Zambales Mountains

Extent

The Zambales Mountains has an area of 300 km2 extending North to South from the mountains of western Pangasinan province, the whole length of Zambales, to tip of the Bataan Peninsula in the south enclosing Manila Bay. The mountain range also encompasses the mountains in the municipalities of Bamban, Capas, San Jose, San Clemente, Mayantoc, Santa Ignacia, Camiling in the province of Tarlac. In Pampanga, it includes the mountains in Floridablanca, Porac, Angeles City and Mabalacat.

Geology

The Zambales Mountains include Jurassic to Miocene ophiolite massifs, overlain by more recent sedimentary formation, including the Cagaluan Formation and the Santa Cruz Formation.

Volcanoes

Although the mountains are volcanic in origin, Mount Pinatubo is the only active volcano in the mountain range. Its eruption on June 15, 1991 was the second most powerful volcanic eruption of the 20th century after the 1912 eruption of Novarupta in Alaska. The volcanic eruption, which was complicated by the arrival of Typhoon Yunya, covered the region with thick volcanic ash and lahar including the U.S. military base at Clark Field near Angeles City.

Other volcanoes in Zambales Mountains are Mount Mariveles, Mount Natib and Mount Samat.

Protected areas

• Bataan National Park
• Manleluag Spring Protected Landscape
• Roosevelt Protected Landscape

Peaks

List of highest peaks

• Mount Tapulao 6,683 ft
• Mount Iba 5,430 ft (1,655 m)
• Mount Negron 5,194 ft
• Mount Pinatubo 4,875 ft
• Mount Mariveles 4,554 ft
• Mount Cuadrado 4,344 ft
• Mount McDonald 4,334 ft
• Mount Natib 4,111 ft
• Mount Limay 2,984 ft
• Mount Dorst 2,785 ft
• Mount Samat 1,788 ft
• Mount Gates 1,663 ft

River system

List of rivers in Zambales Mountains by length.

• Tarlac River 95.2 km
• Camiling River 93 km
• Pasig–Potrero River 75 km
• Bucao River 48.3 km
• Santo Tomas River 46.4 km

Deforestation

The Zambales mountains have undergone immense deforestation due to excessive logging and swidden farming. The 1991 eruption of Mount Pinatubo also devastated large areas of the range, mostly ancestral lands of the indigenous Aetas in Zambales. Reforestation efforts have had success in some barren parts of the range, notably in San Felipe, Zambales at the initiative of the Aeta people supported by MAD Travel and some government agencies.

Biodiversity

Mammals

The Zamabales forest mouse (Apomys zambalensis) is a species of small rodent endemic to Zambales Mountains in the Philippines.

The Tapulao forest mouse (Apomys brownorum) is a species of small rodent endemic to Mount Tapulao in the Philippines.

The Pinatubo forest mouse (Apomys sacobianus) is a species of small rodent endemic to Mount Pinatubo in the Philippines.

The Tapulao tweezer-beaked rat (Rhynchomys tapulao) is a species of small rodent endemic to Mount Tapulao in the Philippines.

Gallery

File:Zambales mountains.jpg|The Zambales Mountains is known for having pine trees, Pinus merkusii. File:Mt. Tapulao 3.jpg|View from Mt. Tapulao overlooking the South China Sea in the distance File:Camiling River watershed.jpg|Mountainous barren landscape around the Camiling River watershed, Tarlac province File:Jagged ridge upper Lawis River (2).jpg|Upper Lawis River watershed, showing a jagged ridge File:Civet zambales mountains.jpg|A trapped civet in the Zambales Mountains that was later released

References

References

1. "Zambales Mountains". New Conservation Areas in the Philippines Project.
2. Smith, Warren D. (1913). [https://books.google.com/books?id=jXvzAAAAMAAJ "Journal of Geology, Vol. 21 – The Geology of Luzon, P.I."], pp. 39–40. University of Chicago, Department of Geology.
3. (2015). "Post-emplacement history of the Zambales Ophiolite Complex: Insights from petrography, geochronology and geochemistry of Neogene clastic rocks". Journal of Asian Earth Sciences.
4. (1991). "Report on Pinatubo (Philippines)". [[Smithsonian Institution]].
5. (1 February 2012). "Contested Nature: Promoting International Biodiversity with Social Justice in the Twenty-first Century". [[State University of New York Press]].
6. (1991). "Review of After Duwagan: Deforestation, Succession and Adaptation in Upland Luzon, Philippines". Journal of Southeast Asian Studies.
7. (25 July 2024). "How the Aeta communities of San Felipe, Zambales came together to reforest their ancestral land". [[GMA News Online]].
8. (2007). "Descriptions of Two New Species of ''Rhynchomys'' Thomas (Rodentia: Muridae: Murinae) from Luzon Island, Philippines". Journal of Mammalogy.
9. (November 2009). "Diversity patterns of small mammals in the Zambales Mts., Luzon, Philippines". Mammalian Biology.