Zhelyu Zhelev

Biography

Early life

Zhelev was born in 1935 into a modest village family in Veselinovo in north-eastern Bulgaria. He studied philosophy at Sofia University, graduating in 1958 and gaining a PhD in 1974, a remarkable achievement given that he was under a cloud as a dissident, having been expelled from the Communist Party in 1965. After his expulsion he endured years of “social parasitism”, or unemployment in communist terminology, which he spent in virtual internal exile in his wife’s village, scraping a living from odd jobs on farms.

Dissident

Zhelev was a member of the Bulgarian Communist Party, but was expelled from it for political reasons in 1965. He was unemployed for six years since all employment in Bulgaria was state-regulated.

In 1982, he published his controversial work, Fascism (Фашизмът). Three weeks after the volume's publication in 1982, the book was removed from bookstores and libraries throughout the nation, as its description of the fascist states of Italy, Germany and Spain before, during, and after World War II made these regimes comparable to the Communist regimes in the Eastern Bloc.

SDS

In 1988, just before the Fall of Communism, Zhelev founded the Ruse Committee, and in 1989 he became a founding member and chairman of the Club for Support of Openness and the Reform (a time when many such democratic clubs were formed), which helped him to achieve the position of Chairman of the Coordinating Council of the Union of Democratic Forces (Bulgarian: СДС, SDS) party.

MP and President

Zhelev was elected MP in June 1990 for the 7th Grand National Assembly; the Assembly's main goal was to create a new democratic Constitution of Bulgaria. After the resignation of President Petar Mladenov, the assembly elected Zhelev his successor on 1 August 1990. He thus became the first head of state in 44 years who was not either a Communist or fellow traveler.

1992 presidential election

Under the new constitution adopted in July 1991, the president was to be elected directly by voters, for a maximum of two terms. The first such election was held in January 1992. Zhelev led the field in the first round, held on 12 January. He then won in the runoff a week later against Velko Valkanov (who was endorsed by the Socialists) with 52.8% of the votes to become Bulgaria's first directly elected head of state. He immediately suspended his membership in the UDF. While the new constitution only barred him from serving in a leadership post with the party, he wanted to appear to be above politics. Since then, convention in Bulgaria calls for the president to not be a formal member of a political party during his term.

1996 presidential election

Zhelev sought a second term in 1996, but lost the UDF nomination to eventual winner Petar Stoyanov.

Later political career

After his defeat in the 1996 UDF primaries and after the end of his presidency in 1997, Zhelev remained in politics, but on a much smaller scale. He became Honorary Chair of the Liberal Democratic Union and Honorary Chair of the Liberal International and in 1997 went on to establish and preside over a foundation named after him. Zhelev was the initiator and president of the Balkan Political Club, a union of former political leaders from Southeast Europe. As part of the club he voiced his support for Turkey's accession to the European Union.

In 2009, Zhelev also voiced his opinion that Bulgaria should adopt a presidential system based upon the French model: "The country should have both prime minister and president, but the latter should be vested in far-reaching powers so that he may control the executive power".

Zhelev died in Sofia at the age of 79 on 30 January 2015.

World Justice Project

Zhelyu Zhelev served as an Honorary Co-Chair for the World Justice Project (ABA).

Family

He was married to Maria Zheleva (3 April 1942 – 8 December 2013) and has two daughters Yordanka (1963–1993) and Stanka (born 1966). Zhelev has two grandchildren from his daughter Stanka.

Awards and accolades

On 15 January 2010, Zhelev received the Order 8-September for his contribution to the recognition of the independence of the Republic of Macedonia from the former Yugoslavia.

Zhelev Peak on Loubet Coast, Antarctica is named after Zhelyu Zhelev "for his support for the Bulgarian Antarctic programme."

National honours

• Bulgaria: Grand Cross of the Order of the Stara Planina (3 March 2005)

Foreign honours

• Spain: Grand Cross of the Order of Civil Merit (1993)
• Portugal: Grand Collar of the Order of Liberty (1994)
• Poland: Order of Merit of the Republic of Poland (1994)
• South Korea: Grand Order of Mugunghwa (1995)
• North Macedonia: Order 8-September (2010)

References

References

1. (28 April 1993). "Yordanka Zheleva". Orlando Sentinel.
2. Detrez, Raymond. (2006). "Historical Dictionary of Bulgaria". The Scarecrow Press, Inc..
3. (15 February 2015). "Zhelyu Zhelev: Dissident who fought the dictatorship in Bulgaria before becoming its first democratically elected head of state".
4. Harris M. Lentz. (4 February 2014). "Heads of States and Governments Since 1945". Routledge.
5. (1990). "Фашизмът". Social Science Monographs.
6. (21 December 2007). "Encyclopedia of Political Communication". SAGE Publications.
7. "Профил на Желю Желев в "omda". omda.bg.
8. [https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/UDF_Coordinating_Council_1990 Coordinating Council of the Union of Democratic Forces.] ''Demokratsiya Newspaper'', 27 April 1990.
9. "Bulgaria Ex-President Zhelev: Turkey Should Be in EU Already". Sofia News Agency.
10. "Calls for Electing Prime Minister Borisov for Bulgaria's President Gain Momentum". Sofia News Agency.
11. "Bulgaria's Former President Zhelyu Zhelev Dies". Sofia News Agency.
12. Okov, Slav. (30 January 2015). "Zhelyu Zhelev, Bulgarian Post-Communist Leader, Dies at 79". Bloomberg.
13. "Honorary Chairs". [[World Justice Project]].
14. (2013-12-09). "Почина Мария Желева, съпруга на президента Желю Желев". Mediapool.bg.
15. [https://data.aad.gov.au/aadc/gaz/scar/display_name.cfm?gaz_id=138147 Zhelev Peak.] SCAR [[Composite Antarctic Gazetteer]]
16. (10 June 2003). "Boletín Oficial del Estado". Agencia Estatal Boletín Oficial del Estado.
17. "ENTIDADES ESTRANGEIRAS AGRACIADAS COM ORDENS PORTUGUESAS - Página Oficial das Ordens Honoríficas Portuguesas".
18. "Order Zasługi Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej".
19. "Macedonia President: Bulgaria Leader in Recognizing Our Independence". Sofia News Agency.