Virginia General Assembly

Capitol

The General Assembly meets in Virginia's capital of Richmond. When sitting in Richmond, the General Assembly holds sessions in the Virginia State Capitol, designed by Thomas Jefferson in 1788 and expanded in 1904. During the American Civil War, the building was used as the capitol of the Confederate States, housing the Confederate Congress. The building was renovated between 2005 and 2006. Senators and delegates have their offices in the General Assembly Building across the street directly north of the Capitol, which have been rebuilt and opened in 2023. The governor of Virginia lives across the street directly east of the Capitol in the Virginia Executive Mansion.

History

The Virginia General Assembly is described as "the oldest continuous law-making body in the New World." Its existence dates to its establishment at Jamestown on July 30, 1619, by instructions from the Virginia Company of London to the new governor Sir George Yeardley. It was initially a unicameral body composed of the company-appointed governor and Council of State, plus 22 burgesses elected by the settlements and Jamestown.

In 1642, the Assembly became bicameral upon the formation of the House of Burgesses. The Assembly had a judicial function of hearing cases both original and appellate. At various times, it was referred to as the Grand Assembly of Virginia. The General Assembly met in Jamestown from 1619 until 1699, when it first moved to the College of William & Mary in Williamsburg, Virginia, and from 1705 met in the colonial Capitol building. It became the General Assembly in 1776 with the ratification of the Constitution of Virginia. The government was moved to Richmond in 1780 during the administration of Governor Thomas Jefferson.

Salary and qualifications

The annual salary for senators is $18,000. The annual salary for delegates is $17,640, with the exception that the speaker's salary is $36,321. Members and one staff member also receive a per diem allowance for each day spent attending to official duties such as attending session in Richmond or attending committee meetings. Transportation expenses are reimbursed.

Under the Constitution of Virginia, senators and delegates must be twenty-one years of age at the time of the election, residents of the district they represent, and qualified to vote for members of the General Assembly. Under the Constitution, "a senator or delegate who moves his residence from the district for which he is elected shall thereby vacate his office."

The state constitution specifies that the General Assembly shall meet annually, and its regular session is a maximum of 60 days long in even-numbered years and 30 days long in odd-numbered years, unless extended by a two-thirds vote of both houses. The governor of Virginia may convene a special session of the General Assembly "when, in his opinion, the interest of the Commonwealth may require" and must convene a special session "upon the application of two-thirds of the members elected to each house."

Redistricting reform

Article II, section 6 on apportionment states, "Members of the . . . Senate and of the House of Delegates of the General Assembly shall be elected from electoral districts established by the General Assembly. Every electoral district shall be composed of contiguous and compact territory and shall be so constituted as to give, as nearly as is practicable, representation in proportion to the population of the district." The Redistricting Coalition of Virginia proposes either an independent commission or a bipartisan commission that is not polarized. Member organizations include the League of Women Voters of Virginia, AARP of Virginia, OneVirginia2021, the Virginia Chamber of Commerce and Virginia Organizing. Governor Bob McDonnell's Independent Bipartisan Advisory Commission on Redistricting for the Commonwealth of Virginia made its report on April 1, 2011. It made two recommendations for each state legislative house that showed maps of districts more compact and contiguous than those adopted by the General Assembly. However, no action was taken after the report was released.

In 2011 the Virginia College and University Redistricting Competition was organized by professors Michael McDonald of George Mason University and Quentin Kidd of Christopher Newport University. About 150 students on sixteen teams from thirteen schools submitted plans for legislative and U.S. congressional districts. They created districts more compact than the General Assembly's efforts. The "Division 1" maps conformed with the governor's executive order, and did not address electoral competition or representational fairness. In addition to the criteria of contiguity, equipopulation, the federal Voting Rights Act and communities of interest in the existing city and county boundaries, "Division 2" maps in the competition did incorporate considerations of electoral competition and representational fairness. Judges for the cash award prizes were Thomas Mann of the Brookings Institution and Norman Ornstein of the American Enterprise Institute.

In January 2015 Republican state senator Jill Holtzman Vogel of Winchester and Democratic state senator Louise Lucas of Portsmouth sponsored a Senate joint resolution to establish additional criteria for the Virginia Redistricting Commission of four identified members of political parties, and three other independent public officials. The criteria began with respecting existing political boundaries, such as cities and towns, counties and magisterial districts, election districts and voting precincts. Districts are to be established on the basis of population, in conformance with federal and state laws and court cases, including those addressing racial fairness. The territory is to be contiguous and compact, without oddly shaped boundaries. The commission is prohibited from using political data or election results to favor either political party or incumbent. It passed with a two-thirds majority of 27 to 12 in the Senate, and was then referred to committee in the House of Delegates.

In 2015, in Vesilind v. Virginia State Board of Elections in a Virginia state court, plaintiffs sought to overturn the General Assembly's redistricting in five House of Delegates and six state Senate districts as violations of both the Virginia and U.S. Constitutions because they failed to represent populations in "continuous and compact territory".

In 2020, a constitutional amendment moved redistricting power to a commission consisting of eight lawmakers, four from each party, and eight citizens. The amendment passed with all counties and cities supporting the measure except Arlington. The commission failed to reach an agreement on new state and congressional districts by an October 25, 2021, deadline, and relied upon the amendment's provision that lets the state Supreme Court of Virginia draw the districts in the event that the commission could not do so. The Supreme Court did so and approved newly drawn districts on December 28, 2021. While newly drawn districts will currently first be used in 2023, a federal lawsuit is pending that calls for an election to be held using newly drawn districts as immediately as November 2022. If the lawsuit was successful, it would have required all House districts, which just held elections under the previous districts in 2021, to hold back-to-back elections in 2022 and 2023 under the newly drawn districts.

References

References

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2. "House History".
3. (January 8, 2020). "Newly-Empowered Virginia Democrats Promise Action". [[Voice of America]].
4. (January 8, 2020). "Asombra diversidad étnica de nueva Legislatura de Virginia". Chron.
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8. (2004). "A Little Parliament; The Virginia General Assembly in the Seventeenth Century". The Library of Virginia, in partnership with Jamestown 2007/Jamestown Yorktown Foundation.
9. Barradall, Edward, and Randolph, John. ''Virginia Colonial Decisions.'' United States, Boston book Company, 1909. v. 1, p. 63.
10. (1905). "Annual Reports of Officers, Boards and Institutions of the Commonwealth of Virginia, Report of the State Librarian, Volume II".
11. [http://legis.virginia.gov/1_home/gen_info_senate.html General Information: Senate] {{webarchive. link. (-June 26, 2012)
12. [http://legis.virginia.gov/1_home/gen_info_house.html General Information: House of Delegates] {{Webarchive. link. (May 21, 2012)
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14. [https://law.lis.virginia.gov/constitution Constitution of Virginia] {{Webarchive. link. (June 27, 2021 , Art. IV, [https://law.lis.virginia.gov/constitution/article4/section4/ § 4] {{Webarchive). link. (June 29, 2021 .)
15. Art. IV, Sect. 6 Constitution of Va.
16. "Article IV. Legislature - Section 6. Legislative sessions". Virginia Law.
17. "Article II, Section 6. Apportionment". Virginia Constitution.
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19. [http://cnu.edu/redistrictingcommission/final_redistricting_commission_report.pdf The Public Interest in Redistricting]{{Dead link. (April 2024). (January 2024)
20. [http://cnu.edu/redistrictingcommission/final_redistricting_commission_report.pdf The Public Interest in Redistricting]{{Dead link. (April 2024). (January 2024)
21. "[http://leg1.state.va.us/cgi-bin/legp504.exe?151+ful+SJ284S1 Senate Joint Resolution No. 284] {{Webarchive. link. (December 1, 2017 Amendment in the Nature of a Substitute (Proposed by the Senate Committee on Privileges and Elections on January 20, 2015) (Patrons Prior to Substitute – Senators Vogel and Lucas [SJR 224])".)
22. "Vesilind v. Virginia State Board of Elections".
23. "Virginia Redistricting Commission Amendment (2020)".
24. "2020 November General". Virginia Department of Elections.
25. (November 8, 2021). "Redistricting Commission to Miss Last Deadline; Supreme Court to Choose Special Masters".
26. "Redistricting process changes impact new maps".
27. (March 21, 2022). "Civil rights group asks to join Virginia redistricting suit".