Wallowa County, Oregon

History

In 1871, the first white settlers came to the area, crossing the mountains in search of livestock feed in the Wallowa Valley. The county was established on February 11, 1887, from the eastern portion of Union County. Boundary changes occurred with Union County in 1890, 1900, and 1915.

In 1877, the younger Chief Joseph of the Nez Perce, incensed at the government's attempt to remove his people from the Wallowa Valley, refused to relocate to the reservation in north central Idaho. Several regiments of U.S. Army cavalry troops were dispatched to force them onto the reservation. After numerous battles and a journey of almost 2,000 mi, the Nez Perce fought their last battle at Bear Paw, just shy of the Canadian border, when Joseph and the other chiefs decided to stop fighting. He and some of the surviving Nez Perce were held in prison camps in Kansas and Oklahoma, and those who survived that were relocated to Colville Reservation in northeast Washington. Approximately half of the survivors moved to the Nez Perce Reservation in Idaho. Chief Joseph last visited Wallowa County in 1902, and died two years later.

Wallowa County was the scene of perhaps the worst incident of violence against Chinese in Oregon, when in May 1887 a gang of rustlers massacred 10-34 Chinese gold miners in Hells Canyon. Of the seven rustlers and schoolboys believed to have been responsible, only three were brought to trial in Enterprise, where a jury found them not guilty on September 1, 1888. A proposal to commemorate this event on official maps as Chinese Massacre Cove was approved in 2005 and encompasses a five-acre site.

In 1896, the Joseph town bank was robbed and there was a shootout in the streets. The town has occasionally had re-enactments of that event.

Wallowa County Courthouse was built in 1909–1910, using locally quarried Bowlby stone, a type of volcanic tuff. It is a Romanesque Revival-style building with Queen Anne architectural elements in some exterior features. The courthouse was listed on National Register of Historic Places in 2000. Today, it still houses Wallowa County government offices and faces west toward South River Street and is surrounded by Courthouse Square which encompasses one city block, approximately 1.3 acres. The square is landscaped with oak, pine, maple, linden, juniper, and flowering crab apple trees. There are roses planted on the north, west, and south sides of the courthouse. The square also has several veteran memorials along with a 20 by wood-framed gazebo in the northeast corner of the square.

United States Supreme Court Associate Justice William O. Douglas was one famous summer visitor to Wallowa County, building a vacation cabin on Lostine River Road in 1939. The noted, award-winning character-actor Walter A. Brennan was another famous part-time resident, with a ranch in the Imnaha River canyon complex and properties in Joseph.

In December 2003, a developer announced a proposal to buy a 62 acre property near Wallowa Lake, and build 11 homes on it. This property is adjacent to the property that is home to the grave of Old Chief Joseph, father of the younger Chief Joseph. This proposal drew opposition from a local group, as well as from the Nez Perce, Colville, and Umatilla tribes. Prior offers by the National Park Service and the Trust for Public Land to buy the land were rejected. The County commissioners gave conditional approval for the developers to complete a final plat of the land on February 13, 2004, but the attorney for the Nez Perce said the tribe would appeal the decision to the Oregon Land Use Board of Appeals. As of 2016, the controversy was still active.

Geography

Wallowa is the northeasternmost county of Oregon. According to the United States Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 3152 sqmi, of which 3146 sqmi is land and 5.5 sqmi (0.2%) is water.

Geographic features

Wallowa Lake and the Wallowa Mountains attract tourists to this region. The lake is a natural glacial formation, held in on three sides by prominent moraines. The microclimate is somewhat different from the surrounding areas and provides a cool retreat during the summer. Other geographic features include:

• Grande Ronde River
• Joseph Canyon
• Hells Canyon
• Wallowa River
• Imnaha River

Adjacent counties

• Columbia County, Washington - northwest
• Garfield County, Washington - north
• Asotin County, Washington - northeast
• Nez Perce County, Idaho - northeast
• Idaho County, Idaho - east/Mountain Time Border
• Adams County, Idaho - southeast/Mountain Time Border
• Baker County (south)
• Union County (southwest)
• Umatilla County (west)

National protected areas

• Nez Perce National Historical Park (part)
• Umatilla National Forest (part)
• Wallowa–Whitman National Forest (part)
• Hells Canyon National Recreation Area (part)

Demographics

|align-fn=center 1790–1960 1900–1990 1990–2000 2010–2020

2020 census

As of the 2020 census, the county had a population of 7,391. Of the residents, 18.6% were under the age of 18 and 31.3% were 65 years of age or older; the median age was 52.8 years. For every 100 females there were 94.7 males, and for every 100 females age 18 and over there were 94.1 males. 0.0% of residents lived in urban areas and 100.0% lived in rural areas.

The racial makeup of the county was 90.3% White, 0.1% Black or African American, 0.8% American Indian and Alaska Native, 0.4% Asian, 0.1% Native Hawaiian and Pacific Islander, 2.0% from some other race, and 6.3% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino residents of any race comprised 3.5% of the population.

There were 3,376 households in the county, of which 23.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them and 24.2% had a female householder with no spouse or partner present. About 30.8% of all households were made up of individuals and 16.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older.

There were 4,326 housing units, of which 22.0% were vacant. Among occupied housing units, 73.4% were owner-occupied and 26.6% were renter-occupied. The homeowner vacancy rate was 1.0% and the rental vacancy rate was 3.3%.

2010 census

As of the 2010 census, there were 7,008 people, 3,133 households, and 2,024 families residing in the county. The population density was 2.2 PD/sqmi. There were 4,108 housing units at an average density of 1.3 /mi2. The racial makeup of the county was 96.0% white, 0.6% American Indian, 0.4% black or African American, 0.3% Asian, 0.1% Pacific islander, 0.5% from other races, and 2.0% from two or more races. Those of Hispanic or Latino origin made up 2.2% of the population. In terms of ancestry, 28.4% were German, 16.7% were English, 14.6% were Irish, 7.3% were American, and 5.4% were Scotch-Irish.

Of the 3,133 households, 22.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 54.3% were married couples living together, 7.1% had a female householder with no husband present, 35.4% were non-families, and 30.0% of households were made up of individuals. The average household size was 2.20 and the average family size was 2.70. The median age was 50.5 years.

The median income for a household in the county was $41,116 and the median family income was $49,961. Males had a median income of $35,963 versus $29,395 for females. The per capita income for the county was $23,023. About 9.6% of families and 12.9% of the population were below the poverty line, including 17.4% of those under age 18 and 10.6% of those age 65 or over.

2000 census

As of the 2000 census, there were 7,226 people, 3,029 households, and 2,083 families residing in the county. The population density was 2 /mi2. There were 3,900 housing units at an average density of 1 /mi2. The racial makup of the county was 96.50% White, 0.03% Black or African American, 0.71% Native American, 0.24% Asian, 0.04% Pacific Islander, 0.95% from other races, and 1.54% from two or more races. 1.73%. were Hispanic or Latino of any race. 21.8% were of German, 15.7% American, 12.3% English and 11.8% Irish ancestry.

Of the 3,029 households 28.50% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 58.70% were married couples living together, 6.90% had a female householder with no husband present, and 31.20% were non-families. 27.10% of households were one person and 11.90% were one person aged 65 or older. The average household size was 2.35 and the average family size was 2.85.

The age distribution was 24.30% under the age of 18, 4.90% from 18 to 24, 21.90% from 25 to 44, 30.00% from 45 to 64, and 18.90% 65 or older. The median age was 44 years. For every 100 females there were 100.10 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 96.10 males.

The median household income was $32,129 and the median family income was $38,682. Males had a median income of $28,202 versus $21,558 for females. The per capita income for the county was $17,276. About 9.80% of families and 14.00% of the population were below the poverty line, including 18.30% of those under age 18 and 11.40% of those age 65 or over.

Communities

Incorporated cities

• Enterprise (county seat)
• Joseph
• Lostine
• Wallowa

Census-designated place

• Wallowa Lake

Unincorporated communities

• Bartlett
• Eden
• Evans
• Flora
• Fruita
• Grouse
• Imnaha
• Lewis
• Maxville
• Minam
• Paradise
• Promise
• Troy
• Zumwalt

Politics

State Legislature

Wallowa County is located in Oregon State House District 58 which is currently represented by Bobby Levy. It is also located in Oregon State Senate District 29, represented by Bill Hansell. Both Levy and Hansell are registered Republicans.

Board of Commissioners

Wallowa County is represented and governed by three County Commissioners. The Wallowa County Board of Commissioners is currently made up of Susan Roberts, Todd Nash and John Hillock. Susan Roberts is a former Mayor of Enterprise and was elected onto the Board of Commissioners in 2008. Todd Nash was elected in 2016. John Hillock was elected in 2019. The seats are nonpartisan, although all three commissioners are registered Republicans.

Make-up of voters

Like most counties in eastern Oregon, the majority of registered voters who are part of a political party in Wallowa County are members of the Republican Party. In the 2008 presidential election, 63.52% of Wallowa County voters voted for Republican John McCain, while 33.42% voted for Democrat Barack Obama and 3.06% of voters either voted for a Third Party candidate or wrote in a candidate. These numbers have changed slightly from the 2004 presidential election, in which 69.3% voted for George W. Bush, while 28.1% voted for John Kerry, and 2.6% of voters either voted for a Third Party candidate or wrote in a candidate.

Economy

The principal industries in Wallowa County are agriculture, ranching, lumber, and tourism. Since 1985, three bronze foundries and a number of related businesses specializing in statue-making have opened in Joseph and Enterprise, helping to stabilize the local economy. The Forest Service is the largest landlord in the county, owning 56% of the land.

Transportation

Major highways

• [[Image:OR 3.svg|20px]] – Oregon Route 3 – north to Washington, becomes [[Image:WA-129.svg|20px]] Route 129
• [[Image:OR 82.svg|20px]] – Oregon Route 82 – west to La Grande, the junction with [[Image:I-84.svg|20px]] Interstate 84

Railroads

• Eagle Cap Excursion Train (part)

Notable people

• Chief Joseph
• Margaret Osborne duPont
• Walter Brennan
• Eugene Pallette
• Amos Marsh
• Frank Wayne Marsh

References

References

1. "State & County QuickFacts". United States Census Bureau.
2. "Find a County". National Association of Counties.
3. (2010). "Chief Joseph". Online Highways LLC.
4. Bailey, Barbara Ruth. (1982). "Main Street: Northeastern Oregon". [[Oregon Historical Society]].
5. Nokes, R. Gregory. 2009. Massacred for Gold. Corvallis, Oregon: Oregon State University Press.
6. "Taste of Joseph". Wallowa County Chieftain.
7. [http://heritagedata.prd.state.or.us/historic/index.cfm?do=main.loadFile&load=NR_Noms/00000805.pdf. Wallowa County Courthouse], National Register of Historic Places Inventory—Nomination Form, National Park Service, United States Department of the Interior, Washington, D.C., May 18, 2000.
8. [http://www.co.wallowa.or.us/administration/courthouse/history.html Historic Wallowa County Courthouse] {{Webarchive. link. (October 29, 2013 , Wallowa County, ''www.co.wallowa.or.us'', Enterprise, Oregon, 2009.)
9. [http://www.enterpriseoregon.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=6:the-wallowa-county-courthouse&catid=14:historic-landmarks&Itemid=3 The Wallowa County Courthouse], City of Enterprise, ''enterpriseoregon.org'', Enterprise Oregon, July 29, 2012.
10. "Kriegers won't sell land to government". La Grande observer.
11. (August 22, 2012). "2010 Census Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau.
12. "County Population Totals and Components of Change: 2020-2024". United States Census Bureau.
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15. (March 27, 1995). "Population of Counties by Decennial Census: 1900 to 1990". United States Census Bureau.
16. (April 2, 2001). "Census 2000 PHC-T-4. Ranking Tables for Counties: 1990 and 2000". United States Census Bureau.
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18. "1990 Census of Population - General Population Characteristics - Oregon - Table 5 - Race and Hispanic Origin".
19. "P004: Hispanic or Latino, and Not Hispanic or Latino by Race – 2000: DEC Summary File 1 – Wallowa County, Oregon".
20. "P2: Hispanic or Latino, and Not Hispanic or Latino by Race – 2010: DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94-171) – Wallowa County, Oregon".
21. "P2: Hispanic or Latino, and Not Hispanic or Latino by Race – 2020: DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94-171) – Wallowa County, Oregon".
22. included in the Asian category in the 1980 Census
23. included in the Asian category in the 1990 Census
24. not an option in the 1980 Census
25. not an option in the 1990 Census
26. (2023). "2020 Decennial Census Demographic and Housing Characteristics (DHC)".
27. (2021). "2020 Decennial Census Demographic Profile (DP1)".
28. (2021). "2020 Decennial Census Redistricting Data (Public Law 94-171)".
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30. "Population, Housing Units, Area, and Density: 2010 - County". [[United States Census Bureau]].
31. "DP02 SELECTED SOCIAL CHARACTERISTICS IN THE UNITED STATES – 2006-2010 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates". [[United States Census Bureau]].
32. "DP03 SELECTED ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS – 2006-2010 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates". [[United States Census Bureau]].
33. "U.S. Census website". [[United States Census Bureau]].
34. "The Voter's Self Defense System".
35. "Board of Commissioners".
36. (November 5, 2008). "Hayward, Roberts win Wallowa County Commission positions".
37. (September 7, 2010). "Races set in Wallowa County". The Observer.
38. "2008 Presidential General Election Results - Wallowa County, OR".
39. "Wallowa County, Oregon detailed profile - houses, real estate, cost of living, wages, work, agriculture, ancestries, and more".
40. "Oregon Elections Division Voter Registration by County".
41. Leip, David. "Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections".
42. Finn, Robin. (October 25, 2012). "Margaret Osborne duPont, Tennis Champion, Dies at 94". [[The New York Times]].