Weierstrass functions

Weierstrass sigma function

The Weierstrass sigma function associated to a two-dimensional lattice \Lambda\subset\Complex is defined to be the product : \begin{align} \operatorname{\sigma}{(z;\Lambda)} &= z\prod_{w\in\Lambda^{}}\left(1-\frac{z}{w}\right) \exp\left(\frac zw + \frac12\left(\frac zw\right)^2\right) \[5mu] &= z\prod_{\begin{smallmatrix}m,n=-\infty \ {m,n}\neq0\end{smallmatrix}}^\infty \left(1 - \frac{z}{m\omega_1 + n\omega_2}\right) \exp{\left(\frac{z}{m\omega_1 + n\omega_2} + \frac{1}{2}\left(\frac{z}{m\omega_1 + n\omega_2}\right)^2\right)} \end{align} where \Lambda^{} denotes \Lambda-{ 0 } and (\omega_1,\omega_2) is a fundamental pair of periods.

Through careful manipulation of the Weierstrass factorization theorem as it relates also to the sine function, another potentially more manageable infinite product definition is : \operatorname{\sigma}{(z;\Lambda)} = \frac{\omega_i}{\pi} \exp{\left(\frac{\eta_i z^2}{\omega_i}\right)} \sin{\left(\frac{\pi z}{\omega_i}\right)}\prod_{n=1}^\infty\left(1-\frac{\sin^2{\left(\pi z/\omega_i\right)}}{\sin^2{\left(n\pi\omega_j/\omega_i\right)}}\right) for any {i,j}\in{1,2,3} with i\neq j and where we have used the notation \eta_i=\zeta(\omega_i/2;\Lambda) (see zeta function below). Also it is a "quasi-periodic" function, with the following property:

\sigma(z+2\omega_i)=-e^{2\eta_i(z+\omega_i)}\sigma(z)

The sigma function can be used to represent an elliptic function: f(z+\omega_i)=f(z) \quad i \in {1,\ldots,n } when knowing its zeros and poles that lie in the period parallelogram:

f(z)=c\prod_{j=1}^n \frac{\sigma(z-a_j)}{\sigma(z-b_j)} Where c is a constant in \mathbb{C} and a_j are the zeros in the parallelogram and b_j are the poles

Weierstrass zeta function

The Weierstrass zeta function is defined by the sum :\operatorname{\zeta}{(z;\Lambda)}=\frac{\sigma'(z;\Lambda)}{\sigma(z;\Lambda)}=\frac{1}{z}+\sum_{w\in\Lambda^{*}}\left( \frac{1}{z-w}+\frac{1}{w}+\frac{z}{w^2}\right).

The Weierstrass zeta function is the logarithmic derivative of the sigma-function. The zeta function can be rewritten as: :\operatorname{\zeta}{(z;\Lambda)}=\frac{1}{z}-\sum_{k=1}^{\infty}\mathcal{G}{2k+2}(\Lambda)z^{2k+1} where \mathcal{G}{2k+2} is the Eisenstein series of weight 2k + 2.

The derivative of the zeta function is -\wp(z), where \wp(z) is the Weierstrass elliptic function.

The Weierstrass zeta function should not be confused with the Riemann zeta function in number theory.

Weierstrass eta function

The Weierstrass eta function is defined to be :\eta(w;\Lambda)=\zeta(z+w;\Lambda)-\zeta(z;\Lambda), \mbox{ for any } z \in \Complex and any w in the lattice \Lambda

This is well-defined, i.e. \zeta(z+w;\Lambda)-\zeta(z;\Lambda) only depends on the lattice vector w. The Weierstrass eta function should not be confused with either the Dedekind eta function or the Dirichlet eta function.

Weierstrass ℘-function

The Weierstrass p-function is related to the zeta function by :\operatorname{\wp}{(z;\Lambda)}= -\operatorname{\zeta'}{(z;\Lambda)}, \mbox{ for any } z \in \Complex

The Weierstrass ℘-function is an even elliptic function of order N=2 with a double pole at each lattice point and no other poles.

Degenerate case

Consider the situation where one period is real, which we can scale to be \omega_1=2\pi and the other is taken to the limit of \omega_2\rightarrow i\infty so that the functions are only singly-periodic. The corresponding invariants are {g_2,g_3}=\left{\tfrac{1}{12},\tfrac{1}{216}\right} of discriminant \Delta=0. Then we have \eta_1=\tfrac{\pi}{12} and thus from the above infinite product definition the following equality:

:\operatorname{\sigma}{(z;\Lambda)}=2e^{z^2/24}\sin{\left(\tfrac{z}{2}\right)}

A generalization for other sine-like functions on other doubly-periodic lattices is :f(z)=\frac{\pi}{\omega_1} e^{-(4\eta_1/\omega_1)z^2} \operatorname{\sigma}{(2z;\Lambda)}

References

References

1. (1987). "Elliptic Functions". Springer New York.