From Surf Wiki (app.surf) — the open knowledge base
Voiced dental and alveolar plosives
Consonantal sounds represented by ⟨d⟩ in IPA
Summary
Consonantal sounds represented by ⟨d⟩ in IPA
| Field | Value |
|---|---|
| ipa symbol | d |
| ipa number | 104 |
| decimal | 100 |
| x-sampa | d |
| braille | d |
| imagefile | IPA Unicode 0x0064.svg |
|x-sampa=d |x-sampa=d_d
Voiced alveolar and dental plosives (or stops) are a type of consonantal sound used in many spoken languages. The alveolar is familiar to English-speakers as the "d" sound in "adore".
The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents voiced dental, alveolar and postalveolar plosives is ; the diacritic in can be used to distinguish the dental.
There are only a few languages that distinguish dental and alveolar stops (or often more precisely laminal and apical alveolar stops), among them Kota, Toda, Venda and some Irish dialects.
Features
Features of a voiced alveolar stop:
- There are three specific variants of :
- Dental, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue at the upper teeth, termed respectively apical and laminal.
- Denti-alveolar, which means it is articulated with the blade of the tongue at the alveolar ridge, and the tip of the tongue behind upper teeth.
- Alveolar, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue at the alveolar ridge, termed respectively apical and laminal.
Occurrence
Dental or denti-alveolar
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Albanian | derë | 'door' | |||
| Arabic | Egyptian | دنيا / arz | 'world' | ||
| Armenian | Eastern | դեմք / hy | 'face' | ||
| Western | տալ / hy | 'to give' | Laminal denti-alveolar. | ||
| Bashkir | дүрт / *dürt* | 'four' | |||
| Basque | diru | 'money' | Laminal denti-alveolar. | ||
| Belarusian | падарожжа/padarožža | 'travel' | Laminal denti-alveolar. See Belarusian phonology | ||
| Bengali | দুধ/bn | 'milk' | Laminal denti-alveolar. Contrasts aspirated and unaspirated forms. See Bengali phonology | ||
| Catalan | drac | 'dragon' | Laminal denti-alveolar. See Catalan phonology | ||
| Dinka | dhek | 'distinct' | Laminal denti-alveolar. Contrasts with alveolar . | ||
| Dhivehi | ދެރަ/dv | 'sad' | Laminal denti-alveolar. | ||
| Dutch | Belgian | ding | 'thing' | ||
| English | Dublin | *then* | 'then' | ||
| Southern Irish | |||||
| Geordie | Word-initial allophone of ; may be realized as instead. | ||||
| Indian | |||||
| Ulster | *dream* | 'dream' | Allophone of before , in free variation with an alveolar stop. | ||
| Esperanto | mondo | 'world' | See Esperanto phonology. | ||
| French | dais | 'canopy' | Laminal denti-alveolar. See French phonology | ||
| Georgian | კუდი | 'tail' | Laminal denti-alveolar. See Georgian phonology | ||
| Hindustani | Hindi | दूध / dūdh | 'milk' | ||
| Urdu | دودھ / dūdh | Contrasts with aspirated form . | |||
| Hungarian | adó | 'tax' | See Hungarian phonology | ||
| Irish | dorcha | 'dark' | Laminal denti-alveolar. See Irish phonology | ||
| Italian | dare | 'to give' | Laminal denti-alveolar. See Italian phonology | ||
| Japanese | 男性的 / danseiteki | 'masculine' | Laminal denti-alveolar. See Japanese phonology | ||
| Kashubian | Laminal denti-alveolar. | ||||
| Kazakh | дос | 'friend' | Laminal denti-alveolar. | ||
| Kyrgyz | дос | 'friend' | Laminal denti-alveolar. | ||
| Latvian | drudzis | 'fever' | Laminal denti-alveolar. See Latvian phonology | ||
| Marathi | दगड/mr | 'stone' | Laminal denti-alveolar. Marathi contrasts aspirated and unaspirated forms. See Marathi phonology | ||
| Minangkabau | Padang | dakek | 'near' | ||
| Nepali | दिन/ne | 'daytime' | Contrasts with aspirated form. See Nepali Phonology | ||
| Odia | ଦଶ/daśa | 'ten' | Laminal denti-alveolar. Contrasts aspirated and unaspirated forms. | ||
| Pashto | ﺪﻮﻩ/dwa | 'two' | Laminal denti-alveolar. | ||
| Polish | dom | 'home' | Laminal denti-alveolar. See Polish phonology | ||
| Portuguese | Many dialects | dar | 'to give' | ||
| Punjabi | Gurmukhi | ਦਾਲ/dāl | 'lentils' | ||
| Shahmukhi | دال/dāl | ||||
| Russian | два/dva | 'two' | Laminal denti-alveolar, contrasts with a palatalized alveolar variant. See Russian phonology | ||
| Scottish Gaelic | Uist and Barra | leantail | 'following' | ||
| Serbo-Croatian | дуга / duga | 'rainbow' | Laminal denti-alveolar. See Serbo-Croatian phonology | ||
| Sinhala | දවස | 'day' | |||
| Slovene | danes | 'today' | Laminal denti-alveolar. See Slovene phonology | ||
| Spanish | hundido | 'sunken' | Laminal denti-alveolar. See Spanish phonology | ||
| Telugu | దయ | 'Kindness' | Laminal denti-alveolar. Contrasts aspirated and unaspirated forms. Aspirated form articulated as breathy consonant. | ||
| Turkish | dal | 'twig' | Laminal denti-alveolar. See Turkish phonology | ||
| Ukrainian | дерево/derevo | 'tree' | Laminal denti-alveolar. See Ukrainian phonology | ||
| Uzbek | sifatida | [siɸætidæ] | 'as' | Laminal denti-alveolar. | |
| Wu | 唐/da | 'the Tang dynasty' | |||
| Zapotec | Tilquiapan | *dan* | 'countryside' |
Alveolar
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Adyghe | дахэ/daahė | 'pretty' | ||
| Assyrian | ܘܪܕܐ werda | ] | 'flower' | Predominant in the Urmia, Jilu, Baz, Gawar and Nochiya dialects. Corresponds to in other varieties. |
| Bengali | *ডাব*/ḍab | 'green coconut' | True alveolar in eastern dialects. But all Bengali speakers allophone of after and before denti-alveolar, alveolo-palatal and postalveolar . See Bengali phonology | |
| Catalan | susdit | 'said before' | Laminal alveolar. See Catalan phonology | |
| Czech | do | 'into' | See Czech phonology | |
| Dutch | dak | 'roof' | See Dutch phonology | |
| English | Most speakers | *dash* | 'dash' | |
| Finnish | sidos | 'bond' | See Finnish phonology | |
| Greek | ντροπή / dropí | 'shame' | See Modern Greek phonology | |
| Hebrew | דואר/ do'ar | 'mail' | See Modern Hebrew phonology | |
| Hmong | White Hmong | / dej | 'water' | |
| Hungarian | holdra | 'onto the moon' | Allophone of [d̪] before [r] or [ɾ]. See Hungarian phonology | |
| Kabardian | дахэ/ daahė | 'pretty' | ||
| Khmer | ដប / km | 'bottle' | ||
| Korean | 아들 / *adeul* | 'son' | See Korean phonology | |
| Kurdish | Northern | diran | 'tooth' | |
| Central | ددان/ dadân | |||
| Southern | دیان/dîân | |||
| Luxembourgish | brudder | 'brother' | More often voiceless . See Luxembourgish phonology | |
| Malay | Standard (incl. Malaysian) | dahan | 'branch' | |
| Indonesian | ||||
| Kelantan-Pattani | [dahɛː] | See Kelantan-Pattani Malay | ||
| Maltese | dehen | 'wit' | ||
| Tagalog | dalaga | 'maiden' | See Tagalog phonology | |
| Thai | ดาว/ dāw | 'star' | ||
| Welsh | diafol | [djavɔl] | 'devil' | See Welsh phonology |
| West Frisian | doarp | 'village' | ||
| Yi | ꄿ/dda | 'competent' | ||
| Yonaguni | 与那国 / *dunan* | 'Yonaguni' |
Postalveolar
To distinguish from the voiced dental and alveolar plosives, a voiced postalveolar plosive can be transcribed as . A more explicit (though convoluted) transcription , using a combination of extIPA and obsolete diacritics, can also be used.
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bengali | ডাকাত | 'robber' | Apical postalveolar; contrasts unaspirated and aspirated forms. See Bengali phonology | ||
| Hindustani | डालना/{{nq | ڈالنا}} | 'to put' | Apical postalveolar; contrasts unaspirated and aspirated forms. See Hindustani phonology | |
| Nepali | डर | 'fear' | Apical postalveolar. See Nepali phonology | ||
| Odia | ଡଙ୍ଗା/ḍaṅgā | 'boat' | Apical postalveolar; contrasts unaspirated and aspirated forms. |
Variable
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Arabic | دين/dīn | 'religion' | Laminal denti-alveolar or alveolar, depending on the dialect. See Arabic phonology. | |||
| English | Broad South African | *dawn* | 'dawn' | |||
| Scottish | ||||||
| Welsh | ||||||
| German | Standard | oder | 'or' | |||
| Norwegian | Urban East | dans | 'dance' | |||
| Persian | اداره/edāre | 'office' | Varies between laminal denti-alveolar and apical alveolar. See Persian phonology | |||
| Slovak | do | 'into' | Varies between laminal denti-alveolar and laminal alveolar. See Slovak phonology | |||
| Swedish | Riad | 2014 | p=46}} | dag | 'day' |
Notes
References
- {{citation
- {{citation |orig-date=First published 1981
- {{citation
- {{citation
- {{citation
- {{Citation
- {{citation |doi-access=free
- {{citation
- {{citation |doi-access=free
- {{citation
- {{citation
- {{citation
- {{citation |author-link=Gjert Kristoffersen
- {{citation |author-link=Peter Ladefoged
- {{citation |editor-last=Mesthrie |editor-first=Rajend
- {{citation |author-link=Ian Maddieson
- {{citation
- {{citation |author-link=Max Mangold |orig-date=First published 1962
- {{citation |orig-year=First published 1920 |url-access=registration
- {{citation
- {{citation
- {{citation |doi-access= free
- {{citation |doi-access=free
- {{citation
- {{citation |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/rosettaproject_jpn_phon-2
- {{citation
- {{citation
- {{citation
- {{citation |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free
- {{citation
- {{citation
- {{citation |doi-access= free
- {{citation
- {{citation |doi-access=free
- {{citation
- {{citation |doi-access=free
- {{citation |orig-year=First published 1966
- {{citation
- {{citation |doi-access=free
- {{citation |author-link=John C. Wells
References
- "Week 18 (ii). Northern Ireland".
- Treder. "Fonetyka i fonologia".
- (2008). "Some properties of the Ukrainian writing system". Glottometrics.
- Rybka Piotr Klaudiusz. "Międzynarodowy alfabet fonetyczny w slawistyce". University of Silesia ([[Polish language.
- {{Harvcoltxt. Mazumdar. 2000
- {{Harvcoltxt. Ladefoged. 2005
- {{Harvcoltxt. Tiwari. 2004
- {{Harvcoltxt. Kristoffersen. 2000
- {{Harvcoltxt. Mahootian. 2002
- {{Harvcoltxt. Riad. 2014
Wikipedia Source
This article was imported from Wikipedia and is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License. Content has been adapted to SurfDoc format. Original contributors can be found on the article history page.
Ask Mako anything about Voiced dental and alveolar plosives — get instant answers, deeper analysis, and related topics.
Research with MakoFree with your Surf account
Create a free account to save articles, ask Mako questions, and organize your research.
Sign up free
Content sourced from Wikipedia, available under CC BY-SA 4.0.
This content may have been generated or modified by AI. CloudSurf Software LLC is not responsible for the accuracy, completeness, or reliability of AI-generated content. Always verify important information from primary sources.
Report