Voiceless dental and alveolar lateral fricatives

Features

Features of a voiceless alveolar lateral fricative:

Occurrence

Lateral fricatives are common among indigenous languages of western North America, such as Nahuatl, Tlingit and Navajo, and in North Caucasian languages, such as Avar. It is also found in African languages, such as Zulu, and Asian languages, such as Chukchi, some Yue dialects like Taishanese, the Hlai languages of Hainan, and several Formosan languages and dialects in Taiwan.

Lateral fricatives are rare in European languages outside the Caucasus, but it is found notably in Welsh, in which it is written . Several Welsh names beginning with this sound (Llwyd , Llywelyn ) have been borrowed into English and then retain the Welsh spelling but are pronounced with an (Lloyd, Llewellyn), or they are substituted with (pronounced ) (Floyd, Fluellen). It was also found in certain dialects of Lithuanian Yiddish.

Modern South Arabian languages are known for their apparent archaic Semitic features, especially in their system of phonology. For example, they preserve the lateral fricatives and / of Proto-Semitic. Except for the Modern South Arabian languages, every other extant Semitic language has merged Proto-Semitic *s2 into one of the two other plain sibilants.

The phoneme was reconstructed for the most ancient Hebrew speech of the Ancient Israelites. The orthography of Biblical Hebrew, however, did not directly indicate it. It is, however, attested by later developments: was written with , but the letter was also used for the sound . Later, merged with , a sound that had been written only with . As a result, three etymologically distinct modern Hebrew phonemes can be distinguished: written , written (with later niqqud pointing שׁ), and evolving from and written (with later niqqud pointing שׂ). The specific pronunciation of evolving to from is known based on comparative evidence since is the corresponding Proto-Semitic phoneme and is still attested in Modern South Arabian languages, and early borrowings indicate it from Ancient Hebrew (e.g. balsam

A sound is also found in two of the constructed languages invented by J. R. R. Tolkien, Sindarin (inspired by Welsh, which has the sound) and Quenya (even though this language was mostly inspired by Finnish, Ancient Greek, and Latin, none of which have this sound). In Sindarin, it is written as initially and medially and finally, and in Quenya, it appears only initially and is written .

Dental or denti-alveolar

Alveolar

Alveolar approximant

Velarized dental or alveolar approximant

Semitic languages

The sound is conjectured as a phoneme for Proto-Semitic language, usually transcribed as sem; it has evolved into Arabic , Hebrew :

Among Semitic languages, the sound (with its emphatic counterpart ṣ́) still exists in contemporary Modern South Arabian languages; Soqotri, Shehri, and Mehri. In Ge'ez, it is written with the letter Śawt.

Voiceless lateral-median fricative

A voiceless alveolar lateral–median fricative (also known as a "lisp" fricative) is a consonantal sound pronounced with simultaneous lateral and central airflow.

Features

However, it does not have the grooved tongue and directed airflow, or the high frequencies, of a sibilant.

Occurrence

Capital letter

Since the IPA letter "ɬ" has been adopted into the standard orthographies for many native North American languages, a capital letter L with belt "Ɬ" was requested by academics and added to the Unicode Standard version 7.0 in 2014 at U+A7AD.

Notes

References

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References

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7. {{Harvcoltxt. Blau. 2010
8. {{Harvcoltxt. Blau. 2010
9. {{Harvcoltxt. Rendsburg. 1997
10. Helge, Fauskanger. "Sindarin – the Noble Tongue".
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13. [http://www.stephen-li.com/TaishaneseVocabulary/Taishanese.html Taishanese Dictionary & Resources]
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20. According to most analyses. The phonemic analyses of modern Icelandic is a matter of great debate, see [[Icelandic phonology]].
21. "PHOIBLE 2.0 - Consonant lˠ".
22. "PHOIBLE 2.0 -".
23. "PHOIBLE 2.0 - Consonant l̥ˠ".
24. "PHOIBLE 2.0 -".
25. Stanford Phonology Archive. (2019). "PHOIBLE 2.0 - Inventory Ket (SPA 2)". Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
26. Nikolaev, Dmitry. (2019). "PHOIBLE 2.0 - Inventory Moksha (Standard) (EA 2243)". Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
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28. "PHOIBLE 2.0 -".
29. Nikolaev, Dmitry. (2019). "PHOIBLE 2.0 - Inventory Ter Saami (EA 2494)". Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
30. Tereškin, Sergej N.. (2002). "Йоканьгский диалект саамского языка". Российский государственный педагогический университет им. А. И. Герцена.
31. Howe, Darin. (2003). "Segmental Phonology". University of Calgary.
32. Heselwood (2013) ''Phonetic transcription in theory and practice'', pp. 122–123
33. Janet Watson. (January 2011). "Lateral fricatives and lateral emphatics in southern Saudi Arabia and Mehri". academia.edu.
34. (January 2013). "Lateral reflexes of Proto-Semitic D and Dh in Al-Rubūʽah dialect, south-west Saudi Arabic: Electropalatographic and acoustic evidence". Nicht Nur mit Engelszungen: Beiträge zur Semitischen Dialektologie: Festschrift für Werner Arnold.
35. Younger speakers distinguish between voiceless {{IPA. [aθˡˁːajm] for emotional pain and [[Voiced_alveolar_fricative#Voiced_lateral-median_fricative. voiced]] {{IPA. [aðˡˁːajm] for physical pain.
36. Joshua M Jensen, Karl Pentzlin, 2012-02-08, [http://std.dkuug.dk/jtc1/sc2/wg2/docs/n4228.pdf Proposal to encode a Latin Capital Letter L with Belt] {{Webarchive. link. (5 July 2017)
37. "Unicode Character 'Latin Capital Letter L with Belt' (U+A7AD)". FileFormat.Info.