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Voiced labiodental fricative
Consonantal sound represented by ⟨v⟩ in IPA
Consonantal sound represented by ⟨v⟩ in IPA
| Field | Value |
|---|---|
| ipa symbol | v |
| ipa number | 129 |
| decimal | 118 |
| x-sampa | v |
| braille | v |
| imagefile | IPA Unicode 0x0076.svg |
|x-sampa=v
A voiced labiodental fricative is a type of consonantal sound used in some spoken languages. It is familiar to English-speakers as the "v" sound in "vase". The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is .
The sound is similar to voiced alveolar fricative in that it is familiar to most European speakers but is a fairly uncommon sound cross-linguistically, occurring in approximately 21.1% of languages. Moreover, most languages that have also have and similarly to , the overwhelming majority of languages with are languages of Europe, Africa, or Western Asia, although the similar labiodental approximant is also common in India. The presence of and absence of , is a very distinctive areal feature of European languages and those of adjacent areas of Siberia and Central Asia. Speakers of East Asian languages that lack this sound may pronounce it as (Korean and Japanese), or / (Cantonese and Mandarin), and thus be unable to distinguish between a number of English minimal pairs.
In certain languages, such as Danish, Faroese, Icelandic or Norwegian the voiced labiodental fricative is in a free variation with the labiodental approximant.
Features
Features of a voiced labiodental fricative:
Occurrence
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Abkhaz | европа | 'Europe' | See Abkhaz phonology | |||
| Adyghe | жъвэ / ady | 'oar' | ||||
| Afrikaans | wees | 'to be' | See Afrikaans phonology | |||
| Albanian | valixhe | 'case' | ||||
| Arabic | Algerian | 'ataxy' | ||||
| Hejazi | فيروس | 'virus' | Only used in loanwords, transcribed and pronounced as by many speakers. | |||
| Watson | 2002 | p=15}} | ذهب | 'gold' | See Arabic phonology | |
| Armenian | Eastern | վեց / hy | 'six' | |||
| Assyrian | ܟܬܒ̣ܐ / aii | 'book' | Only in the Urmia dialects. is also predominantly used. Corresponds to in the other varieties. | |||
| Bai | Dali | ? | 'fish' | |||
| Bulgarian | вода / bg | 'water' | See Bulgarian phonology | |||
| Catalan | Alguerese | vell | 'old' | |||
| Balearic | ||||||
| Southern Catalonia | ||||||
| Valencian | ||||||
| Chechen | вашa / ce | 'brother' | ||||
| Chinese | Wu | 饭 / wuu | 'cooked rice' | |||
| Sichuanese | 五 / cmn | 'five' | Corresponds to in standard Mandarin. | |||
| Czech | voda | 'water' | See Czech phonology | |||
| Chichewa | Has both plain and labialized. | |||||
| Danish | Standard | véd | 'know(s)' | |||
| Dutch | All dialects | wraak | 'revenge' | |||
| Most dialects | vreemd | 'strange' | Often devoiced to by speakers from the Netherlands. See Dutch phonology | |||
| Standard | ||||||
| English | All dialects | *valv*e | 'valve' | |||
| African American | *breathe* | 'breathe' | Does not occur word-initially. See th-fronting | |||
| Cockney | ||||||
| Esperanto | vundo | 'wound' | See Esperanto phonology | |||
| Ewe | evlo | 'he is evil' | ||||
| Faroese | veður | 'speech' | Word-initial allophone of , in free variation with an approximant . See Faroese phonology | |||
| French | valve | 'valve' | See French phonology | |||
| Georgian | ვიწრო | 'narrow' | ||||
| German | Wächter | 'guard' | See Standard German phonology | |||
| Greek | βερνίκι / el | 'varnish' | See Modern Greek phonology | |||
| Hebrew | גב | 'back' | See Modern Hebrew phonology | |||
| Hindi | व्रत | 'fast' | See Hindustani phonology | |||
| Hmong | / vaj | 'king', 'vang clan last name' | ||||
| Hungarian | veszély | 'danger' | See Hungarian phonology | |||
| Irish | bhaile | 'home' | See Irish phonology | |||
| Italian | avare | 'miserly' (f. pl.) | See Italian phonology | |||
| Judaeo-Spanish | mueve | 'nine' | ||||
| Kabardian | вагъуэ / vağue / ۋاغوە | 'star' | Corresponds to in Adyghe | |||
| Macedonian | вода / bg | 'water' | See Macedonian phonology | |||
| Malayalam | വിയർപ്പ് / viyarpp` | 'sweat' | Usually pronounced as by most speakers. See Malayalam phonology | |||
| Maltese | iva | 'yes' | ||||
| Norwegian | Urban East | venn | 'friend' | |||
| Occitan | Auvergnat | vol | 'flight' | |||
| Limousin | ||||||
| Provençal | ||||||
| Persian | Western | ورزش | 'sport' | |||
| Polish | wór | 'bag' | See Polish phonology | |||
| Portuguese | vila | 'town', 'village' | See Portuguese phonology | |||
| Romanian | val | 'wave' | See Romanian phonology | |||
| Russian | волосы / ru | 'hair' | Contrasts with palatalized form. May be a lenited fricative or an approximant instead. See Russian phonology | |||
| Scottish Gaelic | a-bhos | 'over here' | Loosely articulated, can resemble . See Scottish Gaelic phonology | |||
| Serbo-Croatian | voda | 'water' | See Serbo-Croatian phonology | |||
| Slovak | vzrast | 'height' | Appears only in syllable onset before voiced obstruents; the usual realization of is an approximant . See Slovak phonology | |||
| Slovene | Standard | filozof gre | 'philosopher goes' | |||
| Some dialects | voda | 'water' | Instead of . See Slovene phonology | |||
| Spanish | All dialects | afgano | 'Afghan' | |||
| Chilean | *nuevo* | [] | 'new' | Allophone of ; pronounced as in other dialects. | ||
| Swedish | vägg | 'wall' | See Swedish phonology | |||
| Turkish | vade | 'due date' | The main allophone of ; realized as bilabial in certain contexts. See Turkish phonology | |||
| Tamil | வார்த்தை | 'word' | See Tamil phonology | |||
| Tyap | vak | 'road' | ||||
| Umbundu | ||||||
| Urdu | ورزش | 'exercise' | See Hindustani phonology | |||
| Vietnamese | và | 'and' | In southern dialects, is in free variation with . See Vietnamese phonology | |||
| West Frisian | weevje | 'to weave' | Never occurs in word-initial positions. See West Frisian phonology | |||
| Welsh | fi | 'I' | See Welsh phonology | |||
| Yi | ꃶ / ii | 'intestines' |
Notes
References
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References
- "UPSID Segment Frequency".
- {{Harvcoltxt. Basbøll. 2005
- {{Harvcoltxt. Árnason. 2011
- {{Harvcoltxt. Kristoffersen. 2000
- {{Harvcoltxt. Watson. 2002
- {{Harvcoltxt. Dum-Tragut. 2009
- {{Harvcoltxt. Carbonell. Llisterri. 1992
- "La /v/ labiodental".
- {{Harvcoltxt. Wheeler. 2005
- "PBase".
- "PBase".
- {{Harvcoltxt. Basbøll. 2005
- {{Harvcoltxt. Gussenhoven. 1992
- {{Harvcoltxt. Ladefoged. 2005
- {{Harvcoltxt. Fougeron. Smith. 1993
- {{Harvcoltxt. Shosted. Chikovani. 2006
- (1996). "Implications of Hindi Prosodic Structure (Current Trends in Phonology: Models and Methods)". European Studies Research Institute, University of Salford Press, 1996.
- {{Harvcoltxt. Rogers. d'Arcangeli. 2004
- {{Harvcoltxt. Jassem. 2003
- {{Harvcoltxt. Cruz-Ferreira. 1995
- {{Harvcoltxt. Padgett. 2003
- {{Harvcoltxt. Yanushevskaya. Bunčić. 2015
- {{Harvcoltxt. Hanulíková. Hamann. 2010
- {{Harvcoltxt. Herrity. 2000
- "Tema 2 Fonética y Fonología. La descripción de los sonidos".
- "Consonantes oclusivas".
- "Feature descriptions". Ohio State University.
- {{Harvcoltxt. Göksel. Kerslake. 2005
- "Nasalization in Umbundu".
- {{Harvcoltxt. Thompson. 1959
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