurus	Benson, Evans & Druckenmiller	2012	Valid	Early Jurassic	United Kingdom	May have been the basalmost known member of the Plesiosauroidea	[[File:Eoplesiosaurus antiquior.png	200px]]
EopolycotylusPLESIOSAURS FROM THE UPPER CRETACEOUS (CENOMANIAN–TURONIAN) TROPIC SHALE OF SOUTHERN UTAH, PART 2: POLYCOTYLIDAE	Albright et al.	2007	Valid	Late Cretaceous	United States	Known from a single partial skeleton	[[File:Eopolycotylus rankini.png	200px]]
Eretmosaurus	Seeley	1874	Valid	Early Jurassic to Middle Jurassic	Russia
United Kingdom	Two species are known	[[File:Eretmosaurus rugosus.png	200px]]
Eromangasaurus	Kear	2005	Valid	Early Cretaceous	Australia	The holotype skull is almost complete although badly crushed	[[File:Eromangasaurus australis.png	200px]]
Eurycleidus	Andrews	1922	Valid	Early Jurassic	United Kingdom	May have made a powerful forward stroke for fast swimming as suggested by its relatively large shoulder bones
Eurysaurus	Gaudry	1878	Valid	Early Jurassic	France	Formerly misidentified as a nothosaur
Fluvionectes	Campbell et al.	2021	Valid	Late Cretaceous	Canada	The holotype specimen may have died in a log jam as suggested by the pieces of coalified wood found alongside it	[[File:Fluvionectes sloanae.png	200px]]
last1=Sachs	first1=Sven	last2=Eggmaier	first2=Stefan	last3=Madzia	first3=Daniel	date=2024-02-16	title=Exquisite skeletons of a new transitional plesiosaur fill gap in the evolutionary history of plesiosauroids	journal=Frontiers in Earth Science	volume=12	doi=10.3389/feart.2024.1341470	doi-access=free	bibcode=2024FrEaS..1241470S }}	Sachs, Eggmaier & Madzia	2024	Valid	Early Jurassic	Germany	Its cervical and dorsal vertebrae possessed short neural spines	[[File:Franconiasaurus Life Restoration.jpg	200px]]
Fresnosaurus	Welles	1943	Valid	Late Cretaceous	United States	Coexisted with at least three other plesiosaurs	[[File:Fresnosaurus drescheri profile reconstruction.jpg	200px]]
Futabasaurus	Sato, Hasegawa & Manabe	2006	Valid	Late Cretaceous	Japan	Most of its bones preserve bite marks caused by Cretalamna, indicating it would have been scavenged or hunted by the shark	[[File:Futabasaurus suzukii.png	200px]]
Gallardosaurus	Gasparini	2009	Valid	Late Jurassic	Cuba	The only known individual was discovered in a concretion in dark shale	[[File:Gallardosaurus Skeletal.svg	200px]]
"Georgia"	Otschev	1976	Preoccupied	N/A	N/A	Preoccupied by a genus of snake, later renamed Georgiasaurus
Georgiasaurus	Otschev	1977	Valid	Late Cretaceous	Russia	The holotype skeleton was damaged during preparation of the quarry stone	[[File:Georgiasaurus penzensis.png	200px]]
Goniosaurus	Meyer	1860	Valid	Late Cretaceous	Netherlands	The striations of its tooth meet each other under an angle pointing to the root instead of the apex
author=Oliver Hampe	year=2013	title=The forgotten remains of a leptocleidid plesiosaur (Sauropterygia: Plesiosauroidea) from the Early Cretaceous of Gronau (Münsterland, Westphalia, Germany)	journal=Paläontologische Zeitschrift	volume=87	issue=4	pages=473–491	doi=10.1007/s12542-013-0175-3	bibcode=2013PalZ...87..473H	s2cid=129834688 }}	Hampe	2013	Jr. synonym	N/A	N/A	Junior synonym of Brancasaurus
author=Roger B. J. Benson	author2=Hilary F. Ketchum	author3=Darren Naish	author4=Langan E. Turner	name-list-style=amp	title=A new leptocleidid (Sauropterygia, Plesiosauria) from the Vectis Formation (Early Barremian–early Aptian; Early Cretaceous) of the Isle of Wight and the evolution of Leptocleididae, a controversial clade	journal=Journal of Systematic Palaeontology	year=2013	volume=11	issue= 2	pages= 233–250	doi=10.1080/14772019.2011.634444	bibcode=2013JSPal..11..233B	s2cid=18562271 }}	Benson et al.	2012	Valid	Early Cretaceous	United Kingdom	Originally named as a species of Cimoliasaurus	[[File:Hastanectes valdensis.png	200px]]
Hauffiosaurus	O'Keefe	2001	Valid	Early Jurassic	Germany
United Kingdom	The holotype specimen is preserved lying on its back	[[File:Hauffiosaurus zanoni.png	200px]]
Hydralmosaurus	Welles	1943	Jr. synonym	N/A	N/A	Junior synonym of Styxosaurus
Hydrorion	Großmann	2007	Valid	Early Jurassic	Germany	Several individuals are known	[[File:Hydrorion1DB.jpg	200px]]
Hydrotherosaurus	Welles	1943	Valid	Late Cretaceous	United States	Multiple vertebrae were the first remains to be found. More bones had been unearthed afterwards	[[File:Hydrotherosaurus_NT.jpg	200px]]
Ischyrodon	von Meyer	1838	Dubious	Middle Jurassic	Switzerland	last1=Madzia	first1=D.	last2=Sachs	first2=S.	last3=Klug	first3=C.	year=2022	title=Historical significance and taxonomic status of Ischyrodon meriani (Pliosauridae) from the Middle Jurassic of Switzerland	journal=PeerJ	volume=10	article-number=e13244	doi=10.7717/peerj.13244	pmid=35415018	pmc=8995022	doi-access=free }}	[[File:Ischyrodon_meriani_holotype_tooth_crown.jpg	200px]]
Jucha	Fischer et al.	2020	Valid	Early Cretaceous	Russia	One of the earliest known confirmed elasmosaurids	[[File:Jucha squalea.png	200px]]
Kaiwhekea	Cruickshank & Fordyce	2002	Valid	Late Cretaceous	New Zealand	Preserved inside a large, roughly 6.5 m long concretion	[[File:Kaiwhekea NT small.jpg	200px]]
Kawanectes	O'Gorman	2016	Valid	Late Cretaceous	Argentina	Previously identified as a species of Trinacromerum	[[File:Kawanectes lafquenianum.png	200px]]
Kimmerosaurus	Brown	1981	Valid	Late Jurassic	Norway?
United Kingdom	Its skull was overall similar to that of the related Cryptoclidus but much broader	[[File:Kimmerosaurus.png	200px]]
Kronosaurus	Longman	1924	Valid	Early Cretaceous	Australia	One of the largest pliosaurids ever identified, likely the apex predator of its environment	[[File:Kronosaurus queenslandicus SW.png	200px]]
Lagenanectes	Sachs, Hornung & Kear	2017	Valid	Early Cretaceous	Germany	One of the most well-preserved plesiosaurs known from the Early Cretaceous of Europe	[[File:Lagenanectes skeletal.png	200px]]
Leivanectes	Páramo-Fonseca et al.	2019	Valid	Early Cretaceous	Colombia	Differs from the contemporary Callawayasaurus, hence its classification as a separate genus
Leptocleidus	Andrews	1922	Valid	Early Cretaceous	Australia
South Africa
United Kingdom	Like other members of its family and unlike most other plesiosaurs, it inhabited freshwater environments	[[File:Leptocleidus capensis.png	200px]]
Leurospondylus	Brown	1913	Valid	Late Cretaceous	Canada	Its exact taxonomic placement is uncertain	[[File:Leurospondylus.jpg	200px]]
Libonectes	Carpenter	1997	Valid	Late Cretaceous	Morocco
United States	Originally referred to as a species of Elasmosaurus, but it was named as a distinct genus due to morphological differences	[[File:New Libonectes.jpg	200px]]
Lindwurmia	Vincent & Storrs	2019	Valid	Early Jurassic	Germany	Possessed five pairs of premaxillary teeth	[[File:Lindwurmia NT.png	200px]]
Liopleurodon	Sauvage	1873	Valid	Middle Jurassic to Late Jurassic	France
Germany
Mexico
United Kingdom	Several analyses suggest that this genus may have been an ambush predator	[[Image:Liopleurodon after Tarlo.jpg	200px]]
Lorrainosaurus	Sachs et al.	2023	Valid	Middle Jurassic	France	Originally assigned to Simolestes but it has been found to be more derived	[[File:Lorrainosaurus keileni holotype diagram.webp	200px]]
Luetkesaurus	Kiprijanoff	1883	Dubious	Late Cretaceous	Russia	No species name has ever been assigned
Luskhan	Fischer et al.	2017	Valid	Early Cretaceous	Russia	Unlike other pliosaurids, it had a slender snout, small teeth, and short tooth rows, convergent with polycotylids	[[File:Luskhan itilensis.jpg	200px]]
Lusonectes	Smith, Araújo & Mateus	2012	Valid	Early Jurassic	Portugal	The first plesiosaur named from Portugal	[[File:Lusonectes.jpg	200px]]
Macroplata	Swinton	1930	Valid	Early Jurassic	United Kingdom	Its neck is comparatively longer than its head	[[File:Macroplata_BW.jpg	200px]]
Makhaira	Fischer et al.	2015	Valid	Early Cretaceous	Russia	Unusually, its teeth were triangular in cross-section	[[File:Makhaira rossica.jpg	200px]]
Manemergus	Buchy et al.	2005	Valid	Late Cretaceous	Morocco	May have been contemporaneous with Thililua	[[File:Manemergus anguirostris.png	200px]]
last1=O'Gorman	first1=Jose P.	last2=Canale	first2=Juan I.	last3=Bona	first3=Paula	last4=Tineo	first4=David E.	last5=Reguero	first5=Marcelo	last6=Cárdenas	first6=Magalí	date=2024-12-31	title=A new elasmosaurid (Plesiosauria: Sauropterygia) from the López de Bertodano Formation: new data on the evolution of the aristonectine morphology	journal=Journal of Systematic Palaeontology	language=en	volume=22	issue=1	doi=10.1080/14772019.2024.2312302	bibcode=2024JSPal..2212302O	issn=1477-2019}}	O'Gorman et al.	2024	Valid	Late Cretaceous	Antarctica	Closely allied to the aristonectines	[[File:Marambionectes molinai.png	200px]]
Maresaurus	Gasparini	1997	Valid	Middle Jurassic	Argentina	The first plesiosaur identified from the Los Molles Formation
Marmornectes	Ketchum & Benson	2011	Valid	Middle Jurassic	United Kingdom	Would have been very similar to Peloneustes
last1=Clark	first1=Robert O.	last2=O'Keefe	first2=F. Robin	last3=Slack	first3=Sara E.	date=2023-12-24	title=A new genus of small polycotylid plesiosaur from the Upper Cretaceous of the Western Interior Seaway and a clarification of the genus Dolichorhynchops	url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0195667123003403	journal=Cretaceous Research	volume=157	article-number=105812	doi=10.1016/j.cretres.2023.105812	s2cid=266546582	issn=0195-6671	url-access=subscription }}	Clark, O'Keefe & Slack	2023	Valid	Late Cretaceous	Russia?
United States	Initially named as species of Trinacromerum and then assigned to Dolichorhynchops until its reclassification as a new genus in 2023	[[File:Martinectes UMMNH.jpg	200px]]
Mauisaurus	Hector	1874	Dubious	Late Cretaceous	New Zealand	last1=Hiller	first1=Norton	last2= O’Gorman	first2= José P.	last3=Otero	first3= Rodrigo A.	last4= Mannering	first4= Al A.	url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/313487910	title= A reappraisal of the Late Cretaceous Weddellian plesiosaur genus Mauisaurus Hector, 1874	year= 2017	journal= New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics	volume= 60	issue=2	pages = 112–128	doi= 10.1080/00288306.2017.1281317	bibcode=2017NZJGG..60..112H	s2cid=132037930 }}	[[File:Mauisaurus BW.jpg	200px]]
Mauriciosaurus	Frey et al.	2017	Valid	Late Cretaceous	Mexico	Similarly to Cryptoclidus, it is noted for the unusual arrangement of gastralia	[[File:Mauriciosaurus fernandezi life restoration.jpg	200px]]
Megacephalosaurus	Schumacher et al.	2013	Valid	Late Cretaceous	United States	One of the last known pliosaurids prior to their extinction	[[File:Megacephalosaurus eulerti MP.png	200px]]
Megalneusaurus	Knight	1898	Valid	Late Jurassic	United States	One specimen preserves stomach contents, including cephalopods and fish	[[File:Megalneusaurus027.jpg	200px]]
Meyerasaurus	Smith & Vincent	2010	Valid	Early Jurassic	Germany	Represented by a complete, articulated skeleton	[[File:Rhomaleosaurus victor.jpg	200px]]
Microcleidus	Watson	1909	Valid	Early Jurassic	France
Germany
Luxembourg
United Kingdom	Possessed at least forty vertebrae in its neck	[[File:Microcleidus homalospondylus.png	200px]]
Monquirasaurus	Noè & Gómez-Pérez	2021	Valid	Early Cretaceous	Colombia	Originally known as a South American species of Kronosaurus	[[File:Kronosaurus bojacens1DB.jpg	200px]]
Morenosaurus	Welles	1943	Valid	Late Cretaceous	United States	The only described specimen is nearly complete, missing only the skull and some parts of the neck and paddles	[[File:Morenosaurus stocki.png	200px]]
Morturneria	Chatterjee & Creisler	1994	Valid	Late Cretaceous	Antarctica	last1=O'Keefe	first1=F. R.	last2=Otero	first2=R. A.	last3=Soto-Acuña	first3=S.	last4=O'Gorman	first4=J. P.	last5=Godfrey	first5=S. J.	last6=Chatterjee	first6=S.	year=2017	title=Cranial anatomy of Morturneria seymourensis from Antarctica, and the evolution of filter feeding in plesiosaurs of the Austral Late Cretaceous	journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology	volume=37	issue=4	article-number=e1347570	doi=10.1080/02724634.2017.1347570	bibcode=2017JVPal..37E7570O	s2cid=91144814	hdl=11336/75235	hdl-access=free}}	[[File:Morturneria seymourensis.png	200px]]
Muraenosaurus	Seeley	1874	Valid	Middle Jurassic	United Kingdom	May have possessed an increased muscle attachment towards its neck as indicated by its elongated cervical vertebrae with broad neural spines	[[File:Muraenosaurus l2.jpg	200px]]
Nakonanectes	Serratos et al.	2017	Valid	Late Cretaceous	United States	Its overall morphology was exceptionally similar to that of aristonectines despite being less derived	[[File:Nakonanectes bradti.png	200px]]
last=Druckenmiller	first=Patrick S.	author2=Russell, Anthony P.	year=2009	title=The new plesiosaurian genus Nichollssaura from Alberta, Canada: replacement name for the preoccupied genus Nichollsia	journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology	volume=29	issue=1	page=276	doi=10.1080/02724634.2009.10010379	bibcode=2009JVPal..29..276D	s2cid=83847722 }}	Druckenmiller & Russell	2009	Valid	Early Cretaceous	Canada	Fills a temporal gap of approximately 40 million years in the fossil record of North American plesiosaurs	[[File:Nichollssaura BW.jpg	200px]]
"Nichollsia"	Druckenmiller & Russell	2008	Preoccupied	N/A	N/A	Preoccupied by a genus of isopod, renamed Nichollssaura
Occitanosaurus	Bardet et al.	1999	Jr. synonym	N/A	N/A	Junior synonym of Microcleidus
Ogmodirus	Williston & Moodie	1913	Dubious	Late Cretaceous	United States	May be an elasmosaurid	[[File:Ogdomirus_holotype.jpg	200px]]
Oligosimus	Leidy	1872	Jr. synonym	N/A	N/A	Junior synonym of Cimoliasaurus
Opallionectes	Kear	2006	Valid	Early Cretaceous	Australia	Hypothesized to live on a cold habitat	[[File:Opallionectes andamookaensis.png	200px]]
Ophthalmothule	Roberts et al.	2020	Valid	Late Jurassic to Early Cretaceous	Norway	May have possibly hunted at night in deep waters as suggested by its relatively large eye sockets	[[File:Ophthalmothule cryostea.png	200px]]
Orophosaurus	Cope	1851	Dubious	Late Cretaceous	United States	Named based only on portions of three neck vertebrae
Pachycostasaurus	Cruickshank et al.	1996	Valid	Middle Jurassic	United Kingdom	Its skeleton bears several unique features in most of the bones	[[File:Pachycostasaurus recon.png	200px]]
Pahasapasaurus	Schumacher	2007	Valid	Late Cretaceous	United States	Distinguishable by characters of its epipodial and palate bones	[[File:Pahasapasaurus haasi.png	200px]]
"Palmula"	Albright et al.	2007	Preoccupied	N/A	N/A	Preoccupied by a genus of foraminifer, renamed Palmulasaurus
Palmulasaurus	Albright et al.	2007	Valid	Late Cretaceous	United States	Shared its environment with three other polycotylids	[[File:Palmulasaurus quadratus.png	200px]]
Pantosaurus	Marsh	1893	Valid	Late Jurassic	United States	One fossil preserves a partially digested ichthyosaur embryo within its stomach cavity	[[File:Pantosaurus striatus.png	200px]]
Peloneustes	Lydekker	1889	Valid	Middle Jurassic	United Kingdom	Multiple specimens are known, including fairly complete material, which make it one of the most well-known pliosaurids	[[File:Peloneustes SW.png	200px]]
Peyerus	Stromer	1935	Jr. synonym	N/A	N/A	Junior synonym of Leptocleidus
Picrocleidus	Andrews	1910	Valid	Middle Jurassic	United Kingdom	Previously synonymized with the coeval Muraenosaurus, but this has been cast into doubt	[[File:Picrocleidus beloclis.png	200px]]
Piptomerus	Cope	1887	Jr. synonym	N/A	N/A	Junior synonym of Cimoliasaurus
Piratosaurus	Leidy	1865	Dubious	Late Cretaceous	Canada	Solely known from a single tooth which may have come from a polycotylid	[[File:Piratosaurus_holotype.jpg	200px]]
Plesioelasmosaurus	Schumacher & Everhart	2022	Valid	Late Cretaceous	United States	Would have been relatively basal for an elasmosaurid	[[File:Plesioelasmosaurus_holotype_elements.png	200px]]
Plesionectes	Sachs & Madzia	2025	Valid	Early Jurassic	Germany	Preserved patches of soft tissue impressions that may indicate a dark coloration for this taxon	[[File:Plesionectes (holotype, SMNS 51945).png	200px]]
Plesiopharos	Puértolas-Pascual et al.	2021	Valid	Early Jurassic	Portugal	The holotype was discovered next to a lighthouse	[[File:Plesiopharos moelensis.png	200px]]
Plesiopleurodon	Carpenter	1996	Valid	Late Cretaceous	United States	Initially believed to be a member of the Pliosauroidea	[[File:Plesiopleurodon2DB.jpg	200px]]
Plesiopterys	O'Keefe	2004	Valid	Early Jurassic	Germany	Displays an unusual combination of primitive and derived traits	[[File:Plesiopterys wildi.png	200px]]
Plesiosaurus	De la Beche & Conybeare	1821	Valid	Early Jurassic	United Kingdom	The first plesiosaur genus scientifically named and described. May be the most commonly found member in the Lias Group	[[File:Plesiosaurus 3DB.jpg	200px]]
Pliosaurus	Owen	1841	Valid	Late Jurassic to Early Cretaceous	Norway
Russia
Ukraine
United Kingdom	The second specimen of P. funkei has been nicknamed "Predator X"	[[File:Pliosaurus_funkei21DB.jpg	200px]]
Polycotylus	Cope	1869	Valid	Late Cretaceous	Russia
United States	One particular specimen preserves a fetus inside of it, suggesting it gave live birth	[[File:Polycotylus NT.jpg	200px]]
Polyptychodon	Owen	1841	Dubious	Late Cretaceous	Argentina?
France?
United Kingdom	The sauropod dinosaur Dinodocus had been mistakenly attributed to this genus	[[File:Polyptychodon interr2DB.jpg	200px]]
"Raptocleidus"	Evans	2012	Nomen nudum	Early Jurassic	United Kingdom	Two species have been named, albeit informally
Rhaeticosaurus	Wintrich et al.	2017	Valid	Late Triassic	Germany	One of the few plesiosaurs known from the Triassic
Rhomaleosaurus	Seeley	1874	Valid	Early Jurassic	United Kingdom	One of the largest early predatory marine reptiles. Four species are known	[[File:Rhomaleosaurus crampt12DB.jpg	200px]]
Sachicasaurus	Páramo-Fonseca et al.	2018	Valid	Early Cretaceous	Colombia	One of the most completely known pliosaurids yet described	[[File:Sachicasaurus Scale.svg	200px]]
Scalamagnus	Clark, O'Keefe & Slack	2023	Valid	Late Cretaceous	United States	Once believed to be a species of Dolichorhynchops	[[File:Scalamagnus_tropicensis.jpg	200px]]
Scanisaurus	Persson	1959	Dubious	Late Cretaceous	Russia
Sweden	Although it is now considered dubious, this genus continues to be used in practice	[[File:Scanisaurus Scale.svg	200px]]
Seeleyosaurus	White	1940	Valid	Early Jurassic	Germany
Russia?	Remains originally identified as Plesiosaurus	[[File:SeeleysaurusDB.jpg	200px]]
Serpentisuchops	Persons, Street & Kelley	2022	Valid	Late Cretaceous	United States	Had an exceptionally long neck, a unique trait among polycotylids	[[File:Serpentisuchops pfisterae.png	200px]]
Simolestes	Andrews	1909	Valid	Middle Jurassic to Late Jurassic	India?
United Kingdom	Possessed an unusually short, high skull	[[File:Simolestes1DB.jpg	200px]]
Sinopliosaurus	Young	1944	Dubious	Early Cretaceous	China	Based only on a tooth and three vertebrae
Spitrasaurus	Knutsen, Druckenmiller & Hurum	2012	Valid	Late Jurassic	Norway
United Kingdom?	Two species have been named	[[File:Spitrasaurus wensaasi.png	200px]]
Spondylosaurus	Fischer	1845	Jr. synonym	N/A	N/A	Junior synonym of Pliosaurus
Stenorhynchosaurus	Páramo-Fonseca et al.	2016	Valid	Early Cretaceous	Colombia	Originally identified as a specimen of Brachauchenius	[[File:Stenorhynchosaurus holotype skull.jpg	200px]]
"Stereosaurus"	Seeley	1869	Nomen nudum	Late Cretaceous	United Kingdom	An informally named plesiosaur
Sthenarosaurus	Watson	1909	Valid	Early Jurassic	United Kingdom	Its pelvis was relatively broad and strong	[[File:Sthenarosaurus sp 2.JPG	200px]]
Stratesaurus	Benson, Evans & Druckenmiller	2012	Valid	Early Jurassic	United Kingdom	Possibly the basalmost known rhomaleosaurid	[[File:Holotype of Stratesaurus taylori OUMNH J.10337.png	200px]]
Stretosaurus	Tarlo	1959	Jr. synonym	N/A	N/A	Junior synonym of Pliosaurus
Strongylokrotaphus	Novozhilov	1964	Jr. synonym	N/A	N/A	Junior synonym of Pliosaurus
Styxosaurus	Welles	1943	Valid	Late Cretaceous	United States	Closely related to Elasmosaurus, but can be differentiated from it based on morphological features	[[File:Styxosaurus_snowii.png	200px]]
Sulcusuchus	Gasparini & Spalletti	1990	Valid	Late Cretaceous	Argentina	Originally mistakenly believed to be a pseudosuchian	[[File:Sulcusuchus erraini.png	200px]]
Taphrosaurus	Cope	1870	Dubious	Late Cretaceous	United States	Poorly known
Tatenectes	O'Keefe & Wahl	2003	Valid	Late Jurassic	United States	Its unusual body shape and pachyostotic gastralia would have made it more suitable to turbulence	[[File:Tatenectes SW.png	200px]]
Terminonatator	Sato	2003	Valid	Late Cretaceous	Canada	One of the youngest plesiosaurs known from the Western Interior Seaway	[[File:Terminonatator ponteixensis.png	200px]]
Thalassiodracon	Storrs & Taylor	1996	Valid	Late Triassic to Early Jurassic	United Kingdom	Its maxillae had heterodont dentition	[[File:Thalassiodracon BW.jpg	200px]]
Thalassiosaurus	Welles	1953	Jr. synonym	N/A	N/A	Junior synonym of Styxosaurus
Thalassomedon	Welles	1943	Valid	Late Cretaceous	United States	The type specimen has stones preserved in its stomach cavity	[[File:Thalassomedon haningtoni.jpg	200px]]
Thalassonomosaurus	Welles	1943	Jr. synonym	N/A	N/A	Junior synonym of Styxosaurus
Thaumatodracon	Smith & Araújo	2017	Valid	Early Jurassic	United Kingdom	Relatively large for a rhomaleosaurid
Thaumatosaurus	von Meyer	1841	Jr. synonym	N/A	N/A	The holotype is dubious and not diagnostic, as it can be referred to as an indeterminate pliosauroid. The specimens that were assigned to this genus now belong to different taxa
Thililua	Bardet, Suberbiola & Jalil	2003	Valid	Late Cretaceous	Morocco	The first polycotylid plesiosaur named from Africa	[[File:Thililua longicollis.png	200px]]
last1=O'Keefe	first1=F. Robin	last2=Armour Smith	first2=Elliott	last3=Clark	first3=Robert O.	last4=Otero	first4=Rodrigo A.	last5=Perella	first5=Anna	last6=Trask	first6=Patrick	date=2025-12-31	title=A name for the Provincial Fossil of British Columbia: a strange new elasmosaur taxon from the Santonian of Vancouver Island	journal=Journal of Systematic Palaeontology	language=en	volume=23	issue=1	doi=10.1080/14772019.2025.2489938	issn=1477-2019}}	O'Keefe et al.	2025	Valid	Late Cretaceous	Canada	Before its formal scientific description, it has been variously referred to as the "Courtenay elasmosaur", "Puntledge elasmosaur", or "Haslam elasmosaur". Officially recognized as the Provincial Fossil of British Columbia	[[File:Traskasaura sandrae.jpg	200px]]
Tremamesacleis	White	1940	Jr. synonym	N/A	N/A	Junior synonym of Muraenosaurus
Trematospondylus	Quenstedt	1858	Dubious	Middle Jurassic	Germany	One of the first described plesiosaurs. Known only from seven large vertebrae
Tricleidus	Andrews	1909	Valid	Middle Jurassic	United Kingdom	One referred species has been later found to belong to Colymbosaurus	[[File:Tricleidus skeletal.jpg	200px]]
Trinacromerum	Cragin	1888	Valid	Late Cretaceous	Canada
United States	May have preyed on small fish as suggested by its dentition	[[File:Trinacromerum BW.jpg	200px]]
Tuarangisaurus	Wiffen, Wiffen & Moisley	1986	Valid	Late Cretaceous	New Zealand	Possesses two features in its skeleton that are otherwise unknown in other elasmosaurids	[[File:Tuarangisaurus keyesi.png	200px]]
"Turneria"	Chatterjee & Small	1989	Preoccupied	N/A	N/A	Preoccupied by a genus of ant, renamed Morturneria
Umoonasaurus	Kear, Schroeder & Lee	2006	Valid	Early Cretaceous	Australia	Uniquely for a plesiosaur, its skull features three crest-ridges that were likely covered in keratin	[[File:Umoonasaurus demoscyllus.png	200px]]
Unktaheela	Clark, O'Keefe & Slack	2023	Valid	Late Cretaceous	United States	The smallest adult polycotylid yet known	[[File:Unktaheela Skull Diagram.svg	200px]]
Uronautes	Cope	1876	Dubious	Late Cretaceous	United States	Described as a rhomaleosaurid but its extremely late age casts doubt into this
Vectocleidus	Benson et al.	2012	Valid	Early Cretaceous	United Kingdom	Previously thought to belong to its relative Leptocleidus	[[File:Leptocleidus1DB.jpg	200px]]
Vegasaurus	O'Gorman et al.	2015	Valid	Late Cretaceous	Antarctica	May be closely related to Morenosaurus	[[File:Vegasaurus molyi.png	200px]]
Vinialesaurus	Gasparini et al.	2002	Valid	Late Jurassic	Cuba	Originally referred to as a species of Cryptoclidus, but it was distinct enough from that genus to be named as its own taxon	[[File:Vinialesaurus caroli.png	200px]]
Westphaliasaurus	Schwermann & Sander	2011	Valid	Early Jurassic	Germany	Known from an articulated, almost complete skeleton	[[File:Westphaliasaurus simonsensii.png	200px]]
Woolungasaurus	Persson	1960	Dubious	Early Cretaceous	Australia	Today considered an indeterminate elasmosaurid	[[File:Woolungasaurus glendowerensis.png	200px]]
Wunyelfia	Otero et al.	2021	Valid	Late Cretaceous	Chile	One of the few Patagonian plesiosaurs described from outside Argentina	[[File:Wunyelfia maulensis profile reconstruction.jpg	200px]]
Yuzhoupliosaurus	Zhang	1985	Valid	Middle Jurassic	China	Distinguishable by its long coracoids and well-developed clavicles
Zarafasaura	Vincent et al.	2011	Valid	Late Cretaceous	Morocco	Unlike other elasmosaurids, its skull was unusually short	[[File:Zarafasaura oceanis.png	200px]]

|- |}

Footnotes

References

{{cite web |access-date = 4 November 2023 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060902043146/http://www.fmnh.helsinki.fi/users/haaramo/Metazoa/Deuterostoma/Chordata/Reptilia/Sauropterygia/Plesiosauria.htm |archive-date = 2 September 2006
{{cite web |access-date = 4 November 2023 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060321174712/http://www.plesiosauria.com/genera.html |archive-date = 21 March 2006

References

See Haaramo, ''Plesiosauria''.
See Smith, ''Plesiosaur Genera''.
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