Wally Hammond

Early life and career

Childhood and school life

Hammond was born on 19 June 1903 in Dover in Kent. His parents, William—a bombardier in the Royal Garrison Artillery—and Marion Hammond (née Crisp), lived in the married quarters at Dover Castle where Walter was born. Hammond spent his early years in Dover, often playing cricket. When he was five years old, his father was posted to Hong Kong to serve on the China Station and promoted to sergeant. The family remained there until 1911, followed by a posting to Malta until 1914. Hammond later recalled playing cricket in Malta using improvised equipment, including a soldier's old bat which he believed taught him to strike the ball powerfully.

When the First World War broke out, the Hammonds returned to England with the rest of the 46th Company of the Royal Garrison Artillery. William was subsequently posted to France where, promoted to major, he was killed near Amiens in 1918. Marion settled in Southsea and sent Walter to The Portsmouth Grammar School, before moving him in 1918 to board at Cirencester Grammar School, believing that he would benefit from living away from home and hoping to encourage a career in farming. He did not enjoy an easy relationship with his mother, often staying with friends during holidays in preference to returning home.

At both Portsmouth and Cirencester, Hammond excelled at sports including cricket (playing for the Portsmouth Grammar School second eleven), football and fives. Hammond enjoyed less success in the classroom; his marks were usually low, and he preferred to be out playing cricket.

Leaving Cirencester in July 1920, Hammond planned to go to Winchester Agricultural College, following the path into farming mapped out by his mother. However, his plans changed when his headmaster wrote to the captain of Gloucestershire, Foster Robinson, reporting Hammond's school cricket record and suggesting that they take a look at him. Hammond, who scored a century in his first appearance in adult cricket days after leaving school, played in a trial match for the Gloucestershire Club and Ground, scoring 60 runs, taking two wickets and impressing the local press. Subsequently, two members of Gloucestershire's committee visited Hammond's mother in an attempt to sign him for the club. Hammond's mother was initially reluctant, but his eagerness finally convinced her and he signed a professional contract.

First years with Gloucestershire

Hammond made his first-class debut for Gloucestershire in August 1920. Although his first four innings yielded only 27 runs, the local press saw enough to predict a great future for him. He spent the winter working on a farm on the Isle of Wight, then moved to Bristol for the start of the 1921 English cricket season. Playing only two first-class matches in 1921, both against the powerful Australian tourists, Hammond scored two runs in three innings, overwhelmed by fast bowler Jack Gregory. In between these games, Gloucestershire arranged his appointment as assistant coach at Clifton College, Bristol, where he worked on his batting technique with former county cricketers John Tunnicliffe and George Dennett.

Gloucestershire gave Hammond an extended run at the start of the 1922 season. He played five matches without passing 32 runs in an innings at a batting average of under ten. Hammond spent the rest of the summer, which he later described as the most miserable of his life, watching county games, although Gloucestershire continued to pay him in full.

Football career

In the winter of 1921–22, Hammond, needing work, signed to play professional football for Bristol Rovers F.C. in Division Three South, following his success at school and in the Bristol Downs Football League. After some time in the reserves, he made four appearances for the first team that season. He played in ten games the following season, and four times in 1923–24.

Making an impression

Conscious of the need to improve after his uncertain start to first-class cricket, Hammond scored his maiden first-class century in the first match of the 1923 season, making 110 and 92 opening the batting against Surrey. He did not reach three figures again that season, but his performances and batting technique impressed several critics, such as cricket correspondent Neville Cardus, former England and Middlesex captain Plum Warner, and The Times correspondent; Cardus described him as a future England player. In all first-class matches that season, Hammond scored 1,421 runs at an average of 27.86. With the ball, he took 18 first-class wickets at an average of 41.22, including figures of six for 59 against Hampshire.

Hammond reached 1,239 runs in 1924, scoring a century against Somerset and reaching fifty against Oxford, Essex and Hampshire. In the final County Championship match of the season, against Middlesex, he scored 174 not out after Gloucestershire had been bowled out for 31 in their first innings. His bowling performances led critics to describe him as a potentially good all-rounder. Hammond was not satisfied with his batting form in 1925, but against Lancashire at Old Trafford, he scored 250 not out, repeatedly hooking the short-pitched bowling of Australian Test bowler Ted McDonald. Cardus described it as "one of the finest innings that can ever have been accomplished by a boy of his age". Over these two seasons, Hammond increasingly batted in the middle order, where he remained for most of his career.

Serious illness

Hammond's performances earned him selection for the M.C.C. winter tour of the West Indies in the 1925–26 season. At that time, such tours were popular with amateur cricketers, who were often chosen for social rather than cricketing reasons. The touring party contained only eight professionals, who were expected to do most of the bowling and provide the cricketing quality. The West Indies team did not have Test status, so no official internationals were scheduled, but a series of representative matches against a West Indian team were played. Rain disrupted much of the cricket, but Hammond enjoyed the experience. In first-class matches, he scored 732 runs at an average of 48.80, with two hundreds and two fifties,

Towards the end of the tour, Hammond fell seriously ill; according to him, a mosquito stung him in the groin area, close to a strain he had suffered, causing blood poisoning. Playing against Jamaica, he moved awkwardly and his teammates observed him to be in pain. He missed the remaining matches of the tour, and none of the doctors he saw were able to help. On the journey home, during which no doctor was available, his condition worsened, confining him to his cabin with a severe fever for most of the trip. The day after his arrival home, in April 1926, Hammond had the first of 12 operations at the nursing home to which he was taken. His condition worsened to the point where the doctors believed he would die; they considered amputating his leg, a suggestion vetoed by his mother out of concern for his career. Hammond later claimed that his illness remained a mystery to those treating him. A visit from Warner encouraged Hammond to believe recovery was possible, and he began a slow return to health about a month after his return to England. By July, he could watch Gloucestershire playing in Bristol, though he missed the entire 1926 season. No official announcement about Hammond's illness was made, other than to say he was in a nursing home. Although the cause of the illness was never made clear, David Foot has argued that it was syphilis or a related sexually transmitted disease. He has also suggested that its treatment, which in the days before antibiotics probably involved mercury, adversely affected Hammond's subsequent character and personality, leading to moody and depressive behaviour. Rumours of this nature circulated among his contemporaries for many years before Foot published his theory. That winter, Hammond coached in South Africa, where it was felt the climate might aid his recovery.

Test cricketer

Test debut

On his return to first-class cricket in the 1927 season, Hammond made an immediate impact, becoming only the second man, after W. G. Grace, to score 1,000 runs in May, traditionally the first month of the English cricket season. This sequence included another effective performance against Lancashire, regarded by some observers as one of the best innings ever played. He scored 99 in the first innings and 187 in the second to ensure the match was drawn. Hammond played in the prestigious Gentlemen v Players match at Lord's for the first time, although he neither batted nor bowled, as well as two Test trials. Coming close to scoring 1,000 runs in June as well, he finished the season with 2,969 runs, including 12 centuries. His average of 69.04 and the accolade of being named one of the Wisden Cricketers of the Year.

While on tour in South Africa in 1927–28, Hammond did not dominate as expected. Still recovering from his illness, he was worn out from the strain of a long season. He showed good batting form, but once George Geary was injured, a strong but not fully representative side found itself short of bowling, forcing Hammond to play as an all-rounder. In all first-class matches on the tour, he scored 908 runs at an average of 47.78, His best innings came in the third Test as he reached 90. He had some good bowling spells, and in the fourth Test he removed both South African openers. An innings of 66 in the fifth and final Test left him with 321 runs at an average of 40.12 in his debut series, while his 15 wickets cost 26.60 runs each. All of Hammond's batting appearances were at number four in the order; of his 140 career Test innings, 118 were at number three or four.

In the following season of 1928, Hammond scored 2,825 runs (average 65.69) with three double centuries, took 84 wickets (average 23.10), his highest total in a season, and held 79 catches, These performances helped Gloucestershire to mount a rare but unsuccessful challenge for the County Championship. At the Cheltenham festival, in six days, Hammond scored 362 runs, took 11 wickets and held 11 catches. In the following match, against Worcestershire, Hammond scored 80. Bowling off-spin on a testing pitch, he then took nine wickets for 23, the best bowling figures of his career. He followed up with six for 105 as Worcestershire followed on. He played in a Test trial and in the Gentlemen v Players match at Lord's for the second time, he made just 111 runs in the series at an average of 37.

1928–29 tour of Australia

In the winter of 1928–29, Hammond toured Australia with the M.C.C. The side was a strong one which overpowered Australia, winning the five-match series 4–1. Hammond was remarkably successful in his first campaign for The Ashes. Wisden described his batting as a "series of triumphs". He scored 779 runs in five consecutive Test innings, totalling 905 runs at an average of 113.12 in the series, a record passed only by Don Bradman since. Wisden described his bowling as disappointing. He scored 251 in a seven-hour innings in the second Test. In the next Test, Hammond scored 200 against an accurate attack, again taking around seven hours. In the fourth Test he scored 119 not out and then 177, Hammond had altered his usual batting style, playing more carefully and avoiding risk as runs were certain to come in the easy Australian batting conditions if a batsman did not get out. He eliminated the hook shot entirely from his repertoire and rarely played the cut shot. Unless the bowler bowled a bad ball, he limited his scoring between extra cover and midwicket, as the Australians unsuccessfully tried to block his shots in that area. Wisden stated that, even with his more cautious play, his batting on tour had shown skill and beauty.

Hammond married Dorothy Lister almost immediately after returning home, just before the 1929 season began. Gloucestershire's inspirational new captain, Bev Lyon, led another Gloucestershire challenge for the County Championship. He used Hammond's bowling less due to the emergence of Tom Goddard, but Hammond was less dominant with the bat than was expected. In first-class cricket, he scored 2,456 runs at an average of 64.63. Adopting tactics similar to those with which he had success in Australia, he scored two centuries—an unbeaten 138 in the first Test, and a match-saving 101 not out in the final Test which gave England a 2–0 series victory. His only other innings over fifty was played in the third Test. He ended the series with 352 runs at an average of 58.66.

Career in the early 1930s

The 1930 season saw the Australians tour England, Bradman's first tour. Over five Tests, the young Australian scored 974 runs in an excellent batting display to break Hammond's record run aggregate and average set in the 1928–29 series. While Bradman dominated, Hammond found it very difficult to play the leg spin bowling of Clarrie Grimmett, who dismissed him five times. Hammond scored 306 runs at an average of 34.00, passing fifty just twice. On a difficult pitch and with little support, he made a hard-hitting 60 in the final Test in a losing cause. The visitors took the series 2–1, and the newspapers unfavourably compared Hammond's scoring with Bradman's. Later in the season, Hammond scored 89 for Gloucestershire in a tied match against the Australians which he described as the most exciting of his career. One player said that he had never seen Hammond as excited as he was at the conclusion of the game. In all first-class cricket that season, he scored 2,032 runs (average 53.47) and for Gloucestershire, he came top of the batting averages as the club finished second in the Championship. He took 30 wickets, including match figures of 12 for 74 against Glamorgan.

Hammond toured South Africa in the winter of 1930–31, in a weak M.C.C. side without some of the best English players. The tourists were short of opening batsmen, frequently forcing Hammond into the role. Although successful, he brought a more wary approach than usual to his unaccustomed position. In all first-class cricket, he scored 1,045 runs (average 61.47). Opening the batting in the second Test, he scored two fifties to save the game; he also kept wicket for a time following an injury to the regular wicketkeeper. Hammond continued to open in the third Test, playing more aggressively for 136 not out, before returning to number three and making 75 in the fourth Test.

In 1931, Hammond increased his first-class wicket total to 47, In the three Tests against New Zealand, their first in England, he made an attacking century in the second Test, England's only victory. He did not pass fifty in the rest of the series, ending the victorious campaign with 169 runs at an average of 56.33. Hammond himself felt unable, as a new captain, to take the same risks that Lyon had done. He scored 2,528 runs (average 56.17), including his then highest score of 264, and his first hundred for the Players against the Gentlemen. He also took 53 wickets.

Bodyline tour

Hammond was selected for the M.C.C. tour of Australia in 1932–33. Known as the Bodyline series, it became notorious for the controversial English tactic of bowling short on the line of leg stump, making the ball rise towards the batsman's body to create deflections that could be caught by leg-side fielders. Hammond, one of the first players selected, was part of the selection committee on tour, and the M.C.C. captain, Douglas Jardine, may have discussed tactics with him on the outward journey. Hammond disapproved of Bodyline bowling, believing it to be dangerous, although he understood some of the reasons for its use. He kept his feelings hidden during the tour, preferring to go along with his captain and the rest of the team. It was not until 1946 that he openly voiced his opinion.

Wisden described Hammond's campaign as successful, although he failed to reach the heights of his previous tour. In the Tests, Hammond scored 440 runs (average 55.00) and took nine wickets (average 32.33), His best performance was in a match against New South Wales, where he took six for 43, including the wicket of Bradman. In an early game on tour against Victoria, Hammond was instructed by Jardine to attack the bowling of Chuck Fleetwood-Smith, who was on the verge of making his Test debut. Hammond scored 203, freely punishing Fleetwood-Smith's bowling and in effect delaying his Test debut for several years.

In England's victory in the first Test, Hammond scored 112, He took two wickets in two balls in the second Australian innings, making the ball move around. In the second Test, he bowled spin, as England left out Hedley Verity, their specialist spinner; his bowling impressed Jardine and the Wisden correspondent. His bowling against Bradman, who scored an unbeaten century, produced a personal duel that struck observers as particularly tense. Hammond took three for 23 in the second innings but achieved little with the bat as England lost the match. In the third Test, he appeared uncomfortable facing Tim Wall's fast, short bowling, and was heard to say, "If that's what the bloody game's coming to, I've had enough of it!" He scored 85 in the second innings before being bowled by a full toss from Bradman, to his annoyance. Hammond did not pass 20 runs in England's Ashes-securing victory in the fourth Test, attracting criticism from Wisden and others for overcautious batting. He returned to form in the final Test at Sydney, a ground on which he was often successful, scoring 101 and 75 not out.

A short tour of New Zealand followed; Hammond scored 621 runs in three first-class innings. In the first Test, he scored 227, and in the second and final Test, he broke the world record for a Test innings on 1 April by scoring 336 not out.

Loss of Test form

The Bodyline controversy continued into the 1933 season. Bodyline tactics were used in several matches, including by the West Indian tourists in the second Test. In all first-class cricket, Hammond, no longer vice-captain of Gloucestershire, scored 3,323 runs, passing 3,000 in a season for the first time. With an average of 67.81, he topped the first-class tables for what would be the first of eight successive seasons.

Hammond spent much of the 1934 season troubled by sore throats and back problems which restricted his appearances for Gloucestershire. His form for his county was good and in all first-class matches, he scored 2,366 runs (average 76.32), although he took fewer wickets at a higher average than the previous season. Awarded a benefit match, which raised just over £2,600, Hammond was idolised by the press and public for his achievements. In Tests, it was a different story; according to Wisden, he failed badly. England lost the Ashes, 2–1, in a series overshadowed at times by the Bodyline controversy. Hammond played in all five Tests against Australia but his top score was 43; he scored 162 runs at an average of 20.25,

The pattern of failure in Test matches but success elsewhere continued during the 1934–35 tour of the West Indies. In all first-class cricket he scored 789 runs, averaging 56.35, with an innings of 281 not out the highest of his three centuries. Hammond had a top score of 47 and scored 175 runs at an average of 25.00.

Hammond's health remained poor at the start of the 1935 season. He developed septic tonsillitis which made it difficult for him to breathe, eat and sleep, and ultimately required an operation to remove his tonsils in early 1936. Hammond's form was indifferent and he believed it was his worst season. In first-class matches, he scored 2,616 runs (average 49.35) and took 60 wickets (average 27.26). Long a regular in the side, for the first time he captained the Players against the Gentlemen at Lord's. In the five-Test series against South Africa, a run of low scores again brought press speculation about his place in the national side. He did not pass fifty until the third Test, when he scored 63 and 87 not out, ending a run of 22 innings without a fifty, in which time he averaged 23.47 over 14 Tests. Hammond made two more fifties in the last two Tests, although they were insufficient to prevent England from losing 1–0, their third successive series defeat. He finished the series with 389 runs at an average of 64.83, but remained unsatisfied with his form.

Return to form

As the 1936 season began, Hammond remained weak from the recent removal of his tonsils. Returning to cricket too soon, he was in poor form; he took a longer rest, which caused him to miss the first of three Tests against India. It was July before he felt fully well. In all first-class cricket that season, Hammond scored 2,107 runs, averaging 56.94, and took 41 wickets. Hammond returned to the England side for the second Test, making 167, his first century in 28 innings, scoring quickly throughout. He was praised by Wisden for his control. Hammond continued to score heavily in the third Test, making 217 after being dropped twice early on. His highest score came in the last county match of the season, at Gloucestershire, which was Tom Goddard's benefit match. A difficult pitch meant that wickets tumbled on the first day, prompting fears of an early finish which would possibly lose money for Goddard. Hammond batted all of the second day, ensuring the match lasted the full three days, to score 317 out of a total of 485.

Selected for the M.C.C. tour of Australia in 1936–37 under the captaincy of Gubby Allen, Hammond was again part of the tour selection committee.{{Cite web| url = http://www.cricinfo.com/wisdenalmanack/content/story/154075.html| title = England in Australia, 1936–37

In the 1937 season, Hammond scored 3,252 runs at an average of 65.04, passing 3,000 runs a second time, and taking 48 wickets. While scoring 140 in the first Test, This innings was his only score above fifty in the series, in which he scored 204 runs (average 51). The chairman of selectors, Plum Warner, later wrote that there was never any doubt from then that Hammond would be captain.

Amateur cricketer

England captain

In the 1938 season, his first as an amateur, Hammond scored 3,011 runs at an average of 75.27. His leadership during the series, which was drawn 1–1, won him praise. He was criticised, however, for his handling of bowlers, specifically for not giving enough work to spinners Hedley Verity in the first Test or Doug Wright in the fourth. This innings was lauded by observers including Warner, Bradman and Cardus, and The Times correspondent pronounced it one of the best ever. The match, like the first, was drawn and with the third Test completely washed out by rain, the crucial match proved to be the fourth. In a low-scoring game, Hammond scored 76, holding England's first innings together. In the second innings, however, he made a first-ball duck; an English batting collapse allowed Australia to win the match and retain the Ashes. England had some consolation with a massive victory in the final Test; following Hammond's instructions to be cautious, the side slowly amassed a record total of 903 for seven, with Hutton beating Hammond's Test record innings by scoring 364. Hammond scored 59, giving him 403 runs at an average of 67.16 in the series.

In the 1938–39 season, Hammond captained the M.C.C. tour of South Africa in a five-match series. Wisden criticised both sides for slow play, and the almanack's correspondent felt Hammond was reluctant to try to force a win. In general, though, judgements on his captaincy were positive; his teammates and opponents believed he had firm control of the side and E. W. Swanton complimented his tactics. In the Tests, he used the cautious batting method which had been successful in Australia. He scored three Test centuries, making 181 after a shaky start in the second Test, a quick 120 in the third and 140 in the fifth. England won the third match, the only one in the series with a result, and Hammond was praised for his use of bowlers. The final match, in which Hammond lost the toss, having previously won it eight consecutive times, was drawn after ten days' play. In the fourth innings, England faced a victory target of 696. Hammond was credited with nearly forcing a remarkable win, first by promoting Bill Edrich, who had failed thus far in the series but scored 219, and then by playing himself what Wisden described as "one of the finest innings of his career" before rain forced the match to be abandoned. Hammond also tallied two fifties in the series to score 609 runs in total, at an average of 87.00.

Appointed as Gloucestershire captain for the 1939 season, Hammond led the team to third in the County Championship and recorded a rare double victory over Yorkshire. In first-class cricket, he scored 2,479 runs at an average of 63.56. and in the third, he scored 138, his final Test century. On the outbreak of the Second World War, he joined the services and was commissioned as a pilot officer in the Royal Air Force Volunteer Reserve (RAFVR) in October 1939.

Career in the war

Hammond was posted to a training wing of the Royal Air Force (RAF) at Hastings in Sussex before he moved with his unit to Torquay. He had mainly administrative duties, including instructing recruits, for whom he made life hard. He played some games of cricket in 1940 for various teams before being posted to Cairo in December. His responsibilities in Egypt included organising, promoting and playing in cricket matches. Posted there until 1943, he was promoted to flight lieutenant and then to squadron leader. While Hammond may have helped to raise morale, Cairo was an easy posting during the war and he was not involved directly in combat. He also spent much time in South Africa, where he played cricket and was reunited with Sybil Ness-Harvey. At the beginning of 1944, Hammond was posted back to England, where he lectured and drilled cadets. Playing as captain in many one-day cricket matches, he was praised by Wisden for encouraging exciting contests. Others applauded his batting, including his hitting of many sixes, fitting the games' relaxed atmosphere. In December 1944, Hammond, suffering from fibrositis, was discharged from the RAFVR on health grounds and returned to work at Marsham Tyres. Once the war ended in Europe in May 1945, several first-class matches were organised. Hammond played in six, scoring 592 runs at an average of 59.20 with two centuries.

End of career

During 1946, the first full season after the war, Hammond played only 26 innings but scored 1,783 runs at an average of 84.90, topping the first-class averages for the eighth time in succession—still an English record as of 2015. At times, he began to show technical weaknesses. Captaining England to a 1–0 victory in a three-Test series against India, he scored one fifty, making 119 runs at an average of 39.66. As captain, he could be irritable and consciously created remoteness and division.

Remaining captain of England, Hammond led the M.C.C. side which toured Australia in 1946–47. The visit was unsuccessful as England lost the five-match Test series 3–0. According to Wisden, Hammond's inability to make large scores was one of the reasons for the failure. Nor was he a success as captain. He was criticised for his field placement and people at home wondered if he had lost control of the team. While he suffered some ill luck, Wisden said that he "was not the same inspiring leader as at home against Australia in 1938". Other journalists noted that he did not consult his players, one of whom later commented that he showed little imagination in his use of bowlers. Hammond approached the tour as an exercise in goodwill, promising his men an enjoyable time. It was noted that Bradman, the Australian captain, took a more competitive attitude towards the series. Team spirit was good on the outward journey, but Hammond's forthcoming divorce and other domestic concerns caused him to become isolated from the players and increasingly moody. He had poor relations with the press, who were very critical of his captaincy and reporting details of the dissolution of his marriage. As the tour progressed, he lost his dynamism as a leader, gave poor advice to the batsmen and made poor selections for the team.

As a batsman, Hammond started the tour well, scoring 208 in an early game, but lost form once the Tests began. Afterwards, relations between Hammond and Bradman deteriorated and there was a coldness between them. Bradman went on to score 187 and Australia won the match and, ultimately, the series. but in the series, he did not pass fifty, scoring 168 runs at an average of 21.00 before missing the final Test. Hammond played his last Test in New Zealand at the end of the tour, scoring 79 in his final innings. He ended his career with 7,249 Test runs at an average of 58.46.

Hammond decided to retire from all cricket after the tour, not returning for Gloucestershire in 1947. Within 24 hours of his arrival back in England, he married Sybil Ness-Harvey. He played only two more first-class games. He scored an unbeaten 92 for the M.C.C. against Ireland in 1950. To help boost a Gloucestershire membership drive, he joined his former side for a match the following year. Although given an excellent reception by the crowd, his tired appearance and struggle to score seven runs before being dismissed embarrassed many of those present. In all first-class cricket, Hammond scored 50,551 runs at an average of 56.10 with 167 centuries. He remains seventh on the list of highest run scorers in first-class cricket and has the third highest number of centuries, as of 2015.

Style and technique

Wisden's obituary described Hammond as one of the top four batsmen who had ever played, calling him "a most exciting cricketer. ... The instant he walked out of a pavilion, white-spotted blue handkerchief showing from his right pocket, bat tucked underarm, cap at a hint of an angle, he was identifiable as a thoroughbred." More recently, Hammond was one of the inaugural inductees into the ICC Cricket Hall of Fame, launched in January 2009, and was selected by a jury of cricket journalists as a member of England's all-time XI in August 2009.

Balanced and still at the crease, Hammond was known for the power and beauty of his driving through the off side, although he could play any shot. He was particularly effective on difficult wickets, scoring runs where others struggled to survive. Many of his contemporaries believed that he was the finest off-side player in the history of cricket. In the words of Patrick Murphy, fellow players considered him "on a different plane—majestic, assured, poised, a devastating amalgam of the physical and mental attributes that make up a great batsman." County bowlers who played against him considered it an achievement merely to prevent him scoring runs.

However, Australian bowlers such as O'Reilly and Grimmett troubled him by bowling at his leg stump, restricting his scoring as he had fewer effective leg-side shots. Occasionally, he displayed discomfort against the fastest bowlers.

His bowling was smooth and effortless, with a classical action. He could bowl fast, but more often bowled at fast-medium pace. He could make the ball swing in humid weather, and deliver off-spin when conditions were suitable. However, Hammond was reluctant to bowl, particularly for Gloucestershire. Bill Bowes believed that he was a very good bowler who would not take it seriously. In his obituary, Wisden said that "at slip he had no superior. He stood all but motionless, moved late but with uncanny speed, never needing to stretch or strain but plucking the ball from the air like an apple from a tree." He was also able to field further away from the batsmen than was the norm, particularly in his younger days, as he could chase the ball quickly and had a very good throwing arm.

Personal life

Personality

Hammond struck his contemporaries as a sad figure, a loner with few friends in cricket. He rarely encouraged young players or gave out praise. He liked to mix with middle-class people, spending money he did not really have, leading to accusations of snobbery. Charlie Barnett and Charles Dacre, two of his Gloucestershire teammates, came almost to hate him. Dacre often played in a reckless way of which Hammond disapproved; Hammond, in turn, may have been jealous of him. Hammond once tried hard to injure Dacre by bowling fast at him while he was wicketkeeper. Barnett began as a close friend but fell out over Hammond's treatment of his first wife and later his refusal to play in Barnett's benefit match. Other players who were involved in disputes with Hammond included Denis Compton, whose cavalier approach Hammond disliked, and Learie Constantine, who believed Hammond insulted him in the West Indies in 1925, although the two later made peace. Hammond's ultimate rivalry was with Bradman, who overshadowed him throughout his career, and with whom he developed an increasing obsession. It was not enough for Hammond to be the second-best batsman in the world, and he disliked the constant comparisons made between them in Bradman's favour. He felt not only that he had to do well, but also that he had to score more than Bradman.

Marriage

David Foot quotes an unnamed cricketer saying that the two ruling passions of Hammond's life "were his cricket bat and his genitals". His strong desire for women was noticed by teammates from early in his career. Foot believes that Hammond had sexual relationships with many women, sometimes several contemporaneously, before and during his first marriage, some of which led to marriage proposals. This was widely known in cricket circles, prompting disapproval from figures such as Barnett.

In 1929, Hammond married Dorothy Lister, the daughter of a Yorkshire textile merchant, in a highly publicised ceremony at a parish church in Bingley. They met at a cricket match in 1927 but spent little time together before the wedding, having little in common. When married, they rarely communicated or got on well. Acquaintances believed Hammond treated her badly, particularly once her father lost nearly everything in the Depression, causing them financial worry. She remained loyal, but their relations gradually broke down, even after she sailed to South Africa, joining Hammond on tour in 1939 in an attempt to save the marriage. By that time, he was already seeing his future second wife, Sybil Ness-Harvey, a former beauty queen whom he had met while on tour.

During the war, Hammond spent much of his leave with Ness-Harvey in South Africa. In 1945, she followed him back to England, but did not like it. When Hammond left to tour Australia in 1946–47, Ness-Harvey remained behind with his mother, with whom she did not get along. This was one of the factors which led to Hammond's problems on the tour. His divorce went through, and on his return, he and Sybil married at Kingston Register Office. She had already changed her name to Hammond by deed poll. Their first child, Roger, was born in 1948. Carolyn was born in 1950 and Valerie was born in 1952.

Business

Hammond was involved with several businesses. In 1933, to ease his financial concerns, he took a job with the Cater Motor Company. He was used as a sales promotions manager, which mainly involved publicity and meeting customers, although he also test-drove cars. Taking a job with Marsham Tyres in 1937 enabled him to become an amateur cricketer. He joined the board of directors and was again used for publicity, but he was never a hard worker or determined salesman. Returning to Marsham's after he was discharged from the RAF in 1944, he supplemented his income by working as a journalist. He wrote for The Star during the 1948 Test series and penned three books with the assistance of a ghostwriter.

In 1951, Hammond resigned from Marsham's; his wife was homesick, leading Hammond to plan a business in South Africa with a partner. However, after moving to Durban, they realised they had insufficient money.

Final years

At the end of 1959, Hammond was offered a job as a sports administrator at University of Natal with the aim of developing its sports facilities. In February 1960, he was involved in a serious car crash. It was uncertain whether he would survive, but he pulled through. Three months after the accident, he returned to work and became involved with coaching. In 1962, Hammond visited England as part of a drive to recruit new members for Gloucestershire. He showed some interest in taking over a pub, but nothing came of it. On the M.C.C. tour of South Africa in 1964–65, he joined the England dressing room, becoming popular with the players. On 1 July 1965, he had a heart attack and died after a few hours' illness.

International statistics

List of international cricket centuries by Wally Hammond Hammond made 22 centuries in international cricket. he sits joint 62nd in the list of century-makers in international cricket. After making his Test debut against South Africa in December 1927, he scored his first Test century against Australia at the Sydney Cricket Ground on 14 December 1928, scoring 251 runs. He scored his final Test century against the West Indies at The Oval in London on 19 August 1939, making a score of 138, and his final Test match was against New Zealand at Lancaster Park in Christchurch on 21 March 1947.

He played in a total of 85 Test matches, and held the record for the most runs in Test cricket at the time, with 7,249 runs. Hammond's highest score in Test cricket was 336 not out, scored against New Zealand at Eden Park, Auckland on 31 March 1933, at the time the highest score in an innings by a batsman until it was surpassed by Len Hutton's 364 in 1938. All but one of his Test centuries was made batting at number three or four in the batting order; the exception being his 136 not out opening the innings against South Africa at Durban in 1931.

Test centuries

Notes

References

Bibliography

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References

1. They had wed the previous December.Foot, p. 59.
2. Howat, p. 3.
3. Hammond, pp. 11–12.
4. Howat, pp. 5–6.
5. Foot, p. 61.
6. Cardus, Neville. (1966). "Obituary—Walter Hammond". John Wisden & Co.
7. Howat, p. 11.
8. At Cirencester, he played football for the school first eleven in his first term. He quickly reached the school cricket first eleven, where he outperformed the other players and became captain in his second season; his headmaster, quickly spotting his potential, encouraged him. His first century was scored in a match against a parents' team from the school. In an inter-house match, he scored 365 not out, albeit against very weak bowling. These achievements brought him some local acclaim.Howat, pp. 7–9.
9. Foot, p. 64.
10. Foot, p. 63.
11. Hammond, p. 10.
12. Howat, pp. 11–12.
13. Foot, p. 65.
14. Hammond, p. 13.
15. Hammond, pp. 13–14.
16. Howat, p. 12.
17. Howat, pp. 13–15.
18. Hammond, p. 16.
19. Howat, p. 16.
20. He did not have the opportunity to improve his record as [[George Harris, 4th Baron Harris. Lord Harris]], the [[Marylebone Cricket Club]] (M.C.C.) treasurer, noticed that Hammond was born in [[Kent]]. He had not resided in Gloucestershire long enough to be eligible to play for the team under [[County Championship]] rules, and was barred for the rest of the season. The press criticised the ruling for interrupting the career of a player seen as very promising, despite his lack of success thus far.Howat, pp. 20–21.
21. Hammond, p. 20.
22. His usual position was on the [[right winger (association football)
23. Foot, pp. 74–75.
24. Hammond, p. 17.
25. "Player Oracle WR Hammond". CricketArchive.
26. Howat, pp. 22–23.
27. "First-class Batting and Fielding in Each Season by Wally Hammond". CricketArchive.
28. Reviewing the season, ''[[Wisden Cricketers' Almanack|Wisden]]''{{'}}s correspondent declared that Hammond "has all the world before him and there is no telling how far he may go".Howat, p. 23.
29. Howat, p. 25.
30. Hammond, p. 23.
31. Howat, p. 24.
32. Foot, p. 87.
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35. Foot, p. 32.
36. Hammond, p. 28.
37. Hammond, pp. 28–29.
38. Foot, pp. 19–20.
39. Foot, pp. 36–40.
40. Foot, pp. 21–22, 36–56.
41. Murphy, p. 98.
42. Howat, p. 29.
43. Hammond, p. 30.
44. (1928). "Wally Hammond". John Wisden & Co.
45. Gibson, pp. 171–72.
46. Foot, p. 88.
47. (1929). "M.C.C. team in South Africa 1927–28". John Wisden & Co.
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49. Foot, p. 109.
50. (1929). "England v South Africa, 1927–28". John Wisden & Co.
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52. Howat, p. 34.
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54. (1930). "M.C.C. team in Australia 1928–29". John Wisden & Co.
55. He began the tour with a century and a double century before the Test series.Howat, p. 36.
56. Howat, pp. 40–41.
57. Howat, p. 41.
58. At the time, critics considered him the best batsman in the world.Gibson, p. 172.
59. Foot, pp. 144–46.
60. Foot, p. 114.
61. Howat, p. 42.
62. Hammond, p. 69.
63. Foot, p. 145.
64. Howat, pp. 42–44.
65. Howat, p. 44.
66. (1932). "M.C.C. team in South Africa, 1930–31". John Wisden & Co.
67. (1932). "South Africa v England 1930–31". John Wisden & Co.
68. and scored 1,781 runs at an average of 42.40. Although he remained a key batsman for Gloucestershire, both his aggregate and average fell, at least partly due to wet weather that often led to difficult batting conditions.Hammond, p. 80.
69. (1932). "England v New Zealand 1931". John Wisden & Co.
70. Hammond, p. 83.
71. Frith, pp. 52, 56.
72. Frith, p. 66.
73. Howat, p. 48.
74. Foot, p. 121.
75. (1934). "The M.C.C. team in Australia and New Zealand, 1932–33". John Wisden & Co.
76. Frith, pp. 263–64.
77. Foot, p. 117.
78. Frith, pp. 94–95.
79. Frith, pp. 131–32.
80. (1934). "Australia v England 1932–33". John Wisden & Co.
81. Frith, p. 160.
82. "Australia v England in 1932/33". CricketArchive.
83. Frith, p. 173.
84. Hilton, Christopher. (2005). "Cricket's 300 Men and one 400 man". Breedon Books.
85. Frith, pp. 355, 361–64.
86. Foot, p. 96.
87. Howat, pp. 58–59.
88. (1935). "Notes by the Editor". John Wisden & Co.
89. Hammond, p. 113.
90. Hammond, pp. 114–15.
91. Howat, p. 65.
92. Hammond, p. 119.
93. (1986). "The Wisden Book of Cricket Records". MacDonald Queen Anne Press.
94. Howat, pp. 65–66.
95. "Statsguru: WR Hammond Test matches (innings by innings list)". ESPNCricinfo.
96. Howat, p. 68.
97. Cardus, Neville. (1979). "Play Resumed with Cardus". MacDonald Queen Anne Press.
98. (1938). "England v Australia 1936–37 (third Test)". John Wisden & Co.
99. Gibson, p. 173.
100. (1938). "England v Australia 1936–37 (fifth Test)". John Wisden & Co.
101. Gibson, p. 164.
102. Howat, p. 81.
103. (1939). "England v Australia 1938 (second Test)". John Wisden & Co.
104. Howat, p. 79.
105. Foot, p. 118.
106. (1940). "The M.C.C. team in South Africa 1938–39". John Wisden & Co.
107. Howat, p. 87.
108. Robertson-Glasgow, R.C.. (1940). "Notes on the 1939 Season". John Wisden & Co.
109. (1940). "South Africa v England 1938–39 (third Test)". John Wisden & Co.
110. (1940). "South Africa v England 1938–39". John Wisden & Co.
111. While ''Wisden'' commended his adventurous style of leadership, others such as [[Basil Allen]], his predecessor as captain, did not approve; their main criticism was his failure to encourage his players.Howat, p. 91.
112. Foot, pp. 103, 105, 165.
113. Howat, p. 93.
114. Howat, pp. 93–94.
115. Foot, pp. 204–5.
116. Howat, pp. 95–97.
117. Foot, p. 205.
118. Howat, p. 98.
119. Howat, pp. 104–5.
120. Howat, p. 106.
121. Howat, p. 108.
122. Foot, p. 207.
123. "Wisden Cricketers' Almanack". John Wisden & Co.
124. Foot, pp. 209–10.
125. Howat, p. 110.
126. (1948). "M.C.C. team in Australia and New Zealand, 1946–47". John Wisden & Co.
127. Howat, p. 116.
128. Howat, pp. 111–12.
129. Foot, pp. 214–16.
130. Howat, p. 112.
131. Foot, p. 217.
132. Howat, p. 119.
133. Williamson, Martin. (2010). "A fine ****ing way to start a tour". ESPNCricinfo.
134. Foot, pp. 217–18.
135. Gibson, pp. 173–74.
136. Growden, Greg. (2008). "Jack Fingleton: the man who stood up to Bradman". [[Allen & Unwin]].
137. In that first Test, Hammond played two good innings on a very difficult wicket,Howat, p. 114.
138. Howat, p. 122.
139. Foot, p. 223.
140. Foot, p. 220.
141. Foot, p. 224.
142. Foot, pp. 226–27.
143. "Most runs in a career". ESPNCricinfo.
144. "Most Hundreds in a Career in First-Class matches". Wisden.
145. Throughout the 1930s, the public and critics regarded Hammond as England's best batsman, succeeding [[Jack Hobbs]], and next to Bradman, the best in the world (although [[George Headley]] also had a claim). Among English batsmen, only [[Herbert Sutcliffe]], with a higher Test average, was similarly successful. According to [[Alan Gibson]], however, although Sutcliffe was dependable in a crisis, "his batting never gave quite the same sense of majesty and excitement that Hammond's did".Gibson, p. 172.
146. "Wally Hammond inducted into ICC Cricket Hall of Fame". ICC.
147. "Old gold: England's all-time team has just two players from the last 30 years". ESPNCricinfo.
148. A very attacking player early in his career, he later became more defensive, playing more frequently off the back foot and abandoning the hook shot as too risky.Foot, pp. 87–88.
149. Foot, pp. 125–26.
150. Murphy, p. 101.
151. Foot, p. 123.
152. Murphy, p. 96.
153. Swanton, p. 112.
154. Foot, p. 127.
155. His teammate [[Charlie Barnett (cricketer)
156. Foot, p. 131.
157. Foot, p. 4.
158. Teammates regarded him as moody, private and uncommunicative. Often silent in the company of others, he could be arrogant and unfriendly.Foot, pp. 7, 50–51.
159. Gibson, p. 171.
160. Foot, pp. 10, 153–54.
161. Foot, pp. 162–64.
162. Foot, pp. 157–58.
163. Foot, pp. 158–60.
164. Foot, pp. 143–46.
165. Foot, p. 171.
166. Foot, p. 172
167. Foot, pp. 172–85.
168. Foot, pp. 6, 13, 162–64, 181–82.
169. Foot, pp. 186–87.
170. Foot, pp. 189–92.
171. Howat, p. 88.
172. Foot, pp. 197–98.
173. Foot, pp. 198–99.
174. Howat, p. 129.
175. Howat, p. 130.
176. Foot, pp. 230–31.
177. Howat, p. 54.
178. Foot, pp. 232, 235–36.
179. Foot, p. 239.
180. He took a job with Denham Motors in Durban, where he was forced to work much harder than in England. He lost his job in 1959 when the firm went out of business, and the Hammond family again found themselves in financial trouble.Foot, pp. 239–40.
181. Foot, pp. 241–43.
182. Foot, pp. 244–45.
183. Howat, p. 133.
184. Foot, pp. 250–52.
185. Foot, pp. 261–62.
186. Howat, p. 141.
187. "Records / Combined Test, ODI and T20I records / Batting records / Most hundreds in a career". ESPNcricinfo.
188. "1st Test, England tour of South Africa at Johannesburg, Dec 24-27 1927". ESPNcricinfo.
189. "2nd Test, England tour of Australia at Sydney, Dec 14-20 1928". ESPNcricinfo.
190. "3rd Test, West Indies tour of England at London, Aug 19-22 1939". ESPNcricinfo.
191. "Only Test, England tour of New Zealand at Christchurch, Mar 21-25 1947". ESPNcricinfo.
192. "2nd Test, England tour of New Zealand at Auckland, Mar 31 – Apr 3 1933". ESPNcricinfo.
193. "Statistics / Statsguru / WR Hammond / Test matches / Hundreds". ESPNcricinfo.
194. "3rd Test, England tour of Australia at Melbourne, Dec 29 1928 – Jan 5 1929". ESPNcricinfo.
195. "4th Test, England tour of Australia at Adelaide, Feb 1-8 1929". ESPNcricinfo.
196. "1st Test, South Africa tour of England at Birmingham, Jun 15-18 1929". ESPNcricinfo.
197. "5th Test, South Africa tour of England at London, Aug 17-20 1929". ESPNcricinfo.
198. "3rd Test, Australia tour of England at Leeds, Jul 11-15 1930". ESPNcricinfo.
199. "3rd Test, England [Marylebone Cricket Club] tour of South Africa at Durban, Jan 16-20 1931". ESPNcricinfo.
200. "2nd Test, New Zealand tour of England at London, Jul 29-31 1931". ESPNcricinfo.
201. "1st Test, England [Marylebone Cricket Club] tour of Australia at Sydney, Dec 2-7 1932". ESPNcricinfo.
202. "5th Test, England [Marylebone Cricket Club] tour of Australia at Sydney, Feb 23-28 1933". ESPNcricinfo.
203. "1st Test, England tour of New Zealand at Christchurch, Mar 24-27 1933". ESPNcricinfo.
204. "2nd Test, India tour of England at Manchester, Jul 25-28 1936". ESPNcricinfo.
205. "3rd Test, India tour of England at London, Aug 15-18 1936". ESPNcricinfo.
206. "2nd Test, England tour of Australia at Sydney, Dec 18-22 1936". ESPNcricinfo.
207. "1st Test, New Zealand tour of England at London, Jun 26-29 1937". ESPNcricinfo.
208. "2nd Test, Australia tour of England at London, Jun 24-28 1938". ESPNcricinfo.
209. "2nd Test, England tour of South Africa at Cape Town, Dec 31 1938 – Jan 4 1939". ESPNcricinfo.
210. "3rd Test, England tour of South Africa at Durban, Jan 20-23 1939". ESPNcricinfo.
211. "5th Test, England tour of South Africa at Durban, Mar 3-14 1939". ESPNcricinfo.