From Surf Wiki (app.surf) — the open knowledge base

Voiced dental and alveolar trills

Consonantal sounds represented by ⟨r⟩ in IPA

Summary

Consonantal sounds represented by ⟨r⟩ in IPA

Field	Value
ipa symbol	r
ipa number	122
decimal	114
x-sampa	r
braille	r
imagefile	IPA Unicode 0x0072.svg

A voiced alveolar trill is a type of consonantal sound used in some spoken languages. An alveolar trill is familiar to many people as the sound of an Italian "r".

The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents dental, alveolar, and postalveolar trills is . It is commonly called the rolled R, rolling R, or trilled R. Quite often, is used in phonemic transcriptions (especially those found in dictionaries) of languages like English and German that have rhotic consonants that are not an alveolar trill. That is partly for ease of typesetting and partly because is the letter used in the orthographies of such languages.

In many Indo-European languages, a trill may often be reduced to a single vibration in unstressed positions. In Italian, a simple trill typically displays only one or two vibrations, while a geminate trill will have three or more. Languages where trills always have multiple vibrations include Albanian, Spanish, Cypriot Greek, and a number of Armenian and Portuguese dialects.

People with ankyloglossia may find it exceptionally difficult to articulate the sound because of the limited mobility of their tongues.

Voiced alveolar trill

|x-sampa=r

Features

Features of a voiced alveolar trill:

Its place of articulation may be:
- dental (behind the upper front teeth),
- alveolar (at the alveolar ridge), or
- post-alveolar (behind the alveolar ridge).
It is most often apical, which means it is pronounced with the tip of the tongue.

Occurrence

A trill extended for about 2 seconds, captured in slow motion to reveal the individual 36–44 Hz tongue oscillations.

Dental

Language	Word	Meaning	Notes
Hungarian	arra	'that way'	Laminal dental. See Hungarian phonology
Marshallese	dik	'to be small'	Palatalized. The language's two other rhotic phonemes, (velarized) and (rounded), are post-alveolar.
Romanian	repede	'quickly'	Apical. See Romanian phonology
Russian	рьяный/ru	'zealous'	Apical, palatalized. Usually only a single vibration, presumably due to the palatalization. It contrasts with a post-alveolar trill. See Russian phonology

Alveolar

Language	Word	IPA	Meaning	Notes
Afrikaans	Standard	rooi		'red'
Arabic	Modern Standard	رأى/ar		'saw' (verb)
Aragonese	sotarraño		'basement'	Allophone of /ɾ/.
Armenian	Eastern	ռումբ/hy		'cannonball'
Asturian	ferramienta		'tool'	Allophone of /ɾ/.
Bengali	রাত/bn		'night'	More commonly [ ~ ] for most speakers. May occur word-initially; as against , which occurs medially and finally. See Bengali phonology
Breton	roue		'king'	Dominant in and around Léon and Morbihan while many other dialects have adopted the voiced uvular fricative. See Breton phonology
Bulgarian	работа/rabota		'work'	See Bulgarian phonology
Chuvash	арăслан/araslan	[arəs'lan]	'lion'
Czech	chlor		'chlorine'	Contrasts with ; may be syllabic. See Czech phonology
Danish	Few speakers of the Jutlandic dialect	regn	[rɑɪ̯ˀn]
Dutch	Standard	raam		'window'
English	Scottish	curd		'curd'
Welsh	bright		'bright'	Some dialects under Welsh influence. Corresponds to in others.
Estonian	korrus		'floor'	See Estonian phonology
Finnish	raaka		'raw'	See Finnish phonology
Greek	Arvaniti	2007	pp=14–18}}	άρτος/el	'artos'
Cypriot	βορράς/el		'north'	Contrasts with .
Hindustani	Hindi	पत्थर / hns		'stone'
Urdu	پتھر / hns
Indonesian	getar		'vibrate'	See Indonesian phonology
Italian	terra		'earth'	See Italian phonology
Japanese	Shitamachi dialect	から kara		'from'
Kansai dialect
Kele		'leg'
Kharia		'tear'
Khmer	ត្រី / km		'fish' or 'three'	See Khmer phonology
Kyrgyz	ыр/ır		'song'
Latvian	rags		'horn'	See Latvian phonology
Lithuanian	ir		'and'	See Lithuanian phonology
Malay	Standard	کورڠ / kurang		'less'
Brunei	Corresponds to and in other Malay varieties
Sabah
Malayalam	പാറ/paara		'rock'	See Malayalam phonology
Mandarin	Huguang Southwestern Mandarin	鋸子		'saw'
Nepali	घर्रा/ghórra		'drawer'	See Nepali phonology
Polish	krok		'step'	Usually realized as . See Polish phonology.
Portuguese	rato		'mouse'	Contrasts with . Many northern dialects retain the alveolar trill, and the trill is still dominant in rural areas. See Portuguese phonology and Guttural R.
Scots	bricht		'bright'
Scottish Gaelic	ceàrr		'false'	Velarized. Pronounced as a trill at the beginning of a word, or as rr, or before consonants d, t, l, n, s; otherwise a voiced alveolar tap. Contrasts with and intervocally and word-finally. See Scottish Gaelic phonology
Serbo-Croatian	рт / rt		'cape'	May be syllabic. See Serbo-Croatian phonology
Slovak	krk		'neck'	May be a tap, particularly when not syllabic.
Slovene	riž		'rice'	Also described as tap , and variable between trill and tap . See Slovene phonology
Spanish	perro		'dog'	Contrasts with . See Spanish phonology
Swedish	Some West coast and Northern dialects	bra		'good'
Tagalog	rambutan		'rambutan'	Allophone of the more common , especially with more conservative speakers. See Tagalog phonology
Tamil	பறவை/paravai		'bird'	See Tamil phonology
Thai	Standard	ชลบุรี/th		'Chonburi'
Titan		'girls'
Ukrainian	рух/uk		'motion'	See Ukrainian phonology
Welsh	Rhagfyr		'December'	Contrasts with the voiceless alveolar trill, . See Welsh phonology
Wu Chinese	Xuanzhou Wu (Qiugong locality)	弟		'younger brother'
Yiddish	Kleine	2003	p=263}}	בריק/brik	'bridge'
Zapotec	Tilquiapan	r-ree		'go out (habitually)'

Post-alveolar

Language	Word	IPA	Meaning	Notes
Catalan	ruc		'donkey'	Contrasts with . See Catalan phonology
Gokana	bele		'we'	Allophone of , medially between vowels within the morpheme, and finally in the morpheme
before a following vowel in the same word. It can be a postalveolar tap or simply instead.
Marshallese	raj		'whale'	is velarized and is rounded. Another rhotic phoneme in the language, , is dental and palatalized.
roj		'ebb tide'
Russian	играть/igrať		'to play'	Contrasts with a palatalized dental trill. See Russian phonology

Variable

Language	Word	IPA	Meaning	Notes
German	Standard (chiefly areas with Upper German or Low German influence as well as immigrant speakers)	Schmarrn		'nonsense'

Voiced alveolar fricative trill {{anchor|Raised alveolar non-sonorant trill}}

In Czech, there are two contrasting alveolar trills. Besides the typical apical trill, written r, there is another laminal trill, written ř, in words such as rybáři 'fishermen' and the common surname Dvořák. Its manner of articulation is similar to but is laminal and the body of the tongue is raised. It is thus partially fricative, with the frication sounding rather like but less retracted. It sounds like a simultaneous and , and some speakers tend to pronounce it as , , or . In the IPA, it is typically written as plus the raising diacritic, , but it has also been written as laminal . (Before the 1989 IPA Kiel Convention, it had a dedicated symbol .) The Kobon language of Papua New Guinea also has a fricative trill, but the degree of frication is variable. The Kpwe language of Cameroon has been reported to have a similar sound.

Features

Features of the voiced alveolar fricative trill:

Its place of articulation is laminal alveolar, which means it is articulated with the blade of the tongue at the alveolar ridge.

Examples

Language	Word	IPA	Meaning	Notes
Czech	čtyři		'four'	May be a non-sibilant fricative. It contrasts with and . See Czech phonology
Dzongkha	རུ་ཏོག་/dz		'bone'	Usually released as a normal trilled [r], sometimes it has a slightly fricative character vaguely reminiscent of Czech ř. Dzongkha r is followed by the low register tone.
Kashubian	rzéka		'river'	Only some northern and northwestern speakers. Formerly common over the whole speaking area.
Ormuri	Standard (Kaniguram)	تڒګب/oru		'summer'
Polish	url=http://www.gwarypolskie.uw.edu.pl/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=218&Itemid=58	title=Gwary polskie - Frykatywne rż (ř)	publisher=Gwarypolskie.uw.edu.pl	access-date=2013-11-06	archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113214551/http://www.gwarypolskie.uw.edu.pl/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=218&Itemid=58	archive-date=2013-11-13	url-status=dead }}	rzeka	'river'
Portuguese	European	os rins		'the kidneys'
Silesian	Dąbrowska	2004	p=?}}	umrził		'(he) died'
Jablunkov
Slovak	Dudášová-Kriššáková	1995	pp=98}}		řyka		'river'
Spanish	rana		'frog'	Possible realization of in some dialects, may also be realized as a non-sibilant alveolar fricative or as a sibilant retroflex fricative .
Chicahuaxtla Trique	ra{{saltillo}}a	or	'hand'	Initial allophone of /r/.
Tsakonian	ρζινοδίτζη		'justice of the peace'	appears to have been a fricative trill in the 19th century, and survived latterly only in women's usage in Southern Tsakonian.

Notes

References

{{citation |display-authors=0 |access-date=22 October 2013
{{citation |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131211020607/http://www.kent.ac.uk/secl/ell/staff/amalia-arvaniti/docs/Greek%20Phonetics%20-%20The%20State%20of%20the%20Art.pdf |archive-date=2013-12-11
{{citation |chapter-url = https://www.kent.ac.uk/secl/ell/staff/amalia-arvaniti/docs/ArvanitiCY.pdf |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160123141552/https://www.kent.ac.uk/secl/ell/staff/amalia-arvaniti/docs/ArvanitiCY.pdf |archive-date = 2016-01-23
{{citation |doi-access=free
{{citation
{{citation
{{citation
{{citation
{{citation
{{citation
{{citation
{{citation |doi-access=free
{{citation |doi-access=free
{{citation
{{citation |doi-access=free
{{citation |author-link=Snježana Kordić
{{Citation |author-link=Peter Ladefoged
{{citation
{{citation |editor-last=Anderson |editor-first=John |editor-last2=Durand |editor-first2=Jacques
{{citation
{{citation |author-link=Max Mangold |orig-year=First published 1962
{{citation |doi-access= free
{{citation |doi-access=free
{{citation
{{citation
{{citation
{{citation |doi-access=free
{{citation |doi-access=free
{{citation
{{citation
{{citation
{{citation
{{Cite book |editor-last2=van Hout |editor-first2=Roeland |editor-last1=van de Velde |editor-first1=Hans |chapter-url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/254818745 |url-access=registration

References

{{harvp. Siptár. Törkenczy. 2000. Szende. 1999
{{harvp. Bender. 1969
"Marshallese-English Dictionary".
Ovidiu Drăghici. (November 2013). "Limba Română contemporană. Fonetică. Fonologie. Ortografie. Lexicologie".
{{harvp. Skalozub. 1963. Ladefoged. Maddieson. 1996
(15 July 2003). "Investigating Language Attitudes: Social Meanings of Dialect, Ethnicity and Performance". University of Wales Press.
{{harvp. Arvaniti. 2007
(2011). "βορράς". Ερευνητικό Πρόγραμμα Συντυσές.
{{harvp. Ladefoged. 2005
Peterson, John M.. (2009). "A Kharia-English Lexicon [HL Archive 5]". UC Santa Barbara.
Lu, Liuxin. (2023). "荆州方言后缀"子"的泛化现象研究". {{lang.
Wen, Ming. (2011). "钟祥方言的颤音". {{lang.
Su, Junbo. (2019). "再谈湖北方言的颤音". Dialect.
[http://www2.hawaii.edu/~reid/Combined%20Files/A71.%202008.%20Tagalog%20chapter%2049.pdf Schachter and Reid (2008)]
Jiang, Bingbing. (2003). "吴语宣州片方言音韵研究". East China Normal University Press.
{{harvp. Kleine. 2003
L.F. Brosnahan. "Outlines of the phonology of the Gokana dialect of Ogoni".
{{harvp. Bender. 1969
"Marshallese-English Dictionary".
"Marshallese-English Dictionary".
{{harvp. Mangold. 2005
For example, Ladefoged (1971).
{{harvp. Dankovičová. 1999
{{harvp. Ladefoged. Maddieson. 1996
{{harvp. Šimáčková. Podlipský. Chládková. 2012
van Driem, George. "The Grammar of Dzongkha". Dzongkha Development Corporation, Royal Government of Bhutan.
Jerzy Treder. "Fonetyka i fonologia".
"Gwary polskie - Frykatywne rż (ř)". Gwarypolskie.uw.edu.pl.
{{harvp. Grønnum. 2005
{{harvp. Dąbrowska. 2004
A. Raymond Elliott, P. Hernández Cruz & F. Sandoval Cruz, "Dàj guruguiˈ yumiguiì 'de como apareció la gente del mundo': leyenda en triqui de Chicahuaxtla". ''Tlalocan'' vol. 25, 2020, p.153.
Scutt, C. A.. (November 1913). "The Tsakonian Dialect". The Annual of the British School at Athens.

Wikipedia Source

This article was imported from Wikipedia and is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License. Content has been adapted to SurfDoc format. Original contributors can be found on the article history page.

alveolar-consonants trill-consonants pulmonic-consonants oral-consonants median-consonants

Want to explore this topic further?

Ask Mako anything about Voiced dental and alveolar trills — get instant answers, deeper analysis, and related topics.

Research with Mako

Free with your Surf account

Content sourced from Wikipedia, available under CC BY-SA 4.0.

This content may have been generated or modified by AI. CloudSurf Software LLC is not responsible for the accuracy, completeness, or reliability of AI-generated content. Always verify important information from primary sources.

Report