From Surf Wiki (app.surf) — the open knowledge base

Voiceless glottal fricative

Consonantal sound represented by ⟨h⟩ in IPA

Summary

Consonantal sound represented by ⟨h⟩ in IPA

Field	Value
above	Voiceless glottal fricative
ipa symbol	h
ipa symbol2	h͈
ipa number	146
decimal1	104
x-sampa	h
braille	h
imagefile	IPA Unicode 0x0068.svg

|x-sampa=h A voiceless glottal fricative, sometimes called a voiceless glottal transition or an aspirate, is a type of sound used in some spoken languages. It is familiar to English-speakers as the "h" sound in "hut". The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is .

A sound may have real glottal constriction in a number of languages (such as Arabic), making it a true fricative. However, in many languages that have it, it only patterns like a fricative or approximant phonologically, and lacks the usual phonetic characteristics of a consonant. In such languages, has no inherent place or manner of articulation, as well as lacking the height and backness of a vowel. Thus it has been described as neither consonant nor vowel but simply voiceless phonation:

An effort was undertaken at the Kiel Convention in 1989 to move glottal fricatives, both voiceless and voiced, to the approximant cells of the IPA chart. A specifically fricative sound may be indicated with a raising diacritic , and a specifically approximant with a lowering diacritic .

The Shanghainese language, among others, contrasts voiced and voiceless glottal fricatives.

Features

Features of the voiceless glottal fricative:

In some languages, it has the constricted manner of articulation of a fricative. However, in many if not most it is a transitional state of the glottis or an approximant, with no manner of articulation other than its phonation type. Because there is no other constriction to produce friction in the vocal tract in the languages they are familiar with, many phoneticians no longer consider to be a fricative. However, the term "fricative" is generally retained for historical reasons.
It may have a glottal place of articulation. However, it may have no fricative articulation, in which case the term 'glottal' only refers to the nature of its phonation, and does not describe the location of the stricture nor the turbulence. All consonants except for the glottals, and all vowels, have an individual place of articulation in addition to the state of the glottis. As with all other consonants, surrounding vowels influence the pronunciation , and has sometimes been presented as a voiceless vowel, having the place of articulation of these surrounding vowels.

Occurrence

Fricative or transition

Language	Word	IPA	Meaning	Notes
Adyghe	Shapsug	хыгь/khyg'		'now'
Afar	daháb	[dʌhʌb]	'gold'
Albanian	hire		'the graces'
Aleut	hanix̂		'lake'
Arabic	Modern Standard	هائل/haa'il		'enormous'
Assyrian		Eastern	ܗܝܡܢܘܬܐ hèmanūta		'faith'
Western	ܗܪܟܗ harcë		'here'
Armenian	Eastern	հայերեն/hayeren		'Armenian language'
Asturian	South-central dialects	ḥuerza		'force'
Eastern dialects	ḥacer	[haˈθeɾ]	"to do"	F- becomes [h] in oriental dialects. May be also realized as [ħ, ʕ, ɦ, x, χ]
All dialects	[[Help:IPA/Astur-Leonese	guaḥe
[ˈgwahɪ]
"kid"
Some words use ḥ in all dialects.
Avar	гьа		'oath'
Azeri	hin		'chicken coop'
Basque	North-Eastern dialects	hirur		'three'
Bengali	হাওয়া/haoua		'wind'
Berber	aherkus		'shoe'
Blackfoot			'really!'
	Allophone of /x/ when it occurs beginning of a word.
Cantabrian	muḥer	[muˈheɾ]	'woman'	F- becomes [h]. In most dialects, -LJ- and -C'L- too. May be also realized as .
Catalan	ehem		'ha!'	Found in loanwords and interjections. See Catalan phonology
Chechen	хӏара / hara		'this'
Chinese	Cantonese	海 / hói		'sea'
Taiwanese Mandarin	海 / hǎi		A velar fricative for Standard Chinese. See Standard Chinese phonology
Danish	hus		'house'	Often voiced when between vowels. See Danish phonology
English	high		'high'	See English phonology and H-dropping
Esperanto	hejmo		'home'	See Esperanto phonology
Eastern Lombard	Val Camonica	Bresa		'Brescia'
Estonian	hammas		'tooth'	See Estonian phonology
Faroese	hon		'she'
Finnish	hammas		'tooth'	See Finnish phonology
French	Belgian	hotte		'pannier'
Galician	Occidental, central, and some oriental dialects	gato	[ˈhätʊ]	'cat'
Georgian	ჰავა/hava		'climate'
German	Hass		'hatred'	See Standard German phonology
Greek	Cypriot	μαχαζί/mahazi		'shop'
Hawaiian	haka		'shelf'	See Hawaiian phonology
Hebrew	הַר/har		'mountain'	See Modern Hebrew phonology
Hindi	Standard	हम/ham		'we'
Hmong	/ hawm		'to honor'
Hungarian	helyes		'right'	See Hungarian phonology
Irish	shroich		'reached'	Appears as the lenited form of 'f', 's' and 't', as well as grammatical pre-aspiration of vowels, & occasionally word-initial as 'h' in borrowed words. See Irish phonology.
Italian	Tuscan	i capitani		'the captains'
Japanese	素肌 / suhada		'bare skin'	See Japanese phonology
Javanese	ꦩꦲ/Maha		The expert, Almighty one
Kabardian	тхылъхэ/ tkhyl"khė		'books'
Kazakh	шаһар / şahar		'city'
Khmer	ហឹរ / km
ចាស់ / km
'spicy'
'old'	See Khmer phonology
Korean	허리 / heori		'waist'	See Korean phonology
Lakota	ho		'voice'
Lao	ຫ້າ/haa		'five'
Leonese	guaje		'boy'
Lezgian	гьек/hek		'glue'
Luxembourgish	hei		'here'	See Luxembourgish phonology
Malay	hari		'day'
Mutsun	hučekniš		'dog'
Navajo	hastiin		'mister'
Norwegian	hatt		'hat'	See Norwegian phonology
Pashto	هو/ho		'yes'
Persian	هفت/haft		'seven'	See Persian phonology
Pirahã	hi		'he'
Portuguese	Many Brazilian dialects	marreta		'sledgehammer'
Most dialects	Honda		'Honda'
Minas Gerais (mountain dialect)	arte		'art'
Colloquial Brazilian (some dialects)	chuvisco		'drizzle'	Corresponds to either or (depending on dialect) in the syllable coda. Might also be deleted.
Quechua	Standard	hatun		'big'
Romanian	hăț		'bridle'	See Romanian phonology
Scottish Gaelic	ro-sheòl		'topsail'	Lenited form of /t/, /s/, see Scottish Gaelic phonology
Serbo-Croatian	Croatian	hmelj		'hops'
Spanish	Andalusian, Canarian, and Extremaduran Spanish	higo		'fig'
Many dialects	obispo		'bishop'	Allophone of at the end of a syllable. See Spanish phonology
Some dialects	jaca		'pony'	Corresponds to in other dialects.
Swedish	hatt		'hat'	See Swedish phonology
Sylheti	ꠢꠣꠝꠥꠇ/hamukh		'snail'
Tagalog	tahimik		'quiet'	See Tagalog phonology
Tamil	Indian Tamil	பகை/pakai		'hate'
Tatar	һава/hawa		'air'	See Tatar phonology
Telugu	పదిహేను/padihēnu		'fifteen'	Rarely native, mostly in loanwords. See Telugu language#Phonology
Thai	ห้า/haa		'five'
Turkish	halı		'carpet'	See Turkish phonology
Ubykh	дуаха	[dwaha]	'prayer'	See Ubykh phonology
Ukrainian	кігті		'claws'	Sometimes when is devoiced. See Ukrainian phonology.
Urdu	Standard	ہم/ham		'we'
Vietnamese	hiểu		'understand'	See Vietnamese phonology
Welsh	haul		'sun'	See Welsh orthography
West Frisian	hoeke		'corner'
Yi	ꉐ / hxa		'hundred'

Nasal

A nasalized voiceless glottal fricative or approximant is a type of consonantal sound used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is .

Occurrence

The sound is nasalized in several languages, apparently due to a connection between glottal and nasal sounds called rhinoglottophilia. Examples of languages where the only h-like sound is nasalized are Krim, Lisu, and Pirahã.

More rarely, a language will contrast oral and nasal . Two such languages are neighboring Bantu languages of Angola and Namibia, Kwangali and Mbukushu. In these languages, vowels following are nasalized, though nasal vowels do not occur elsewhere. A distinction is also reported from Wolaytta, though in that case the nasal is rare. Swazi distinguishes .

Language	Word	IPA	Meaning	Notes
Basque	Souletin dialect	ahate		'duck'
Carapana
Kaingang	hũg		'hawk'	Possible word-initial realization of before a nasal vowel.
Kwangali	nhonho		Tribulus species
Khoekhoegowab	Damara dialect	hû		'six'
Lisu	Northern dialect	han		'soul'
Southern dialect	ꓦꓻ
Swazi		Distinguishes .
Tofa	иъһён		'twenty'

Notes

References

{{citation
{{citation |doi-access=free
{{cite book
{{cite book
{{citation
{{citation |doi-access=free
{{citation
{{cite journal
{{citation |editor-last=Hualde |editor-first=José Ignacio |editor-link=José Ignacio Hualde |editor2-last=Ortiz de Urbina |editor2-first=Jon
{{citation
{{citation
{{Citation |author-link=Peter Ladefoged
{{citation
{{citation
{{citation |doi-access= free
{{citation |doi-access=free
{{cite book |access-date=1 January 2014
{{citation
{{citation
{{cite book

References

{{Harvcoltxt. Smyth. 1920
{{Harvcoltxt. Wright. Wright. 1925
{{Harvcoltxt. Ladefoged. Maddieson. 1996
Qian 2003, pp.14-16.
{{Harvcoltxt. Thelwall. 1990
{{Harvcoltxt. Dum-Tragut. 2009
{{Harvcoltxt. Hualde. Ortiz de Urbina. 2003
"Blackfoot Pronunciation and Spelling Guide". Native-Languages.org.
{{Harvcoltxt. Grønnum. 2005
{{Harvcoltxt. Shosted. Chikovani. 2006
{{Harvcoltxt. Kohler. 1999
{{Harvcoltxt. Arvaniti. 1999
{{Harvcoltxt. Ladefoged. 2005
{{Harvcoltxt. Hall. 1944
{{Harvcoltxt. Gilles. Trouvain. 2013
{{Harvcoltxt. Barbosa. Albano. 2004
{{in lang. pt [http://www.ufpa.br/alipa/realato_arlon1.htm Pará Federal University – The pronunciation of /s/ and its variations across Bragança municipality's Portuguese] {{Webarchive. link. (2013-07-07)
{{in lang. pt [http://www.letras.ufrj.br/posverna/mestrado/SantosDR.pdf Rio de Janeiro Federal University – The variation of post-vocallic /S/ in the speech of Petrópolis, Itaperuna and Paraty] {{Webarchive. link. (2017-12-15)
"ro-sheòl".
{{Harvcoltxt. Landau. Lončarić. Horga. Škarić. 1999
{{Harvcoltxt. Martínez-Celdrán. Fernández-Planas. Carrera-Sabaté. 2003
{{Harvcoltxt. Thompson. 1959
"Karagas".

Wikipedia Source

This article was imported from Wikipedia and is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License. Content has been adapted to SurfDoc format. Original contributors can be found on the article history page.

glottal-consonants approximant-fricative-consonants pulmonic-consonants voiceless-oral-consonants voiceless-approximants

Want to explore this topic further?

Ask Mako anything about Voiceless glottal fricative — get instant answers, deeper analysis, and related topics.

Research with Mako

Free with your Surf account

Content sourced from Wikipedia, available under CC BY-SA 4.0.

This content may have been generated or modified by AI. CloudSurf Software LLC is not responsible for the accuracy, completeness, or reliability of AI-generated content. Always verify important information from primary sources.

Report