Violin Concerto (Brahms)

Instrumentation

The Violin Concerto is scored for solo violin and orchestra consisting of 2 flutes, 2 oboes, 2 clarinets in A, 2 bassoons; 2 natural horns crooked in D, and 2 natural horns crooked in E, 2 trumpets in D, timpani, and strings. Despite Brahms's scoring for natural (non-valved) horns in his orchestral works, valved horns have always been used in actual performance, even in Brahms's time.

Structure

The concerto follows the standard concerto form, with three movements in the pattern quick–slow–quick: |Allegro non troppo (D major) :[[File:Orchesterwerke Romantik Themen.pdf|450px|page=125]] |Adagio (F major) :[[File:Orchesterwerke Romantik Themen.pdf|450px|page=126]] |Allegro giocoso, ma non troppo vivace – Poco più presto (D major) :[[File:Orchesterwerke Romantik Themen.pdf|450px|page=127]]

Originally, the work was planned in four movements like the second piano concerto. The middle movements, one of which was intended to be a scherzo—a mark that Brahms intended a symphonic concerto rather than a virtuoso showpiece—were discarded and replaced with what Brahms called a "feeble Adagio". Some of the discarded material was reworked for the second piano concerto.

Brahms, who was impatient with the minutiae of slurs marking the bowing, rather than phrasing, as was his usual practice, asked Joachim's advice on the writing of the solo violin part. Joachim, who had first been alerted when Brahms informed him in August that "a few violin passages" would be coming in the mail, was eager that the concerto should be playable and idiomatic, and collaborated willingly, but not all his advice was heeded in the final score. The most familiar cadenza, which appears in the first movement, is by Joachim, though a number of people have provided alternatives, including Leopold Auer, Henri Marteau, Max Reger, Fritz Kreisler, Jascha Heifetz, George Enescu, Nigel Kennedy, Augustin Hadelich, Joshua Bell, and Rachel Barton Pine. A recording of the concerto released by Ruggiero Ricci has been coupled with Ricci's recordings of sixteen different cadenzas. This entire section was copied from a dissertation. It should not be included here without paraphrasing.

"The first movement is in a sonata form. It begins with a first theme material in a lengthy introduction by the orchestra. The theme develops and after a brief transition leads to the second theme material in measure 41. The second theme material dies away and the orchestra suddenly bursts in at measure 78 with the closing section. The solo violin enters at measure 90 with a strong statement in martelé followed by a series of chords that bring on the long arpeggio section. After the long arpeggio section, the solo violin finally reaches the first theme in measure 136. The first theme is worked out with its beautiful melodies until it reaches the strong chords in measure 164. The chords again turn to the arpeggio section. The new second theme of the solo exposition is introduced in measure 206. The solo violin bursts in with the closing theme at measure 246. This leads to an intense section that finishes the exposition. The development section has a soulful melody that soon turns into a dreamy passage. After a sudden forte section, the solo violin enters with angular material, which leads to a fugato in the orchestra. The recapitulation begins at measure 381. The coda begins at measure 527 following the cadenza.

The second movement is in three parts. The A section begins with the melody by the solo oboe with orchestral accompaniment. Finally, the solo violin takes over the melody in measure 32. The B section begins at measure 56 with a passionate solo violin melody. After an undulating and fiery section, the solo violin returns to the A section in measure 78 with the melody played by the orchestra.

The third movement is in a rondo form. The A section begins with a cheery theme by the solo violin and crisp accompaniment underneath it. After a theme played as a double-stops by the solo violin, the B section begins in measure 35 with light solo violin and accompaniment. This soon turns to a series of scales in legato which brings in another rhythmic melody by the solo violin. The solo violin reiterates the main melody in measure 93 which indicates the return of the A section. After the condensed version of the A section, the C section begins in measure 108 with graceful arpeggios. In measure 143, the solo violin enters with the materials from the B section. Finally, the solo violin brings in the main melody from the A section in measure 187. The A section leads to a new section that starts with solo violin alone in measure 222 where the materials are worked out. This section again finishes with a small cadenza by the solo violin in measure 266. The coda begins at measure 267 with a faster tempo marking. In the coda, the melody from the A section is rhythmically reshaped with a quarter note and a triplet. The coda finishes with subito forte chords."--

Premiere

The work was premiered at the Gewandhaus, Leipzig, on 1 January 1879, by Joachim, who insisted on opening the concert with the Beethoven Violin Concerto, written in the same key, and closing with the Brahms. Brahms complained that "it was a lot of D major—and not much else on the program". Joachim was not presenting two established works, but one established one and a new, difficult one by a composer who had a reputation for being difficult. The two works also share some striking similarities. For instance, Brahms has the violin enter with the timpani after the orchestral introduction: this is a clear homage to Beethoven, whose violin concerto also makes unusual use of the timpani.

Brahms conducted the premiere. Various modifications were made between then and the work's publication by Fritz Simrock later in the year.

Critical reaction to the work was mixed: the canard that the work was not so much for violin as "against the violin" is attributed equally to conductor Hans von Bülow and to Joseph Hellmesberger Sr., to whom Brahms entrusted the Vienna premiere, which was rapturously received by the public.

Joachim gave the British premiere at London's Crystal Palace on 22 February 1879 with August Manns conducting. The cooling of his friendship with Brahms, who took Joachim's wife's side when his marriage collapsed, seems to have put him off campaigning actively for the concerto. Most of his colleagues disliked it.

Henryk Wieniawski called the work "unplayable", and the violin virtuoso Pablo de Sarasate refused to play it because he did not wish to "fall so low" as to "stand on the rostrum, violin in hand and listen to the oboe playing the only tune in the adagio", though conceding the work to be "very good music".

Against these critics, modern listeners often feel that Brahms was not really trying to produce a conventional vehicle for virtuoso display; he had higher musical aims. Similar criticisms have been voiced against the string concerti of other great composers, such as Beethoven's Violin Concerto and Hector Berlioz's Harold in Italy, for making the soloist "almost part of the orchestra".

Three of Joachim's pupils, Marie Soldat, Gabriele Wietrowetz, and Leonora Jackson did as much as anyone to help the piece gain a foothold.

In popular culture

The third movement of Mutter's and Karajan's version is used twice in Paul Thomas Anderson's 2007 film There Will Be Blood, including the end credits.

In the 1992 novel Miss Smilla's Feeling for Snow by Peter Høeg, Smilla says "I cry because in the universe there is something as beautiful as Kremer playing Brahms's violin concerto."

The third movement is sampled extensively in rapper Kurupt's 1999 song "Trylogy" on the album Tha Streetz Iz a Mutha.

The violin entrance in the first movement is sampled extensively in Alicia Keys's 2004 song, "Karma".

Selected recordings

• Fritz Kreisler (violin), John Barbirolli (conductor), London Philharmonic Orchestra, (EMI, 1936)
• Yehudi Menuhin (violin), Sir Adrian Boult (conductor) BBC Symphony Orchestra (BBC Music Magazine, 1943)
• Jascha Heifetz (violin), Fritz Reiner (conductor), Chicago Symphony Orchestra, (RCA Red Seal, 1958)
• Itzhak Perlman (violin), Carlo Maria Giulini (conductor), Chicago Symphony Orchestra, (EMI, 1977)
• Anne-Sophie Mutter (violin), Herbert von Karajan (conductor), Berlin Philharmonic, (Deutsche Grammophon, 1982)
• Augustin Hadelich: Brahms, Ligeti – Violin Concertos – with the Norwegian Radio Orchestra, conducted by Miguel Harth-Bedoya
• Hilary Hahn (violin), Mikko Franck (conductor), Orchestre philharmonique de Radio France, (live concert recorded on April 21, 2023 in la Maison de la Radio et de la Musique, available in France Musique and in the ''France Musique concerts''' channel in YouTube)
• Richard Tognetti, Australian Chamber Orchestra (live recording at City Recital Hall 11–15 February 2025)

References

Sources

References

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10. Brahms reported it to [[Julius Stockhausen]] as "a success as good as I've ever experienced" {{harvnb. Swafford. 1997
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13. [[There Will Be Blood (soundtrack). ''There Will Be Blood'' (soundtrack)]] ([https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0469494/soundtrack "''There Will Be Blood'' Soundtrack"], IMDb)
14. (16 March 2010). "Kurupt : ''Tha Streetz Iz a Mutha''".
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17. {{Discogs master. 1132211. Yehudi Menuhin, BBC Symphony Orchestra, Sir Adrian Boult – Brahms Violin Concerto
18. {{Discogs release. 5789625. Brahms, Heifetz, Chicago Symphony, Reiner – Violin Concerto
19. "Brahms: Violin Concerto (Heifetz, Reiner) (1955) – 9.80081".
20. {{Discogs master. 397063. Brahms, Itzhak Perlman, Chicago Symphony Orchestra, Carlo Maria Giulini – Violinkonzer
21. {{Discogs release. 1675147. Johannes Brahms, Anne-Sophie Mutter, Berliner Philharmoniker · Herbert von Karajan – Violinkonzert
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23. (2023-04-21). "Brahms et Chostakovitch par Hilary Hahn et l'Orchestre philharmonique de Radio France dirigés par Mikko Franck".
24. [https://storage.highresaudio.com/2025/11/18/9n9pm7-beethovenb-pdf.pdf "Richard Tognetti: Beethoven / Brahms Concertos for Violin and Orchestra"], ABC Classic 2025, booklet