World Rally Car

Regulations

1997–2010

Between 1997 and 2010, the regulations mandated that World Rally Cars must have been built upon a production car with a minimum production run of 2500 units. A number of modifications could be made including increasing the engine displacement up to 2.0L, forced induction (including an anti-lag system), addition of four wheel drive, fitment of a sequential gearbox, modified suspension layout and attachment points, aerodynamic body modifications, weight reduction to a minimum of 1230 kg and chassis strengthening for greater rigidity. The maximum width was set at 1770 mm while front and rear tracks shouldn't exceed 1550 mm.

Unlike the requirements for the preceding Group A cars, manufacturers were no longer required to build "homologation specials" in order to meet approval. The base model did not need to have all the characteristics of the WRC car, as evidenced from cars such the Peugeot 206, 307, Citroën Xsara, and Škoda Fabia, which during this period had no road car variant with a turbocharged petrol engine or four-wheel-drive.

To limit power, all forced induction cars were fitted with a 34 mm diameter air restrictor before the turbocharger inlet, limiting the airflow to about 10 cubic meters per minute. The restriction was intended to limit power output to 300 hp although some WRC engines were believed to produce around 330 –. Engine development did not focus on peak power output but towards producing a very wide powerband (or power curve). Typically, power output in excess of 300 hp was available from 3000 rpm to the 7500 rpm maximum, with a peak of 330 – at around 5500 rpm. At 2000 rpm (the engine idle speed in "stage" mode) power output was slightly above 200 hp.

By 2004, the best cars had ABS, electronic clutch control, paddle-shift, traction control, three active differentials, ride height control with GPS, electronic dampers and active suspension.

For 2005 the maximum width of the WRC cars was increased from 1770 mm to 1800 mm.

In an attempt to cut costs, since 2006 new regulations required mechanical front and rear differentials, while the central differential remained active. Active suspension and water injections were also prohibited. Cars entered by a manufacturer had to be equipped with the same engine for two rallies; further limitations were imposed on the changing of some parts, including suspension, steering, turbochargers, and gearboxes.

2011–2016

Starting in 2011, rules for WRC cars changed to be more restrictive. New regulations were derived from Super 2000 cars with a different aerodynamic kit. The cars could be smaller models (there was no longer a minimum 4 m length) and include a custom-build or production 1600 cm3 direct injection turbo-charged global race engine with a 33 mm diameter air restrictor and a maximum boost pressure of 2.5 bar absolute. This limited torque to about 400 N.m or less).

Exotic materials (titanium, magnesium, ceramics and composite) were forbidden except when present in the base model. Carbon fibre and aramid fibre were very restricted ("only one layer of fabric is used and is affixed to the visible face of the part"), except for bodywork's side protections where multiple layers of aramid fibre were allowed.

The gear changes must be made with a mechanical linkage system, so paddle-shifters were outlawed. However the system was re-allowed in 2015. There was no center differential (earlier it used to be 3 differentials, with a center/3rd differential included), but the new regulation allows the only front and rear axle differential and a mechanical clutch to disconnect the rear axle during handbrake use (to reduce cost and make the cars' driving style more exciting again for both spectators and TV broadcasts). These two differentials must be mechanical, without electronic control or hydraulic or viscous systems (from 2006 to 2010 the center differential and previously all three could be active{{Cite web | access-date = 2011-02-21}} ).

The minimum weight was 1200 kg empty and 1350 kg (1360 kg from 2013) with driver and co-driver (in both cases when measured with only one spare wheel).

2017–2021

The 1.6 L turbo-charged global race engine was retained in the 2017 World Rally Car regulations, but the turbo restrictor diameter was increased from 33 mm to 36 mm, increasing the engine's power output from 310 to. The minimum empty vehicle weight was decreased by 10 kg but the combined vehicle, crew and spare wheel weight remained at 1360 kg.

Manufacturers were given more freedom to maximise aerodynamic performance, including large brake cooling ducts in fairings forming enlarged wheel arches. Electronically controlled active centre differentials were permitted, while the front and rear differentials remain mechanical.

While 2011 specification World Rally Cars were allowed to compete in 2017, the new World Rally Cars were allowed for use by manufacturers' teams only.

Cars

Gallery

File:Xavier Pons.jpg|Citroën Xsara WRC File:Petter Solberg (4785583959).jpg|Citroën C4 WRC File:Al Qassami Baiao Rally de portugal 2016.jpg|Citroën DS3 WRC File:C3 WRC in Monte Carlo - fotocredd Citroën Racing.jpg|Citroën C3 WRC File:Ford Escort WRC (28505581320).jpg|Ford Escort WRC File:Neste Oil Rally 2010 - Jari-Matti Latvala in shakedown.jpg|Ford Focus RS WRC File:Mads Osberg 2 Baiao Rally de portugal 2016.jpg|Ford Fiesta RS WRC File:Sábado 19, Rally de Portugal 2018 - 4.jpg|Ford Fiesta WRC File:Ke hyundai.jpg|Hyundai Accent WRC File:Chris Atkinson Rally Mexico 2014 002.jpg|Hyundai i20 WRC File:2017 Rally Portugal - 5.jpg|Hyundai i20 Coupe WRC File:Acr2011 336.jpg|Mini John Cooper Works WRC File:Delecour, Rally Germany 2002.jpg|Mitsubishi Lancer Evolution WRC File:Gilles Panizzi.jpg|Mitsubishi Lancer WRC File:2003 Acropolis Rally 24.jpg|Peugeot 206 WRC File:Marcus Grönholm - 2004 Monte Carlo Rally.jpg|Peugeot 307 WRC File:SEAT Cordoba WRC.jpg|SEAT Córdoba WRC File:Sb skoda.jpg|Škoda Octavia WRC File:Jan Kopecký-2007 Wales Rally GB 001.jpg|Škoda Fabia WRC File:Jari Ketomaa - Rally Finland 2009.JPG|Subaru Impreza WRC File:Toni Gardemeister - 2008 Rallye Deutschland 3.jpg|Suzuki SX4 WRC File:2015 Rally Bohemia - Jirovec, Toyota Corolla WRC.JPG|Toyota Corolla WRC File:Ott Tänak in Toyota Yaris WRC of Toyota Gazoo Racing WRC Rallye Deutschland 2018.jpg|Toyota Yaris WRC File:Sebastien Ogier Baiao Rally de portugal 2016.jpg|Volkswagen Polo R WRC

References

References

1. "WRC History". Suzuki Sport.
2. "Subaru Rally Engine – Developing a World Rally Car power plant", page 23-30, Race Engine Technology, issue 005, 2004
3. (2011). "Ford technical director explains low-tech approach in WRC cars". Incisive Business Media.
4. "Mitsubishi Lancer WRC05". Mitsubishi Motors.
5. "Article 255A 2013 - Specific Regulations for Super 2000 (Rallies) / WRC". [[FIA]].
6. "Universal Machine - FIA In Motion". [[FIA]].
7. For instance, officially the [[Citroën DS3 WRC]] has {{convert. 350. N.m. kgf.m lb.ft. 1
8. "Article 255A – 2011 Specific Regulations for Super 2000 (Rallies) / WRC". [[FIA]].
9. "SPECIFIC REGULATIONS FOR WRC CARS (WRC KIT VARIANT)". [[FIA]].
10. llluis555. (2017-02-17). "Aerodynamic features of 2017 WRC cars".
11. "2017 FIA World Rally Championship Sporting Regulations". [[FIA]].