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Voiceless retroflex affricate

Consonantal sound

Summary

Consonantal sound

Field	Value
ipa number	105 (136)
ipa symbol	ʈʂ
ipa symbol3	ꭧ
ipa symbol2	tʂ
decimal1	648
decimal2	865
decimal3	642
imagefile	IPA Unicode 0xAB67.svg
x-sampa	ts`

|x-sampa=ts`

A voiceless retroflex sibilant affricate is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is or , often simplified to . There is also a ligature , which has been retired by the International Phonetic Association but is still used.

A laminal variant occurs in Polish cz, and an apical variant in the Indo-Aryan languages.

Features

Features of a voiceless retroflex affricate:

Occurrence

The affricate occurs in a number of languages:

Asturian: Speakers of the western dialects of this language use it instead of the voiced palatal fricative, writing ḷḷ instead of ll.
Slavic languages: Polish, Belarusian, Old Czech, Serbo-Croatian; some speakers of Russian may use it instead of the voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate.
a number of Northwest Caucasian languages have retroflex affricates that contrast in secondary articulations like labialization.
Mandarin and other Sinitic languages.

Language	Word	IPA	Meaning	Notes
Abkhaz	аҽада		'donkey'	See Abkhaz phonology
Adyghe	чъыгы		'tree'	See Adyghe phonology
Asturian	Some dialects	ḷḷobu		'wolf'
Belarusian	пачатак		'the beginning'	Laminal. See Belarusian phonology
Chinese	Mandarin	中文 / Zhōngwén		'Chinese language'
Hmong	White Hmong	/ txov		'lion' or 'tiger'
Khanty	Eastern dialects	ҷӓңҷ		'knee'
Southern dialects
Mapudungun	trafoy		'it got broken'	Contrasts with a voiceless postalveolar affricate: chafoy 'he/she coughed'
Northern Qiang	zhes		'day before yesterday'	Contrasts with aspirated and voiced forms.
Polish	Standard	czas		'time'
Southeastern Cuyavian dialects	cena		'price'	Some speakers. It is a result of hypercorrecting the more popular merger of and into .
Suwałki dialect
Quechua	Cajamarca–Cañaris	chupa		'tail'
Russian	лу́чше / luchshe		'better'
Serbo-Croatian	чеп / čep		'cork'	Apical. It may be palato-alveolar instead, depending on the dialect. See Serbo-Croatian phonology
Silesian	szczopek		'pike'
Slovak	čakať		'to wait'	Laminal.
Spanish	Chilean{{cite web	last=Correa Mujica	first=Miguel	year=2001
Torwali	ڇووو		'to sew'	Contrasts with aspirated form.
Vietnamese	trà		'tea'	Some speakers.
Yi	ꍈ / zha		'a bit'	Contrasts with aspirated form.

Notes

References

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{{Citation |access-date = 2015-04-09 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150414230437/http://www.fon.hum.uva.nl/silke/articles/Hamann%202004.pdf |archive-date = 2015-04-14 |url-status = dead
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{{Citation |author-link=Peter Ladefoged |doi-access=free
{{cite thesis |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070612230829/http://www.fli-online.org/documents/languages/torwali/wayne_lunsford_thesis.pdf |archive-date= 2007-06-12
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References

Academia de la Llingua Asturiana. (2005). "Normes ortográfiques". Academia Llingua Asturiana.
{{Harvcoltxt. García Arias. 2003
{{Harvcoltxt. Ladefoged. Wu. 1984
(1999). "An articulatory and acoustical analysis of the syllable-initial sibilants and approximant in Beijing Mandarin".
{{Harvcoltxt. Jassem. 2003
{{Harvcoltxt. Hamann. 2004
"Gwary polskie - Gwara regionu". Gwarypolskie.uw.edu.pl.
"Gwary polskie - Szadzenie". Gwarypolskie.uw.edu.pl.

Wikipedia Source

This article was imported from Wikipedia and is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License. Content has been adapted to SurfDoc format. Original contributors can be found on the article history page.

alveolar-consonants affricates pulmonic-consonants voiceless-oral-consonants median-consonants

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