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Voiceless dental and alveolar plosives
Consonantal sounds
Summary
Consonantal sounds
| Field | Value |
|---|---|
| above | Voiceless alveolar plosive |
| ipa symbol | t |
| ipa number | 103 |
| decimal | 116 |
| xsampa | t |
| braille | t |
| imagefile | IPA Unicode 0x0074.svg |
|x-sampa=t_d
Voiceless alveolar and dental plosives (or stops) are a type of consonantal sound used in almost all spoken languages. The alveolar is familiar to English-speakers as the "t" sound in "stick".
The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents voiceless dental, alveolar, and postalveolar plosives is . The voiceless dental plosive can be distinguished with the underbridge diacritic, and the postalveolar with a retraction line, , and the extIPA has a double underline diacritic which can be used to explicitly specify an alveolar pronunciation, .
The sound is a very common sound cross-linguistically. Most languages have at least a plain , and some distinguish more than one variety. Some languages without a are colloquial Samoan (which also lacks an ), Abau, and Nǁng of South Africa.
There are only a few languages which distinguish dental and alveolar stops (or often more precisely laminal and apical alveolar stops), including Kota, Toda, Venda and many Australian Aboriginal languages; certain varieties of Hiberno-English also distinguish them (with dental being the local realization of the Standard English phoneme spelled ).
Features
Here are the features of voiceless alveolar stops:
- There are three specific variants of :
- Dental, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue at the upper teeth, termed respectively apical and laminal.
- Denti-alveolar, which means it is articulated with the blade of the tongue at the alveolar ridge, and the tip of the tongue behind upper teeth.
- Alveolar, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue at the alveolar ridge, termed respectively apical and laminal.
Occurrence
Dental or denti-alveolar
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Aleut | tiistax̂ | 'dough' | Laminal denti-alveolar. | ||
| Armenian | Eastern | տուն | 'house' | ||
| Assyrian Neo-Aramaic | ܬܠܬ̱ܐ/syr | 'three' | |||
| Bashkir | дүрт/dürt | 'four' | Laminal denti-alveolar | ||
| Belarusian | стагоддзе | 'century' | Laminal denti-alveolar. See Belarusian phonology | ||
| Basque | toki | 'place' | Laminal denti-alveolar. See Basque phonology | ||
| Bengali | তুমি | 'you' | Laminal denti-alveolar, contrasts with aspirated form. See Bengali phonology | ||
| Catalan | terra | 'land' | Laminal denti-alveolar. See Catalan phonology | ||
| Chuvash | ут | 'horse' | |||
| Czech | toto | 'this' | Laminal denti-alveolar. See Czech phonology | ||
| Dinka | mɛth | 'child' | Laminal denti-alveolar, contrasts with alveolar . | ||
| Dutch | Belgian | taal | 'language' | ||
| English | Dublin | *thin* | 'thin' | ||
| Indian | Corresponds to . | ||||
| Southern Irish | |||||
| Ulster | *train* | 'train' | Allophone of before , in free variation with an alveolar stop. | ||
| Finnish | tutti | 'pacifier' | Laminal denti-alveolar. See Finnish phonology | ||
| French | tordu | 'crooked' | Laminal denti-alveolar. See French phonology | ||
| Hakka | 他/ta3 | 'he/she' | Laminal denti-alveolar, contrasts with an unaspirated form. | ||
| Hindustani | Hindi | तीन/tīn | 'three' | ||
| Urdu | {{nq | تین}}/tīn | Contrasts with aspirated form . | ||
| Hmong | White Hmong | / tub | 'son', 'boy' or 'male name' | ||
| Indonesian | tabir | 'curtain' | Laminal denti-alveolar, most often transcribed in IPA with ⟨t⟩. | ||
| Italian | tale | 'such' | Laminal denti-alveolar. See Italian phonology | ||
| Japanese | 特別/tokubetsu | 'special' | Laminal denti-alveolar. See Japanese phonology | ||
| Kashubian | ptôch | 'bird' | Laminal denti-alveolar. | ||
| Kazakh | тұз | 'salt' | Laminal denti-alveolar. | ||
| Kyrgyz | туз | 'salt' | Laminal denti-alveolar. | ||
| Latvian | tabula | 'table' | Laminal denti-alveolar. See Latvian phonology | ||
| Malayalam | കാത്ത് | 'waiting' | Contrasts . | ||
| Mapudungun | füṯa | 'husband' | Interdental. | ||
| Marathi | तबला | 'tabla' | Laminal denti-alveolar, contrasts with aspirated form. See Marathi phonology | ||
| Minangkabau | Padang | tuo | 'old' | ||
| Nepali | ताली | 'clapping' | Contrasts with aspirated form. See Nepali phonology | ||
| Nunggubuyu | darag | 'whiskers' | Laminal denti-alveolar. | ||
| Odia | ତାରା/tara | 'star' | Laminal denti-alveolar, contrasts with aspirated form. | ||
| Pazeh | 'keep clapping' | Dental. | |||
| Polish | tom | 'volume' | Laminal denti-alveolar. See Polish phonology | ||
| Portuguese | Many dialects | montanha | 'mountain' | ||
| Punjabi | ਤੇਲ/{{nq | تیل}} | 'oil' | Laminal denti-alveolar. | |
| Russian | толстый | 'fat' | Laminal denti-alveolar. See Russian phonology | ||
| Scottish Gaelic | taigh | 'house' | Apical dental. Contrasts between aspirated and unaspirated forms. | ||
| Serbo-Croatian | туга/tuga | 'sorrow' | Laminal denti-alveolar. See Serbo-Croatian phonology | ||
| Sinhala | අත | 'hand' | |||
| Slovene | tip | 'type' | Laminal denti-alveolar. See Slovene phonology | ||
| Slovak | toto | 'this' | Laminal denti-alveolar. See Slovak phonology | ||
| Somali | matag | 'vomit' | Dentalization of alveolar plosive. | ||
| Spanish | tango | 'tango' | Laminal denti-alveolar. See Spanish phonology | ||
| Swedish | tåg | 'train' | Laminal denti-alveolar. See Swedish phonology | ||
| Telugu | తప్పు | 'wrong' | Contrasts between aspirated and unaspirated forms. | ||
| Turkish | at | 'horse' | Laminal denti-alveolar. See Turkish phonology | ||
| Ukrainian | брат | 'brother' | Laminal denti-alveolar. See Ukrainian phonology | ||
| Uzbek | – | Laminal denti-alveolar. Slightly aspirated before vowels. | |||
| Vietnamese | tuần | 'week' | Laminal denti-alveolar, contrasts with aspirated form. See Vietnamese phonology | ||
| Zapotec | Tilquiapan | tant | 'so much' |
Alveolar
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Abkhaz | иҭабуп | 'thank you' | See Abkhaz phonology | |
| Adyghe | тфы | 'five' | ||
| Afrikaans | 'pot' | |||
| Arabic | Egyptian | توكة/arz | 'barrette' | |
| Assyrian | ܒܝܬܐ/syr | 'house' | Most speakers. In the Tyari, Barwari and Southern dialects θ is used. | |
| Bengali | গাধাটি | 'the donkey' | True alveolar in eastern dialects. But all Bengali speakers allophone of after and before denti-alveolar . See Bengali phonology | |
| Cantonese | 跌/dit | 'fall' (v.) | See Cantonese Phonology | |
| 鐵/鉄/tit | 'iron' | |||
| Chechen | тарсал/tarsal | 'squirrel' | ||
| Danish | Standard | dåse | 'can' (n.) | |
| Dutch | taal | 'language' | See Dutch phonology | |
| English | Most speakers | *tick* | 'tick' | |
| New York | Varies between apical and laminal, with the latter being predominant. | |||
| Hebrew | תמונה | 'image' | see Modern Hebrew phonology | |
| Hungarian | tutaj | 'raft' | See Hungarian phonology | |
| Indonesian | Most speakers | *tabir* | [täbɪr] | 'curtain' |
| Kabardian | тхуы | 'five' | ||
| Khmer | តែ/km | 'tea' | See Khmer phonology | |
| Korean | 대숲/daesup | 'bamboo forest' | See Korean phonology | |
| Kurdish | Northern | tu | 'you' | |
| Central | تەوێڵ | 'forehead' | ||
| Southern | تێوڵ | |||
| Luxembourgish | dënn | 'thin' | Less often voiced . It is usually transcribed , and it contrasts with voiceless aspirated form, which is usually transcribed . See Luxembourgish phonology | |
| Malayalam | കാറ്റ് | 'wind' | Contrasts . | |
| Maltese | tassew | 'true' | ||
| Mandarin | 地/dì | 'ground' | See Mandarin Phonology | |
| 梯/tī | 'ladder/stairs' | |||
| Mapudungun | füta | 'elderly' | ||
| Nunggubuyu | darawa | 'greedy' | ||
| Nuosu | ꄉ/da | 'place' | Contrasts aspirated and unaspirated forms | |
| Portuguese | Some dialects | troço | 'thing' (pejorative) | |
| Tagalog | matamis | 'sweet' | See Tagalog phonology | |
| Thai | ตา/ta | 'eye' | Contrasts with an aspirated form. | |
| West Frisian | tosk | 'tooth' | See West Frisian phonology |
Postalveolar
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Acehnese | teubèë | 'sugarcane' | See Acehnese phonology | ||
| Bengali | টাকা | 'taka' | Apical postalveolar; contrasts unaspirated and aspirated forms. See Bengali phonology | ||
| Hindustani | टोपी/ {{nq | ٹوپی}} | 'hat' | Apical postalveolar | |
| Nepali | टोली | 'team' | Apical postalveolar; contrasts unaspirated and aspirated forms. See Nepali phonology | ||
| Odia | ଟଗର / or | 'crepe jasmine' | Apical postalveolar; contrasts unaspirated and aspirated forms. | ||
| Yele | dêê | 'tongue' | Contrasts . |
Variable
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Arabic | Modern Standard | {{Script | Arab | تين}}/ar | 'fig' | |
| English | Broad South African | *talk* | 'talk' | |||
| Scottish | ||||||
| Welsh | ||||||
| German | Standard | Tochter | 'daughter' | |||
| Greek | τρία tria | 'three' | Varies between dental, laminal denti-alveolar and alveolar, depending on the environment. See Modern Greek phonology | |||
| Malay | تڠکڤ/tangkap | 'catch' | More commonly dental. Often unreleased in syllable codas. See Malay phonology | |||
| Norwegian | Urban East | dans | 'dance' | |||
| Persian | {{nq | توت}} | 'berry' | Varies between laminal denti-alveolar and apical alveolar. See Persian phonology | ||
| Slovak | to | 'that' | Varies between laminal denti-alveolar and laminal alveolar. See Slovak phonology | |||
| Toki Pona | toki | 'language' | Can be aspirated. |
Notes
References
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References
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