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Voiced velar fricative

Consonantal sound represented by ⟨ɣ⟩ in IPA

Summary

Consonantal sound represented by ⟨ɣ⟩ in IPA

Field	Value
ipa symbol	ɣ
ipa number	141
decimal1	611
imagefile	IPA Unicode 0x0263.svg
x-sampa	G
braille	46
braille2	g

|x-sampa=G

A voiced velar fricative is a type of consonantal sound that is used in various spoken languages. It is not found in most varieties of Modern English but existed in Old English. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is , a Latinized variant of the Greek letter gamma, , which has this sound in Modern Greek. It should not be confused with the graphically-similar , the IPA symbol for a close-mid back unrounded vowel, which some writings use for the voiced velar fricative.

The symbol is also sometimes used to represent the velar approximant, which, however, is more accurately written with the lowering diacritic: or . The IPA also provides a dedicated symbol for a velar approximant, .

There is also a voiced post-velar fricative, also called pre-uvular, in some languages. For the voiced pre-velar fricative, also called post-palatal, see voiced palatal fricative.

Features

Features of a voiced velar fricative:

Occurrence

Some of the consonants listed as post-velar may actually be fricative trills.

Language	Word	IPA	Meaning	Notes
Abaza	бгъьы/bğë		'leaf'
Adyghe	чъыгы/čëğë		'tree'
Albanian	Arbëresh	gliata		'tall'
Alekano	gamó		'cucumber'
Aleut	agiitalix		'with'
Angor	ranihı		'brother'
Angas	γür		'to pick up'
Arabic	Modern Standard	غريب/ğarīb		'strange'
Baghdad Jewish Arabic	עסכרׄ (ar)		'army'
Aragonese	augua		'water'	Allophone of
Aromanian	ghini		'well'	Allophone of
Aramaic	Eastern	ܦܓ̣ܪܐ paġrā		'body'
Western
Asturian	gadañu		'scythe'	Allophone of in almost all positions
Azerbaijani	Northern	oğul		'son'
Southern	اوغول/oğul
Basque	hego		'wing'	Allophone of
Belarusian	галава/halava		'head'
Brahui	غُرِّنگ/ġurring		'to growl'	See .
Breton	plac’h		'daughter'
Catalan	agrat		'liking'	Fricative or approximant. Allophone of . See Catalan phonology
Central Alaskan Yup'ik	auga		'his/her/its blood'	Never occurs in word-initial positions.
Chechen	гӀала / ğala		'town'
Czech	bych byl		'I would be'	Allophone of before voiced consonants. See Czech phonology. Occurs only in few Moravian dialects and even there it is rather
Dàgáárè	[]	'woman'	May be realized with features closer to a velar tap (a sound previously considered impossible according to the IPA chart), based on acoustic analysis.
Dinka	ɣo		'us'
Dogrib	weqa		'for'
Dutch	Standard Belgian	genoegen		'satisfaction'
Southern accents
English	Scouse	grass	[ɣrɑːs]	'grass'
Northumbrian				Burr
Georgian	ღარიბი/ğaribi		'poor'	May actually be post-velar or uvular
German	Austrian	rot		'red'
Ghari	cheghe		'five'
Greek	γάλα/gála		'milk'	See Modern Greek phonology
Gujarati	વાઘણ/vāġaṇ		'tigress'	See Gujarati phonology
Gweno	ndeghe		'bird'
Gwich’in	videeghàn		'his/her chest'
Haitian Creole	diri		'rice'
Hän	dëgëghor		'I am playing'
Hebrew	Classical	מִגְדָּל/miğdol		'[a] tower'
Some Modern speakers (usually with a difficulty pronouncing )	שׁוֹמֵר/shomer		'[a male] guard', '[he] guards'	by other Modern speakers
Hindustani	Hindi	ग़रीब/garib		'poor'
Urdu	غریب/gharib
Icelandic	saga		'saga'	See Icelandic phonology
Irish	a dhorn		'his fist'	See Irish phonology
Istro-Romanian	gură		'mouth'	Corresponds to in standard Romanian. See Romanian phonology
Iwaidja		'hermit crab'
Japanese	はげ/hage		'baldness'	Allophone of , especially in fast or casual speech. See Japanese phonology
Judeo-Spanish		gato	[ˈɣ̞ato̪]	'cat'
Haketia	gher	[ɣeɾ]	'only'	title=Differential Impact of Arabic on Haketia and Turkish on Judezmo	url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/301683640	language=en}}
Kabardian	гын/gyn		'powder'
Komering	harong		'charcoal'
Lezgian	гъел/ğel		'sleigh'
Lhaovo	Dago’	qid		'water'
Yunnan
Limburgish	gaw		'quick'	The example word is from the Maastrichtian dialect.
Lishan Didan	Urmi Dialect	עוטג/otogh		'room'
Lithuanian	humoras		'humor'	Preferred over [ɦ]. See Lithuanian phonology
Low German	gaan		'to go'	Increasingly replaced with High German
Macedonian	Berovo accent	дувна/duvna		'it blew'
Bukovo accent	глава/glava		'head'	Allophone of instead of usual . See Prilep-Bitola dialect
Malay	Standard	loghat		'dialect'
Johor-Riau	ramai		'crowded (with people)'	Corresponds to prevocalic and intervocalic in Standard Malay and to uvular in certain other Malay varieties such as Kedah Malay. Silent in word-final position.
Negeri Sembilan
Kelantan-Pattani
Terengganu
Pahang
Sarawak		Varies with uvular . See Sarawak Malay
Malto	''पेद़'''ग़े'''''/peðġe		'to break open'	See .
Mandarin Chinese	Central Mandarin (Dongping dialect)	俺/ǎn		'I'
Central Mandarin (Ningyang dialect)	鹅		'goose'
Mi'kmaq	nisaqan		'weir'	Allophone of between sonorants. See .
Navajo	’aghá		'best'
Neapolitan	Central Lucanian (Accettura dialect)	chiahäte		'wounded'
Nepali	कागज/kağdz		'paper'	Allophone of and in intervocalic positions. See Nepali phonology
Ngwe	Mmockngie dialect			'sun'
Northern Qiang	hhnesh		'February'
Norwegian	Urban East	å ha		'to have'
Occitan	Gascon	digoc		'said' (3rd pers. sg.)
Okanagan	ɣəɣicɣc		'Sparrow hawk'
Pashto	غاتر/ğatër		'mule'
Pela		'to rain'
Persian	باغ/bāq		'garden'
Polish	niechże		'let' (imperative particle)	Allophone of before voiced consonants. See Polish phonology
Portuguese	European	agora		'now'
Some Brazilian dialects	mármore		'marble', 'sill'	Allophone of rhotic consonant (voiced equivalent to , itself allophone of ) between voiced sounds, most often as coda before voiced consonants.
Punjabi	Gurmukhi	ਗ਼ਰੀਬ/ġarib		'poor'
Shahmukhi	غریب/ġarīb
Romani	γoines		'good'
Russian	Southern	дорога/doroga		'road'
Standard	угу/ugu		'uh-huh'	Usually nasal, is used when spoken. See Russian phonology
горох же / goroh že		'the peas'	Allophone of before voiced consonants.
Sakha	аҕа/ağa		'father'
Sardinian	Nuorese dialect	súghere		'to suck'
Scottish Gaelic	laghail		'lawful'	More advanced than other velars. See Scottish Gaelic phonology
Serbo-Croatian	ovih bi		'of these would'	Allophone of before voiced consonants. See Serbo-Croatian phonology
S'gaw Karen	ဂ့ၤ/ghei		'good'
Shughni	ɣ̌īštow		'to bark'	See Shughni phonology
Sindhi	غم/ġamu		'sadness'
Slovak	bäch bäl		'I could be'	Allophone of before voiced consonants. See Slovak phonology. Occurs only in few Moravian dialects and even there it is rather
Slovene	Standard	h gori		'to the mountain'
Some dialects	gajba		'crate'	Corresponds to in Standard Slovene. See Slovene phonology
Spanish		amigo		'friend'
Standard European	Predrag		'Predrag'	Also described as an approximant. Allophone of before a pause. See Spanish phonology
Swahili	ghali		'expensive'
Swedish	Västerbotten Norrland dialects	meg		'me'
Tadaksahak	zog		'war'
Tajik	ғафс/cafs		'thick'
Tamazight	aɣilas (aghilas)		'leopard'
Tamil	Sri Lankan Tamil	பகை/pakai		'hate'
Turkish	Non-standard	ağaç		'tree'
Tutchone	Northern	ihghú		'tooth'
Southern	ghra		'baby'
Tyap	ghan		'to hurry'
Ukrainian	чахохбі́лі	[tʃɐxoɣˈbil⁽ʲ⁾i]	‘chakhokhbili’	Occurs in specific rare cases only.
Uzbek	ёмғир / yomgʻir/yamğır		'rain'	Post-velar.
Vietnamese	ghế		'chair'	See Vietnamese phonology
West Frisian	drage		'to carry'	Never occurs in word-initial positions.
Wu Chinese	Northern Wu ()	合		'to join'
Xiang Chinese	Old Xiang ()	湖南		'Hunan (province)'
Yi	ꊋ/we		'win'
Zhuang	Lwg roegbit		'Wild duckling'

Notes

References

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References

Baker, Peter Stuar. (2012). "Introduction to Old English". Wiley.
Such as {{Harvcoltxt. Booij. 1999 and {{Harvcoltxt. Nowikow. 2012.
(2022). "Dàgáárè (Central)". Journal of the International Phonetic Association.
{{Harvcoltxt. Verhoeven. 2005
{{Harvcoltxt. Collins. Mees. 2003
Watson, Kevin. (2007). "Illustrations of the IPA: Liverpool English". Journal of the International Phonetic Association 37.
Wells, John C.. (1982). "Accents of English 2: The British Isles". Cambridge University Press.
{{Harvcoltxt. Krech et al.. 2009
Sylvia Moosmüller. (2007). "Vowels in Standard Austrian German: An Acoustic-Phonetic and Phonological Analysis".
(2007). "The Realisation of /r/ in Swiss German and Austrian German". ICPhS XVI.
(2021-11-22). "Manual of Romance Phonetics and Phonology". De Gruyter.
"Differential Impact of Arabic on Haketia and Turkish on Judezmo".
{{Harvcoltxt. Gussenhoven. Aarts. 1999
{{Harvcoltxt. Peters. 2006
R.E. Keller, ''German Dialects. Phonology and Morphology'', Manchester 1960
Ning Tingde(宁廷德). (2013). "宁阳方言志". 齐鲁书社.
Volpi, Luigi. (2011). "La lingua dei Masciaioli - Dizionario del dialetto di Accettua cittadina lucana in Prov. di Matera". EditricErmes.
Jones, Daniel & Ward, Dennis (1969) ''The Phonetics of Russian''. Cambridge University Press.
{{Harvcoltxt. Landau. Lončarić. Horga. Škarić. 1999
(1893). "685-686 (Nordisk familjebok / 1800-talsutgåvan. 17. V - Väring)".

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