Ursolic acid

Natural occurrence

Ursolic acid is present in many plants, such as Mirabilis jalapa, as well as in many fruits and herbs used in daily life (e.g. apples, plantago major, basil and holy basil, bilberries, cranberries, elder flower, peppermint, rosemary, lavender, oregano, thyme, hawthorn, and prunes). Apple peels contain large quantities of ursolic acid and related compounds.

Potential biochemical effects

A number of potential biochemical effects of ursolic acid have been investigated, but there has been no clinical study demonstrating benefits to human health. In vitro, ursolic acid inhibits the proliferation of various cancer cell types by inhibiting the STAT3 activation pathway, and may also decrease proliferation of cancer cells and induce apoptosis. Ursolic acid has also been shown to inhibit JNK expression and IL-2 activation of JURKAT leukemic T Cells leading to the reduction in proliferation and T cell activation. Ursolic acid is a weak aromatase inhibitor (IC50 = 32 μM), and has been shown to increase the amount of muscle and brown fat and decrease white fat obesity and associated conditions when added to diets fed to mice. Under physiological concentrations, ursolic acid also induces eryptosis (the apoptosis-like suicidal cell death in defective red blood cells). It has been found to reduce muscle atrophy and to stimulate muscular growth in mice, also shows a potential cardioprotection.

In mice, ursolic acid induces neural regeneration after sciatic nerve injuries and recently found to have COVID preventative capabilities. More research in this recent finding is underway. In mice with chronic multiple sclerosis, ursolic acid has reduced further damage to neurons and helped rebuild the protective sheaths covering neurons, apparently by suppressing Th17 immune cells and activating precursor cells that mature into myelin-sheath-making cells, called oligodendrocytes. Ursolic acid improves domoic acid-induced cognitive deficits in mice. Ursolic acid improves high fat diet-induced cognitive impairments by blocking endoplasmic reticulum stress and IκB kinase β/nuclear factor-κB-mediated inflammatory pathways in mice. Ursolic acid attenuates lipopolysaccharide-induced cognitive deficits in mouse brain through suppressing p38/NF-κB mediated inflammatory pathways. Ursolic acid ameliorates cognition deficits and attenuates oxidative damage in the brain of senescent mice induced by D-galactose. Ursolic acid enhances mouse liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy. Ursolic acid enhances the cellular immune system and pancreatic beta-cell function in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice fed a high-fat diet. Ursolic acid increased skeletal muscle mass, as well as grip strength and exercise capacity, improved endurance, reduced the expression of the genes involved in the development of muscle atrophy, and decreased indicators of accumulated fatigue and exercise-induced stress.

In rats, ursolic acid ameliorated high-fat diet-induced hepatic steatosis and improved metabolic disorders in high-fat diet-induced non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.

Uses

Ursolic acid can be found in plants that are used for cosmetics additives. It can serve as a starting material for synthesis of more potent bioactive derivatives, such as experimental antitumor agents.

References

References

1. {{PubChem. 64945
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3. (21 August 1998). "Ursolic Acid from Plantagomajor, a Selective Inhibitor of Cyclooxygenase-2 Catalyzed Prostaglandin Biosynthesis".
4. (April 2017). "Ursolic acid from apple pomace and traditional plants: A valuable triterpenoid with functional properties". Food Chem.
5. (2003). "Ursolic acid inhibits nuclear factor-kappaB activation induced by carcinogenic agents through suppression of IkappaBalpha kinase and p65 phosphorylation: correlation with down-regulation of cyclooxygenase 2, matrix metalloproteinase 9, and cyclin D1". Cancer Res..
6. Wang X, Zhang F, Yang L, Mei Y, Long H, Zhang X, Zhang J, Qimuge-Suyila, Su X.,"Ursolic acid inhibits proliferation and induces apoptosis of cancer cells in vitro and in vivo", ''J Biomed Biotechnol''. 2011;2011:419343 [http://www.biomedsearch.com/attachments/00/21/71/66/21716649/JBB2011-419343.pdf Full-text pdf]
7. Kaewthawee, Narawan. (February 2013). "The Effects of Ursolic Acid on Cytokine Production via the MAPK Pathways in Leukemic T-Cells". EXCLI.
8. (2008). "Evaluation of ursolic acid isolated from Ilex paraguariensis and derivatives on aromatase inhibition". European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry.
9. Kunkel, Steven D.. (2012). "Ursolic Acid Increases Skeletal Muscle and Brown Fat and Decreases Diet-Induced Obesity, Glucose Intolerance and Fatty Liver Disease". PLoS One.
10. (2011). "Triggering of erythrocyte cell membrane scrambling by ursolic acid". J Nat Prod.
11. (2011). "MRNA Expression Signatures of Human Skeletal Muscle Atrophy Identify a Natural Compound that Increases Muscle Mass". Cell Metabolism.
12. (July 2011). "Uncoupling and antioxidant effects of ursolic acid in isolated rat heart mitochondria". J. Nat. Prod..
13. (2013-09-25). "Ursolic acid induces neural regeneration after sciatic nerve injury". Neural Regeneration Research.
14. (6 April 2020). "A dual effect of ursolic acid to the treatment of multiple sclerosis through both immunomodulation and direct remyelination". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.
15. (2013-09-01). "Ursolic acid improves domoic acid-induced cognitive deficits in mice". Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology.
16. (2011-11-01). "Ursolic acid improves high fat diet-induced cognitive impairments by blocking endoplasmic reticulum stress and IκB kinase β/nuclear factor-κB-mediated inflammatory pathways in mice". Brain, Behavior, and Immunity.
17. (2011-09-01). "Ursolic acid attenuates lipopolysaccharide-induced cognitive deficits in mouse brain through suppressing p38/NF-κB mediated inflammatory pathways". Neurobiology of Learning and Memory.
18. (2007-10-01). "Ursolic acid ameliorates cognition deficits and attenuates oxidative damage in the brain of senescent mice induced by D-galactose". Biochemical Pharmacology.
19. (2012-04-01). "Ursolic acid enhances mouse liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy". Pharmaceutical Biology.
20. (2009-01-01). "Ursolic acid enhances the cellular immune system and pancreatic beta-cell function in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice fed a high-fat diet". International Immunopharmacology.
21. (2015-12-01). "Apple Pomace Extract Improves Endurance in Exercise Performance by Increasing Strength and Weight of Skeletal Muscle". Journal of Medicinal Food.
22. (2014-01-01). "Therapeutic role of ursolic acid on ameliorating hepatic steatosis and improving metabolic disorders in high-fat diet-induced non-alcoholic fatty liver disease rats". PLoS One.
23. (2010-06-23). "Herbal Principles in Cosmetics: Properties and Mechanisms of Action". CRC Press.
24. (June 2005). "The cytotoxic activity of ursolic acid derivatives". Eur J Med Chem.