Vitrella

Isolation and identification

Extant cultures of V. brassicaformis were isolated from the coral Leptastrea purpurea in the Great Barrier Reef. These are available from the NCMA culture collection in Maine USA (cultures 3156, 3157, 3158) and are also backed up in other collections, such as NQAIF (Australia), and CCAP (UK). In 2004, the strains deposited to Culture Collection of Marine Phytoplankton (now Bigelow NCMA) by R. Moore were manually "re-isolated" (repurified) by CCMP staff. Staff worked under the assumption that the flagellate (motile) stage could be separated permanently from the benthic spherical stages, which is not so, as these are stages of a single lifecycle. The fact that this unusual peer-review process could have happened in the history of the description of the species is an example of the very unusual lifecycle/morphology combination of this organism compared to other photosynthetic eukaryotes that many culture collections were accustomed to handling. However, it is not an unusual lifecycle for dinoflagellates, which are photosynthetic relatives of V. brassicaformis.

Besides its varied somatic lifecycle, *V. brassicaformis' * putative gametogenesis and recombining stages have been well documented.

Lifestyle

The term "mixotrophy" defines this lifestyle which combines phototrophy (light as energy source) and heterotrophy (predation as energy source). and "Vitrella"-like organisms may have been the ancestors of such, raising the possibility that further families of Chromerida may eventually be found in the environment.

Description

Vitrella brassicaformis was described in 2011 by Obornik et al., from type material RM11 (CCMP3155) originally isolated from host Pocillopora damicornis.

Evolution and taxonomy

Just as for its sister family Chromeraceae, the family Vitrellaceae is a bridge between alternate views of protist evolution: the botanical view versus the zoological view. These views need not be opposed. Apicomplexans (all non-photosynthetic) are generally described using the zoological code, while protistan (often unicellular) algae have often been described using the botanical code. Protistologists have always been free to use whichever code they choose, and these two organisms (V. brassicaformis and C. velia) are prime examples of the need for this freedom. They possess a flagellate stage and a benthic stage.

Researcher Thomas Cavalier-Smith investigating the origins of apicomplexans and dinozoans, suggested a joint category Myzozoa encompassing both of these superphyla, plus related groups the colpodellids and perkinsids. By morphology and lifestyle, like feeding through myzocytosis,V. brassicaformis more closely resembles an ancestral Myzozoan than C. velia does. These two lifestyles, autotrophy and heterotrophy, found in one organism (V. brassicaformis) represent the store of potential that was able to lead to the Myzozoan radiation.

Ecology

Vitrella brassicaformis was originally isolated from the Scleractinian coral Leptastrea purpurea (tropical) using a variation of a method intended to isolate Symbiodiniaceae (algal symbionts of corals). Vitrellaceae occur globally in tropical and warm subtropical marine environments. They are associated not only with coral reef ecosystems, but also thrombolites, stromatolites and other calcifying marine environments.

References

References

1. (2012). "Morphology, Ultrastructure and Life Cycle of ''Vitrella brassicaformis'' n. sp., n. gen., a Novel Chromerid from the Great Barrier Reef". Protist.
2. Moore, Robert Bruce. (February 2017). "Molecular ecology and phylogeny of protistan algal symbionts from corals". The University of Sydney.
3. (2010). "Growth, feeding and ecological roles of the mixotrophic and heterotrophic dinoflagellates in marine planktonic food webs". Ocean Science Journal.
4. (2012). "Global analysis of plastid diversity reveals apicomplexan-related lineages in coral reefs". Current Biology.
5. (February 2017). "Ccmp3155".
6. (2015). "The Organellar Genomes of Chromera and Vitrella, the Phototrophic Relatives of Apicomplexan Parasites". Annual Review of Microbiology.
7. (2004). "Protalveolate phylogeny and systematics and the origins of Sporozoa and dinoflagellates (phylum Myzozoa nom. Nov.)". European Journal of Protistology.