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Western Michigan University
Public university in Kalamazoo, Michigan, US
Public university in Kalamazoo, Michigan, US
Field
Value
name
Western Michigan University
image_name
Western Michigan University seal.svg
image_upright
0.6
established
type
Public research university
academic_affiliations
Space-grant
endowment
US$760.3 million (2024)
budget
$410.6 million (2023/24)
president
Russ Kavalhuna
students
17,605 (2024)
undergrad
13,860 (2024)
postgrad
3,745 (2024)
faculty
751 (full-time)
city
Kalamazoo, Michigan
country
United States
coor
campus
Urban
motto
So that all may learn.
former_names
Western State Normal School (1903–1926), Western State Teachers College (1927–1940), Western Michigan College of Education (1941–1954), Western Michigan College (1955–1957)
colors
Brown and Gold
sporting_affiliations
NCAA Division I – MAC, NCHC
nickname
Broncos
mascot
Buster Bronco
website
logo
Western Michigan University Primary Logo.svg
logo_size
200
Western Michigan University (Western Michigan, Western or WMU) is a public research university in Kalamazoo, Michigan, United States. It was initially established as Western State Normal School in 1903 by Governor Aaron T. Bliss for the training of teachers. It was renamed Western Michigan University in 1957.
Western is one of the eight research universities in the state of Michigan and is classified among "R2: Doctoral Universities – High research activity". The university has seven degree-granting colleges, offering 147 undergraduate degree programs, 73 master's degree programs, 30 doctoral programs, and 1 specialist degree program. It is governed by an eight-member board of regents whose members are appointed by the governor of Michigan and confirmed by the Michigan Senate for eight-year terms.
The university's athletic teams compete in Division I of the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) and are known as the Western Michigan Broncos. They compete in the Mid-American Conference for most sports.
History
Western State Normal School, 1915
On May 27, 1903, Michigan governor Aaron T. Bliss signed a bill authorizing the creation of a teacher-training facility. Kalamazoo was chosen as the new school's location on August 28, 1903. Other locations considered included Allegan, Muskegon, Grand Rapids, Decatur, Three Oaks, and Hastings. The first building, then known as the Administration Building, and now known as Heritage Hall, was constructed in 1904.
The university was first officially known as Western State Normal School and offered a two-year training program. The first principal was Dwight B. Waldo, who served from 1904 until 1936. The school was renamed several times throughout its early history, beginning with Western State Teachers College in 1927, Western Michigan College of Education in 1941, and Western Michigan College in 1955. It was renamed Western Michigan University in 1957.
Most of the oldest and original WMU buildings are collectively known as East Campus. Because of the steep grade elevating the campus above the city, the Western State Normal Railroad was established in 1907 to carry students and staff up and down the hill with a funicular. It operated until 1949.
Western Michigan University had a partnership with Cooley Law School for over a decade, that on August 13, 2014, culminated in the adoption of a new name and partnership, the Western Michigan University Cooley Law School. In 2020, the university's Board of Trustees voted to end its affiliation with the Cooley Law School.
Western Michigan University was negatively impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic. President Edward B. Montgomery stated "the crisis has already cost WMU well over $45 million, and we expect the tally to rise through the remainder of this fiscal year." To soften the economic toll of the pandemic, WMU instituted a number of cost-cutting measures.
Presidents
Dwight B. Waldo (1904–1936)
Paul V. Sangren (1936–1960)
James W. Miller (1961–1974)
John T. Bernhard (1974–1985)
Diether H. Haenicke (1985–1998)
Elson S. Floyd (1998–2003)
Judith I. Bailey (2003–2006)
John M. Dunn (2007–2017)
Edward B. Montgomery (2017–2025)
Russ Kavalhuna (2025-)
Campus
WMU's campuses encompass more than 1200 acre and roughly 150 buildings. Western Michigan University is divided into five campuses in and near Kalamazoo, Michigan:
West Campus
East Campus
Oakland Drive Campus
Parkview Campus
College of Aviation in Battle Creek, Michigan
West Campus
Stewart Clocktower, flanked by Waldo Library to the left, and the University Computing Center.
West Campus is the primary and largest WMU campus in Kalamazoo, and is usually referred to as "Main Campus." Most of the university academic and administrative buildings are on West Campus, including the College of Arts and Sciences, Haworth College of Business, College of Education and Human Development, College of Fine Arts, the Lee Honors College and Waldo Library. Many of the residence halls are found scattered throughout West Campus, while other dormitories (affectionately referred to as "The Valleys") are adjacent to West Campus in Goldsworth Valley.
Waldo Library is the main branch of the University Libraries, which is the fourth largest university library system in Michigan. The library offers books, a cafe, student commons, study rooms, a flight simulator lab, and a virtual reality lab.
WMU Student Center, interior gathering stairs
The WMU Student Center opened in 2023 and contains a dining center, restaurants, a bank, the campus bookstore, student organization center and other student services.
West Campus is also the site of Miller Auditorium, a large entertainment venue seating nearly 3500 people. It is Michigan's fourth largest auditorium. Miller Auditorium hosts events ranging from popular musicals and concerts to graduation commencements and film screenings. The Gilmore Theater Complex, featuring three performance stages and faculty offices, is directly next to Miller Auditorium. The Dalton Center houses the Irving S. Gilmore School of Music and the Department of Dance. The Richmond Center for Visual Arts was added to the Fine Arts Complex in 2007, followed by South Kohrman Hall being renovated into faculty offices and upgraded studio spaces in 2008. Both buildings house the Gwen Frostic School of Art.
East Campus
Main article: East Campus (Western Michigan University)
East Hall
East Campus is the original development dating from the university's founding in 1903. It contained many of the university's historical buildings including, East Hall, West Hall, North Hall, Walwood Hall, Spindler Hall, Vandercook Hall, and The Little Theater. Many of these buildings were on a hill overlooking the city of Kalamazoo.
In December 2012, WMU announced plans to renovate its birthplace, historic East Hall, for use as an alumni center, and to demolish several of the university's original historic buildings and utilize the hilltop as green space.
In August 2013 West Hall and the Speech and Hearing building on WMU's East Campus were demolished. The original portion of East Hall was retained, but North Hall and the two side wings of East Hall came down. East Hall reopened in 2015 as Heritage Hall, home to the WMU Alumni Center. In addition to the renovation of East Hall, the portico of North Hall was preserved and positioned just north of East Hall.
Oakland Drive Campus
Main article: Oakland Drive Campus
The Oakland Drive campus is home to the university's College of Health and Human Services and the WMU Army ROTC program. It is also home to the Western Michigan University Archives and Regional History Collections, located in the Charles C. and Lynn L. Zhang Legacy Collections Center. In 2021, the University Libraries announced that Special Collections would be moving from Waldo Library to the Zhang Center.
Parkview Campus
College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Parkview Campus
The Parkview Campus is home to the university's College of Engineering and Applied Sciences and is within the Business Technology and Research Park. Erected in 2003, the $72.5 million building Floyd Hall is 343000 sqft and features two three-story 600 ft wings connected by a middle glass enclosure. The campus is about 3 mi southwest of the main campus.
The 265 acre campus contains the paper coating plant. The school offers 17 undergraduate engineering, technology and applied sciences programs, while the graduate level, the College of Engineering and Applied Sciences offers 9 master programs, and 6 doctoral programs.
College of Aviation
The College of Aviation offers three undergraduate aviation majors in Battle Creek, Michigan.
The College of Aviation runs a Cirrus SR-20 fleet, turbine engine testing sites, and aviation maintenance training facilities. Additionally the College of Aviation has a fleet of Piper PA-44 Seminole, one Piper PA-18 Super Cub, and one American Champion Super Decathlon used for flight training. The facility is in Battle Creek, Michigan at W. K. Kellogg Airport.
Because the demand for training was high, the city of Battle Creek and the Air National Guard, in conjunction with the College of Aviation, constructed a new runway just to the west of the original runway 23 and parallel to it. This caused Battle Creek's main runway to be renamed runway 23R and the new runway 23L. The project's cost was around $7 million, 95% of the money coming from the government. The runway is now fully "operational".
From August 2017 to August 2019, Western Michigan University operated a satellite campus in Punta Gorda, Florida near the Punta Gorda Airport with additional facilities being located on the airfield. WMU planned to build a new building on the north side of the airport to consolidate the aviation classes at the airport. Western Michigan University offered aviation and music therapy programs in Punta Gorda and used Florida SouthWestern State College's campus. It was announced in February 2019 that WMU Punta Gorda would close due to low enrollment numbers.
Regional sites
Western Michigan University also has several regional sites that offer education to more than 6,000 students each year. These regional sites are in cities throughout Michigan:
Battle Creek
Benton Harbor
Grand Rapids
Metro Detroit
Academics
Undergraduate admissions
(among 37.1% of FTFs)
(among 6.7% of FTFs)
WMU is considered "selective" by U.S. News & World Report. For the Class of 2025 (enrolled fall 2021), WMU received 18,853 applications and accepted 15,612 (82.8%). Of those accepted, 2,112 enrolled, a yield rate (the percentage of accepted students who choose to attend the university) of 13.5%. WMU's freshman retention rate is 77.2%, with 56.3% going on to graduate within six years.
The enrolled first-year class of 2025 had the following standardized test scores: the middle 50% range (25th percentile-75th percentile) of SAT scores was 1000–1200, while the middle 50% range of ACT scores was 21–27.
2021
2020
2019
2018
2017
2016
Applicants
Admits
Admit rate
Enrolled
Yield rate
ACT composite*
(out of 36)
SAT composite*
(out of 1600)
access-date=November 3, 2022}}
access-date=November 3, 2022}}
access-date=November 3, 2022}}
access-date=November 3, 2022}}
access-date=November 3, 2022}}
18,853
16,582
17,698
17,051
14,263
13,613
15,612
14,085
14,133
13,829
11,741
11,205
82.8
84.9
79.9
81.1
82.3
82.3
2,112
2,613
2,919
3,023
3,178
2,930
13.5
18.6
20.7
21.9
27.1
26.1
21–27
(6.7%†)
20–27
(22.4%†)
19–26
(28.5%†)
20–26
(32.9%†)
20–26
(44.9%†)
19–25
(96.2%†)
1000–1200
(37.1%†)
1010–1210
(66.5%†)
1000–1210
(81.5%†)
1000–1190
(81.5%†)
970–1180
(69.3%†)
* middle 50% range
† percentage of first-time freshmen who chose to submit
Academic divisions
WMU is classified among "R2: Doctoral Universities – High research activity". It has 147 undergraduate degree programs, 73 master's degree programs, 30 doctoral programs, and 1 specialist degree program.
WMU has ten academic divisions:
College of Arts and Sciences
College of Aviation
Haworth College of Business
College of Education and Human Development
College of Engineering and Applied Sciences
College of Fine Arts
College of Health and Human Services
Merze Tate College
Lee Honors College
Graduate College
The university has seven degree-granting colleges: the College of Arts and Sciences, the College of Aviation, the Haworth College of Business, the College of Education and Human Development, the College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, the College of Fine Arts and the College of Health and Human Services. In addition to the Graduate College and the Lee Honors College., the University restructured the University College, the academic home for exploratory majors, and renamed it for WMU alumnae Merze Tate in 2021.
Its most popular undergraduate majors, by 2021 graduates, were:
::Finance (147)
::Accounting (145)
::Marketing (118)
::Registered Nursing/Registered Nurse (118)
::Health and Medical Administrative Services (111)
::Airline/Commercial/Professional Pilot and Flight Crew (107)
The Haworth College of Business is the university's business school. One of the largest business schools in the United States, it has some 4,000 undergraduate students and 500 Master of Business Administration (MBA) and Master of Accountancy (MSA) students. The college is in Schneider Hall on the main campus. The College of Business was renamed in honor of alumnus G. W. Haworth after Haworth gave a large donation in the 1980s.
### Medical school
Western Michigan began planning a medical school in 2008, named Western Michigan University Homer Stryker M.D. School of Medicine, which admitted its first class in August 2014. Privately funded and created in partnership with Borgess Medical Center and Bronson Methodist Hospital, the school was seeded by a $100 million cash donation from Dr. Homer Stryker's granddaughter, Ronda Stryker, and her husband William Johnston, a WMU trustee – the largest cash gift ever given to a college or university in Michigan. At the time it was the 15th largest cash gift ever given to any public university in the nation.
### Law school
In 2001, WMU and the Thomas M. Cooley Law School entered into a partnership where students could obtain a Master in Public Administration from WMU while simultaneously working on a Juris Doctor degree from Cooley. In 2008, WMU and Cooley expanded this partnership so now WMU students enrolled in both MPA and Masters in Business Administration programs at WMU may simultaneously work on obtaining a Juris Doctor degree from Cooley Law School at Western Michigan University. The university ended its affiliation with the Cooley Law School in 2020. The law school closed its campus in Kalamazoo, Michigan in 2020.
## Student life
::figure[src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c4/WMUCampus1.jpg" caption="Students enjoying WMU's Main Campus on a spring day."]
::
::data[format=table title="style="font-size:90%" |Student body composition as of May 2, 2022"]
| Race and ethnicity | Total | Economic diversity |
|---|---|---|
| White | {{bartable|68|%|2 | background:gray}} |
| Black | {{bartable|10|%|2 | background:mediumblue}} |
| Hispanic | {{bartable|8|%|2 | background:green}} |
| Other | {{bartable|6|%|2 | background:brown}} |
| Foreign national | {{bartable|5|%|2 | background:orange}} |
| Asian | {{bartable|2|%|2 | background:purple}} |
| Low-income | {{bartable|28|%|2 | background:red}} |
| Affluent | {{bartable|72|%|2 | background:black}} |
::
### Entertainment
The Campus Activities Board is the main student organization responsible for bringing entertainment events for students. The organization sponsors concerts, comedians, films, and special events.
### Student government
The Western Student Association (WSA) along with the Graduate Student Association (GSA) are the "primary" body of student government at Western Michigan University.
### Social groups
WMU sponsors or recognizes several groups aimed towards personal and social development. This includes faith and spiritual development, the Office of LBGT Student Services, Greek Life, services for International Students, Multicultural Affairs, Off-Campus Life, and Sponsored Student Organizations. WMU also has around 400 student organizations registered through the university that are available to any student.
### Student activism
Placement of the Chemistry Building generated much controversy from student groups because it displaced a large portion of greenery in the center of West Campus. A temporary outdoor plaza was constructed outside of Sangren Hall in 2007 to replace the greenery. However, this also generated controversy and protests among students and faculty because of its aesthetic characteristics and costs. One such protest by a student group involved requesting the financial records of the construction and using chalk to depict the costs of each item on the plaza.
### Student newspaper
The *Western Herald* is the school's student newspaper. It began printing in 1916 and was known as the *Western Normal Herald* until 1927. The paper provides news about the students, campus events and activities, as well as sporting events, opinion sections, and local culture and politics. The *Western Herald* maintains a staff of approximately about 40 students. It is the oldest registered student organization at Western Michigan University.
### Fraternities and sororities
There are 37 Greek Life chapters, each having its own unique values and mission. The five governing councils of WMU's Greek system are the Interfraternity Council, Multicultural Greek Council, United Greek Council, College Panhellenic Council, and the National Pan-Hellenic Council, also called the Divine Nine which are the 9 historically black Greek organizations.
## Athletics
*Main article: Western Michigan Broncos*
::figure[src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ab/HOCKEY.20150214.UNO032_(16542359545).jpg" caption="Omaha]] in 2015"]
::
The Western Michigan Broncos are a National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division I Football Bowl Subdivision school. They compete in the Mid-American Conference in men's basketball, baseball, football, soccer and tennis; and women's basketball, cross-country, golf, gymnastics, soccer, softball, track and field, and volleyball. The men's hockey team competes in the National Collegiate Hockey Conference.
The Western Michigan Broncos main rival is the Central Michigan Chippewas who also compete in the Mid-American Conference.
The Broncos have won three NCAA national championships. The cross country team won the NCAA title in 1964 and 1965.
Also, in 1955, the Broncos lost to Wake Forest in the NCAA College World Series 7 to 6. The men's ice hockey team won their first ever NCAA title in 2025.
## School songs
The current alma mater, Brown and Gold, and the current WMU fight song are the result of a 1959 contest to replace existing songs. Open to the university community, the two-stage contest first solicited lyrics and then music. Alumnus James H. Bull won the lyrics stage with his entry for Brown and Gold. Alumnus Walter Gilbert took the honors for the fight song lyrics and the music for both the fight song and alma mater.
## Notable alumni
*Main article: List of Western Michigan University alumni*
Western Michigan University has had a number of notable alumni. Among them are:
- Tim Allen, actor
- Curtis Armstrong, actor
- Bruce Campbell, actor
- Terry Crews, actor and football player
- Danny DeKeyser, hockey player
- Gershwin A. Drain, federal judge
- Greg Jennings, football player
- Lucy Lameck, politician
- Crystal Lucas-Perry, actress
- Marin Mazzie, actress
- Richelle Mead, author
- Mike Nahan, member of the Western Australian Legislative Assembly
- Frank Quilici, baseball player
- TooTurntTony, media personality
- Homer Stryker, founder of the Fortune 500 company Stryker Corporation
- Merze Tate, international relations scholar and first African-American woman to graduate from WMU, attend Oxford, and receive PhD in International Relations at Harvard
- Wayne Static, musician and founder of metal band Static-X
- Luther Vandross, singer, songwriter and record producer
- Daisy Wende, Bolivian fashion designer
## Notes
## References
## References
1. (February 13, 2025). ["U.S. and Canadian Institutions Listed by Fiscal Year 2024 Endowment Market Value and Change in Endowment Market Value from FY23 to FY24"](https://edge.sitecorecloud.io/nacubo1-nacubo-prd-dc8b/media/Nacubo/Documents/EndowmentFiles/2024-NCSE-Endowment-Market-Values-for-US-and-Canadian-Institutions-REVISED.xlsx). *National Association of College and University Business Officers and [[TIAA]]*.
2. ["2023/24 GENERAL FUND PLANNING BUDGET OUTLOOK"](https://wmich.edu/sites/default/files/attachments/u335/2023/FY2023-24%20GF%20Planning%20Budget%20Outlook%20%20-%20FINAL.pdf). *WESTERN MICHIGAN UNIVERSITY*.
3. ["Data on Students Enrolled"](https://wmich.edu/institutionalresearch/reportsanddashboards/enrollment/data).
4. ["College Navigator – Western Michigan University"](https://nces.ed.gov/collegenavigator/?q=western+michigan&s=all&id=172699).
5. ["Color Palette {{!}} Visual Identity Program {{!}} Western Michigan University"](https://wmich.edu/brand/visualidentity/color).
6. ["Carnegie Classifications Institution Lookup"](https://carnegieclassifications.iu.edu/lookup/view_institution.php?unit_id=172699). *Center for Postsecondary Education*.
7. ["Original 1903 Campus Plan for Western State Normal School"](http://www.cf.wmich.edu/planning/WebSites/1903/1903CampusDesign.htm).
8. ["1903 Campus Plan | Campus Planning | Western Michigan University"](http://www.cf.wmich.edu/planning/WebSites/1903/1903CampusDesign.htm). *Cf.wmich.edu*.
9. ["Western Trolley Commemoration | Photos Images Trivia | Western Michigan University"](http://www.cf.wmich.edu/planning/WebSites/Specialties/TrolleyCommemoration.htm). *Cf.wmich.edu*.
10. ["Cooley Law is now Western Michigan University Cooley Law School"](http://www.wmich.edu/news/2014/08/18003). *wmich.edu*.
11. ["Western Michigan University will end affiliation with Thomas M. Cooley Law School"](https://www.insidehighered.com/news/2020/11/06/western-michigan-university-will-end-affiliation-thomas-m-cooley-law-school).
12. ["WMU's budget realities and next steps"](https://wmich.edu/president/budget-realities-next-steps).
13. ["Supply Chain Education"](https://www.edumaritime.net/michigan/western-michigan-university-kalamazoo).
14. ["University Libraries - Visit Us"](https://wmich.edu/library/visit#techspaces).
15. (August 2023). ["See inside Western Michigan University's new $99M student center"](https://www.mlive.com/news/kalamazoo/2023/08/see-inside-western-michigan-universitys-new-99m-student-center.html).
16. ["WMU Gwen Frostic School of Art"](https://kalamazooarts.org/organization/wmu-gwen-frostic-school-of-art/).
17. Ursula Zerilli. (December 10, 2012). ["WMU's East Hall to undergo renovation for alumni center; 3 surrounding historic buildings to be demolished"](http://www.mlive.com/news/kalamazoo/index.ssf/2012/12/east_hall_to_undergo_15_millio.html). *MLive.com*.
18. (August 14, 2013). ["WMU's Speech and Hearing is the first of East Campus buildings to be demolished"](https://www.mlive.com/news/kalamazoo/2013/08/wmus_speech_and_hearing_buildi.html). *Mlive*.
19. ["Community values focus of Heritage Hall grand opening"](https://wmich.edu/news/2015/10/27910). *WMU News*.
20. ["Heritage Hall Alumni Center"](https://wmich.edu/facilities/planning/alumni). *Western Michigan University*.
21. (October 11, 2013). ["Dedication set for Zhang Legacy Collections Center | WMU News | Western Michigan University"](http://www.wmich.edu/news/2013/10/10119). *Wmich.edu*.
22. (August 16, 2021). ["Libraries' special collections moving to Zhang Legacy Collections Center"](https://wmich.edu/library/updates/2021/08/special-collections-move). *Wmich.edu*.
23. ["About the College of Engineering and Applied Sciences"](https://wmich.edu/engineer/about). *Western Michigan University*.
24. ["About"](http://wmich.edu/aviation/about.html). *College of Aviation Western Michigan University*.
25. ["AIRPORT DIAGRAM"](http://charts.airportnavfinder.com/tpp/KBTL/00041AD.PDF).
26. Finaldi, Laura. ["Western Michigan University closing Punta Gorda location"](https://www.heraldtribune.com/news/20190213/western-michigan-university-closing-punta-gorda-location).
27. (February 12, 2019). ["Western Michigan University to Close Its Punta Gorda, Fla. Location"](https://wmich.edu/florida). *Western Michigan University*.
28. ["WMU-Battle Creek | Western Michigan University"](http://www.wmich.edu/battlecreek/). *Wmich.edu*.
29. ["WMU-Southwest | Western Michigan University"](http://www.wmich.edu/southwest/). *Wmich.edu*.
30. ["WMU-Grand Rapids | Western Michigan University"](http://www.wmich.edu/grandrapids/). *Wmich.edu*.
31. ["WMU-MetroDetroit | Western Michigan University"](http://www.wmich.edu/metrodetroit/). *Wmich.edu*.
32. ["Western Michigan University"](https://www.usnews.com/best-colleges/western-michigan-university-2330). *U.S. News & World Report*.
33. ["Carnegie Classifications | Institution Profile"](http://carnegieclassifications.iu.edu/lookup/view_institution.php?unit_id=172699). *Classifications.carnegiefoundation.org*.
34. ["About WMU | Western Michigan University"](http://www.wmich.edu/about). *Wmich.edu*.
35. ["Colleges of WMU"](https://wmich.edu/directories/colleges). *Western Michigan University*.
36. ["Colleges | Directories | Western Michigan University"](http://www.wmich.edu/directories/colleges/). *Wmich.edu*.
37. ["Merze Tate College: WMU names school after trailblazing Battle Creek Central grad"](https://www.battlecreekenquirer.com/story/news/2021/10/07/wmu-renames-college-honor-trailblazing-battle-creek-central-grad/5930760001/). *Battle Creek Enquirer*.
38. ["Western Michigan University"](https://nces.ed.gov/collegenavigator/?q=Western+Michigan&s=all&id=172699#programs). *U.S. Dept of Education*.
39. ["About | Haworth College of Business | Western Michigan University"](http://www.wmich.edu/business/about/index.html). *Wmich.edu*.
40. ["History | Haworth College of Business | Western Michigan University"](http://www.wmich.edu/business/about/history.html). *Wmich.edu*.
41. ["WMed"](http://med.wmich.edu/). *Western Michigan University*.
42. Davis, Paula M.. (March 22, 2011). ["Historic moment: WMU receives $100 million cash gift for medical school"](http://www.mlive.com/news/kalamazoo/index.ssf/2011/03/wmu_receives_100_million_anony.html). *MLive*.
43. (March 17, 2011). ["Record $100 million gift supports new medical school"](http://www.wmich.edu/wmu/news/2011/03/066.shtml). *Wmich.edu*.
44. [http://www.wmich.edu/westernnews/0708/wn080522.pdf] {{webarchive. [link](https://web.archive.org/web/20120929224426/http://www.wmich.edu/westernnews/0708/wn080522.pdf). (September 29, 2012)
45. ["Western Michigan University trustees vote to end affiliation with Cooley Law, calling it 'a distraction'"](https://www.abajournal.com/news/article/cooley-law-school-affiliation-a-distraction-for-western-michigan-university-trustee-agenda-states). *Stephanie Francis Ward, ABA Journal, November 5, 2020*.
46. ["College Scorecard: Western Michigan University"](https://collegescorecard.ed.gov/school/?172699-Western-Michigan-University). *[[United States Department of Education]]*.
47. ["Western Student Association"](http://wsa.wmich.edu). *Wsa.wmich.edu*.
48. (November 1, 2011). ["Michigan"](http://www.mlive.com/news/kzgazette/index.ssf?/base/news-25/1190214082159280.xml&coll=7). *Mlive.com*.
49. (April 2, 2001). ["WMU News"](http://www.wmich.edu/wmu/news/2001/0104/0001-x160.html). *Wmich.edu*.
50. ["The Western Normal herald"](https://www.worldcat.org/title/28756352).
51. ["Contact Us"](https://www.westernherald.com/site/contact.html).
52. ["Western Michigan University - Home"](https://wmich.collegiatelink.net/).
53. ["WMU Student Engagement: Fraternity and Sorority Life"](https://wmich.edu/studentengagement/greek). *Western Michigan University*.
54. ["Student Engagement: Organizations"](https://wmich.edu/studentengagement/greek/organizations).
55. ["Western Michigan - National Collegiate Hockey Conference"](https://nchchockey.com/index.aspx?path=western-michigan).
56. ["WMU vs CMU: A look inside the history of the rivalry"](https://www.westernherald.com/sports/article_956a886e-e088-11e9-b2f0-2354d02295aa.html). *Western Herald*.
57. ["Men's Cross Country DI"](https://www.ncaa.com/history/cross-country-men/d1). *NCAA.com*.
58. ["Traditions"](http://www.wmubroncos.com/ViewArticle.dbml?ATCLID=121661).
::callout[type=info title="Wikipedia Source"]
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::
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