Yinhe incident

The ship

The Yinhe was a Chinese container ship that had a fixed schedule between Tianjin Port and Kuwait. Its scheduled port visits included Shanghai, Hong Kong, Singapore, Jakarta, Dubai and Daman and Diu. The Yinhe belonged to the China Ocean Shipping Corporation ().

Timeline

In late July 1993, the United States alleged that a Chinese civilian container ship, the Yinhe, was carrying chemical weapon materials (thionyl chloride and thiodiglycol) to Abbas Harbor, Iran, citing a ship's manifest obtained by its Central Intelligence Agency. It stopped the Yinhe. The United States requested that the Yinhe turn back to China in order to unload its alleged cargo, but China refused after conducting an investigation and determining that no chemical weapon precursors were present on the ship. United States military vessels and aircraft followed the Yinhe, disrupting its normal travel route. The United States unilaterally disabled the Yinhe's civilian GPS, causing it lose direction and anchor on the high seas for twenty-four days until it agreed to inspection. The Yinhe experienced shortages of water and fuel.

On August 8, 1993, China publicly announced that the Yinhe was receiving "intrusive surveillance" by American warships in international waters—which American officials stated was a sign that China sought a confrontation—and declared officially that the ship did not carry any chemical weapons materials. The U.S. government dismissed the declaration, and a senior member of the Clinton administration initially stated that while it would be illegal for the United States to board the ship for inspection, the United States would continue efforts to persuade China to recall the ship.

On August 20, 1993, after being stranded for three weeks in international waters, the ship was allowed to "take on fuel and water ... to ensure the safety of the vessel and crew" after repeated requests from the shipping company. A ship registered to the United Arab Emirates brought fresh water, vegetables and fruits.

The ship docked at Dammam, Saudi Arabia on August 27, 1993. The next day, the United States and China agreed to an open inspection of the ship at the port, by a Saudi-United States joint team, after a preliminary boarding by seventeen Chinese and two Saudi officials. The inspection did not find any improper chemicals.

On September 4, the representatives of the Chinese, Saudi and United States governments jointly signed a certification that the ship's cargo did not contain materials related to chemical weapons.

Aftermath

American officials refused to apologize for the incident, instead describing it as "unfortunate." They indicated that they were discussing the issue of whether the United States was obligated to pay compensation to the ship's owner, China Ocean Shipping Corporation. The United States also refused to respond to Chinese demands that US pay compensation for the incident.

The Chinese government demanded a public apology and financial compensation for the incident. When the accusations were reported in China, Chinese nationalism increased in response. The Chinese government attempted to downplay the issue by claiming that the accusation was not the official stance of the American government and did not represent the majority opinion in the United States. During an April 2001 U.S. House hearing, a professor Joseph Fewsmith of the Department of International Relations of Boston University claimed that the Yinhe incident "has been repeatedly cited as a case of international bullying by the United States". Several Asian countries also joined China in condemning the US after the conclusion of the inspection.

After the Yinhe incident, CCP General Secretary Jiang Zemin expressed that China would adopt a diplomatic posture of goodwill and a "sixteen-characters formula" to working with the United States: enhancing confidence, avoiding troubles, expanding cooperation, and avoiding confrontation. Although Jiang was criticized by hardliners and some military officials domestically for the perceived "weak reaction," his accommodating approach helped improve China's relations with the United States.

When reporting on the BeiDou navigation system, the Chinese mainland media often mentioned the fact that the United States partially deactivated the GPS navigation service in the sea area where the Yinhe was located during the Yinhe incident to force the Yinhe to stop sailing, as a reason "to develop an independent 'BeiDou' for China,” and also as the reason for “Sun Jiadong and Shen Rongjun, deputy director of the National Defense Science, Technology and Industry Commission, jointly signing a letter to propose the launch of China’s satellite navigation project”.

According to academics Joseph Yu-shek Cheng and Ngok King Lun, Chinese officials and the public generally considered the Yinhe incident as a demonstration of US hegemonism. This opinion affected the official and public perceptions of the Hainan island incident, which was largely considered as subsequent hegemonic actions by the United States in a similar manner as the Yinhe incident.

Di Hua, research associate at the Stanford Center for International Security and Arms Control, criticized the US response to the incident. According to Di, the chemicals thionyl chloride and thiodiglycol were included in the initial manifest for the Yinhe, but were restricted by Chinese customs. He noted the difficulties in ascertaining the end uses of such chemicals at customs, and argued that the Chinese government did not want to export the chemicals to Iran nor knew that they were being shipped until they intercepted a US intelligence report. Di further argued that US intelligence should have privately notified their Chinese counterparts of the issue, rather than publicly while the ship was in international waters. According to Di, "Washington wanted to disgrace China but wound up disgracing its own intelligence instead."

References

References

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