VIPR2

Tissue distribution

VIPR2 is expressed in the uterus, prostate, smooth muscle of the gastrointestinal tract, seminal vesicles and skin, blood vessels and thymus. VIPR2 is also expressed in the cerebellum.

Function

Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP) are homologous peptides that function as neurotransmitters and neuroendocrine hormones. While the receptors for VIP (VIRP 1 and 2) and PACAP (ADCYAP1R1) share homology, they differ in their substrate specificities and expression patterns. VIPR2 transduction results in upregulation of adenylate cyclase activity. Furthermore, VIPR2 mediates the anti-inflammatory effects of VIP.

Research using VPAC2 knockout mice implicate it in the function of the circadian clock, growth, basal energy expenditure and male reproduction.

VIPR2 and/or PAC1 receptor activation is involved in cutaneous active vasodilation in humans.

Splice variants may modify the immunoregulatory contributions of the VIP-VIPR2 axis.

VIPR2 may contribute to autoregulation and/or coupling within the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) core and to control of the SCN shell.

Clinical significance

VIPR2 may play a role in schizophrenia.

The abnormal expression of VIPR2 messenger RNA in gallbladder tissue may play a role in the formation of gall stones and polyps.

References

References

1. "Entrez Gene: VIPR2 vasoactive intestinal peptide receptor 2".
2. Reubi JC. (2000). "In vitro evaluation of VIP/PACAP receptors in healthy and diseased human tissues. Clinical implications.". Ann N Y Acad Sci.
3. (2000). "Vasoactive intestinal peptide/pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide receptor subtypes in human tumors and their tissues of origin.". Cancer Res.
4. (June 2006). "Localization and characterization of pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide receptors in the human cerebellum during development". J. Comp. Neurol..
5. "IUPHAR-DB VPAC2 receptor Redirect".
6. (April 2008). "Differential expression of vasoactive intestinal peptide and its functional receptors in human osteoarthritic and rheumatoid synovial fibroblasts". Arthritis Rheum..
7. (2002). "The VPAC2 receptor is essential for circadian function in the mouse suprachiasmatic nuclei.". Cell.
8. (January 2003). "The mouse VPAC2 receptor confers suprachiasmatic nuclei cellular rhythmicity and responsiveness to vasoactive intestinal polypeptide in vitro". Eur. J. Neurosci..
9. (April 2004). "Aberrant gating of photic input to the suprachiasmatic circadian pacemaker of mice lacking the VPAC2 receptor". J. Neurosci..
10. (October 2002). "Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide/pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide receptor 2 deficiency in mice results in growth retardation and increased basal metabolic rate". Endocrinology.
11. (July 2010). "VIP/PACAP receptor mediation of cutaneous active vasodilation during heat stress in humans". J. Appl. Physiol..
12. (July 2006). "Functional splice variants of the type II G protein-coupled receptor (VPAC2) for vasoactive intestinal peptide in mouse and human lymphocytes". Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci..
13. (April 2004). "Transgenic approach reveals expression of the VPAC2 receptor in phenotypically defined neurons in the mouse suprachiasmatic nucleus and in its efferent target sites". Eur. J. Neurosci..
14. (February 2011). "Copy Number Variants in Schizophrenia: Confirmation of Five Previous Findings and New Evidence for 3q29 Microdeletions and VIPR2 Duplications". Am J Psychiatry.
15. (March 2006). "Expression of pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide 1 and 2 receptor mRNA in gallbladder tissue of patients with gallstone or gallbladder polyps". World J. Gastroenterol..