Velia

Geography

The site of the acropolis of ancient Elea was once a promontory called Castello a Mare, meaning "castle on the sea" in Italian. It now lies inland and was renamed Castellammare della Bruca in the Middle Ages. The city later developed on the coastal plain below.

History

According to Herodotus, in 545 BC Ionian Greeks fled Phocaea, in modern Turkey, which was being besieged by the Persians. After some wanderings (8 to 10 years) at sea, they stopped in Reggio Calabria, where they were probably joined by Xenophanes, who was at the time at Messina, and then moved north along the coast and founded the town of Hyele. According to Virgil, Velia is the place where the body of Palinurus washed ashore.

Around the 5th century BC, the city was known for its flourishing trade relations. It also took on considerable cultural importance for its pre-Socratic philosophical school, known as the Eleatic School, founded by Parmenides and carried forward by his student Zeno, famous for his paradoxes.

In the 4th century it entered the league of cities committed to stopping the advance of the Lucanians, who had already occupied nearby Poseidonia (Paestum) and were threatening Elea.

It joined an alliance with Rome in 273 BC and was included in the ancient province of Lucania. Elea had excellent relations with Rome: it supplied ships for the Punic wars (3rd-2nd century) and sent young priestesses for the cult of Demeter (Ceres), coming from the local aristocratic families. It became a holiday and health resort for Roman aristocrats, perhaps also thanks to the presence of the medical-philosophical school.

In 88 BC Elea was ascribed to the Romilia tribe, becoming a Roman municipium with the name of Velia, but with the right to maintain the Greek language and to mint its own coins. In the second half of the 1st century BC it served as a naval base, first for Brutus (44 BC) and then for Octavian (38 BC). The prosperity of the city continued until the end of the 1st century AD, when numerous villas and small settlements were built, together with new public buildings and thermae, but the progressive silting up of the port led the city to progressive isolation and impoverishment.

From the end of the imperial age, the last inhabitants were forced to take refuge in the upper part of the Acropolis to escape the advancement of marshy land.

The site

Remains of the city walls can be seen, with traces of one gate and several towers, of a total length of over three miles, and belong to three different periods, in all of which the local crystalline limestone is used.

Bricks with Greek brick-stamps were also employed in later times of a unique shape, each having two rectangular channels on one side.

There are remains of cisterns.

In 2022, excavations led to the discovery of the archaic temple of Athena on the acropolis of Velia. The oldest temple dates to 540-530 BC, the years following the battle of Alalia. Two well-preserved bronze Greek helmets with Etruscan design found there including metal fragments from weapons thought to be offerings to the goddess after the battle.

The temple visible today on the Acropolis dates to the Hellenistic period.

File:Greek street - III century BC - Porta Rosa - Velia - Italy.JPG|The Porta Rosa road was the main street of Elea, circa 4th-3rd centuries BC File:Velia2-enhanced.jpg|The medieval tower of Velia built out of a Greek temple

Famous residents

• The father of the Roman poet Publius Papinius Statius was born in Hyele (Silv 5.3.127).
• Parmenides, philosopher and founder of the Eleatics
• Zeno of Elea, Eleatic philosopher known for his paradoxes

Coins

File:SNGANS 1202.jpg|Drachma, circa 535-510 BC File:AR nomos of Velia.jpg|Stater struck 334-300 BC Athena wearing a Phrygian helmet decorated with a Centaur, Lion devouring prey File:Lucania Velia Silver Nomos.jpg|Silver coin from Velia, circa 280 BC, with Athena on the obverse, and a lion devouring a stag on the reverse

References

References

1. Dow, Lois Fuller. (2016-11-28). "The Language and Literature of the New Testament: Essays in Honor of Stanley E. Porter’s 60th Birthday". BRILL.
2. Virgil, Book 6 ''[[Aeneid]]''
3. (2007). "Virgil's Aeneid". Oxford UP.
4. {{EB1911. Thomas. Ashby
5. Acropoli di Velia: riemerge il tempio arcaico di Atena https://www.classicult.it/acropoli-di-velia-tempio-arcaico-di-atena/
6. D'emilio, Frances. "Ancient helmets, temple ruins found at dig in southern Italy".
7. Wolf, Markus (2023). ''Hellenistische Heiligtümer in Kampanien. Sakralarchitektur im Grenzgebiet zwischen Großgriechenland und Rom'' [Hellenistic sanctuaries in Campania. Sacred architecture in the border region between Greater Greece and Rome]. DAI Rom Sonderschriften, vol. 26. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, {{ISBN. 978-3-447-11940-5, pp. 71-76.