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Voiced glottal fricative
Consonantal sound represented by ⟨ɦ⟩ in IPA
Consonantal sound represented by ⟨ɦ⟩ in IPA
| Field | Value |
|---|---|
| ipa symbol | ɦ |
| ipa number | 147 |
| decimal | 614 |
| xsampa | h\ |
| braille | “ |
| braille2 | h |
| imagefile | IPA Unicode 0x0266.svg |
A voiced glottal fricative, sometimes called a breathy-voiced glottal transition, is a type of sound used in some spoken languages. It is used by some English-speakers as the "h" sound in "ahead". The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is .
A sound may have real glottal constriction in a number of languages (such as Finnish), making it a true fricative. However, in most languages that have it, it only patterns like a fricative or approximant phonologically, and lacks the usual phonetic characteristics of a consonant. In such languages, has no inherent place or manner of articulation. Thus it has been described as a breathy-voiced counterpart of the following vowel from a phonetic point of view. However, its characteristics are also influenced by the preceding vowels and whatever other sounds surround it. Therefore, it can be described as a segment whose only consistent feature is its breathy voice phonation in such languages.
Northern Wu languages such as Shanghainese contrast voiced and voiceless glottal fricatives. The two glottal fricatives pattern like plosives.
Features
Features of a voiced glottal fricative:
- Its phonation is breathy voiced, or murmured, which means the vocal cords are loosely vibrating, with more air escaping than in a modally voiced sound. It is sometimes referred to as a "voiced h". Strictly speaking this is incorrect, as there is no voicing.
- In some languages, it has the constricted manner of articulation of a fricative. However, in many if not most it is a transitional state of the glottis with no manner of articulation other than its phonation type. Because there is no other constriction to produce friction in the vocal tract, most phoneticians no longer consider to be a fricative. True fricatives may have a murmured phonation in addition to producing friction elsewhere. However, the term "fricative" is generally retained for the historical reasons.
- It may have a glottal place of articulation. However, it may have no fricative articulation, making the term glottal mean that it is articulated by the vocal folds, but this is the nature of its phonation rather than a separate articulation. All consonants except for the glottals, and all vowels, have an individual place of articulation in addition to the state of the glottis. As with all other consonants, surrounding vowels influence the pronunciation , and accordingly has only the place of articulation of these surrounding vowels.
Occurrence
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Afrikaans | Standard | hoe | 'how' | |||||
| Azeri | Standard | möhkəm / مؤحکم | 'solid' | |||||
| Albanian | Northern Tosk | dhe menjëherë udhëtari | 'and immediately the traveller' | |||||
| Basque | Northeastern dialects | hemen | 'here' | |||||
| Croatian | Some speakers | hajde | 'lets go' | |||||
| Czech | host | 'guest' | See Czech phonology | |||||
| Danish | Mon det har regnet? | 'I wonder if it has rained.' | Common allophone of between vowels. See Danish phonology | |||||
| Dutch | gehoopt | 'hoped' | Lenis glottal consonant undefined for voicing. See Dutch phonology | |||||
| English | Australian | *behind* | 'behind' | |||||
| Received Pronunciation | ||||||||
| Broad South African | *hand* | 'hand' | Some speakers, only before a stressed vowel. | |||||
| Estonian | raha | 'money' | Allophone of between voiced sounds. See Estonian phonology and Finnish phonology | |||||
| Finnish | ||||||||
| French | Quebec | manger | 'to eat' | |||||
| Hebrew | מַהֵר | 'fast' | Occurs as an allophone of between voiced sounds. See Modern Hebrew phonology | |||||
| Hindustani | हूँ / {{Nastaliq | ہوں}} | 'am' | See Hindustani phonology | ||||
| Hungarian | Some speakers | tehát | 'so' | |||||
| Japanese | Some speakers | 少し話して / | 'speak a little bit' | |||||
| Indonesian | Some speakers | bahan | 'ingredient' | |||||
| Kalabari | hóín | 'introduction' | ||||||
| Korean | 여행 / yeohaeng | 'travel' | Occurs as an allophone of between voiced sounds. See Korean phonology | |||||
| Limburgish | hart | 'heart' | The example word is from the Maastrichtian dialect. See Maastrichtian dialect phonology | |||||
| Lithuanian | humoras | 'humour' | Often pronounced instead of [ɣ]. See Lithuanian phonology | |||||
| Marathi | हार | 'garland' | ||||||
| Odia | ହଳ/haḷa | 'plough' | ||||||
| Nepali | हल | 'solution' | See Nepali phonology | |||||
| Parkari Koli | ۿُونَواڙ | 'desolate, deserted' | ||||||
| Polish | Podhale dialect | hydrant | 'fire hydrant' | |||||
| Kresy dialect | ||||||||
| Portuguese | Many Brazilian dialects | esse rapaz | 'this youth' (m.) | |||||
| Many speakers | hashi | 'chopsticks' | ||||||
| Some Brazilian dialects | mesmo | 'same' | Corresponds to either or (depending on dialect) in the syllable coda. Might also be deleted. | |||||
| Cearense dialect | gente | 'people' | Debuccalized from , or . | |||||
| Mineiro dialect | dormir | 'to sleep' | Before other voiced consonants, otherwise realized as . | |||||
| Punjabi | ਹਵਾ / {{Nastaliq | ہوا}} | 'air' | |||||
| Riffian Berber | hwa | 'to go down' | ||||||
| Romanian | Transylvanian dialects | haină | 'coat' | |||||
| Sanskrit | हस्त / | 'hand' | See Sanskrit phonology | |||||
| Silesian | hangrys | 'gooseberry' | ||||||
| Slovak | hora | 'mountain' | See Slovak phonology | |||||
| Slovene | Littoral dialects | This is a general feature of all Slovene dialects west of the Škofja Loka–Planina line. Corresponds to in other dialects. See Slovene phonology | ||||||
| Rovte dialects | ||||||||
| Rosen Valley dialect | ||||||||
| Sylheti | {{script | Sylo | ꠢꠥꠐꠇꠤ}} / {{script | Beng | হুটকি}} | 'dried fish' | ||
| Telugu | హల్లు | 'Consonant' | ||||||
| Ukrainian | голос | 'voice' | Also described as pharyngeal . See Ukrainian phonology | |||||
| Wu | Shanghainese | 閒話 / ghe-gho | 'language' | |||||
| Suzhounese | 四號 / sy5-ghau6 | 'fourth day of a Western month' | ||||||
| Zulu | ihhashi | 'horse' |
Nasal
A nasalized voiced glottal fricative or approximant is a type of consonantal sound used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is . Swazi distinguishes .
Occurrence
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Basque | Zuberoan | ihitz | 'dew, frost' | |
| UMbundu | Contrasts with |
Notes
References
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- {{citation |access-date=2015-10-25 |archive-date=2017-10-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171011044945/http://gep.ruhosting.nl/carlos/gussenhoven_aarts.pdf |url-status=dead
- {{citation |doi-access=free
- {{citation |editor-last=Hualde |editor-first=José Ignacio |editor-link=José Ignacio Hualde |editor2-last=Ortiz de Urbina |editor2-first=Jon
- {{citation |author-link=Peter Ladefoged |author-link2=Ian Maddieson
- {{citation
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References
- {{Harvcoltxt. Laufer. 1991
- {{Harvcoltxt. Ladefoged. Maddieson. 1996
- Qian 2003, pp.14-16.
- Gu, Qin. (2008). "{{lang". {{lang.
- (2014). "3aSC18: Measures of spectral tilt in Shanghainese stops and glottal fricatives". The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America.
- (2011). "A course in phonetics". Wadsworth Publishing.
- (n.d.). "Northern Tosk Albanian". Journal of the International Phonetic Association.
- {{Harvcoltxt. Hualde. Ortiz de Urbina. 2003
- {{Harvcoltxt. Grønnum. 2005
- {{Harvcoltxt. Gussenhoven. 1992
- {{Harvcoltxt. Cox. Fletcher. 2017
- {{Harvcoltxt. Roach. 2004
- {{Harvcoltxt. April. 2007
- {{Harvcoltxt. Harry. 2003
- {{Harvcoltxt. Gussenhoven. Aarts. 1999
- {{Harvcoltxt. Verhoeven. 2007
- "The pronunciation of /s/ and its variations across Bragança municipality's Portuguese". Pará Federal University.
- "The variation of post-vocallic /S/ in the speech of Petrópolis, Itaperuna and Paraty". Rio de Janeiro Federal University.
- "A neutralização dos Fonemas / v – z - Z / No Falar de Fortalexa". profala.ufc.br.
- Egurtzegi, Ander. (2015-06-30). "Different distributions of contrastive vowel nasalization in Basque". Loquens.
- (19 July 2021). "Voicing of glottal consonants and non-modal vowels". Journal of the International Phonetic Association.
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