Urokinase receptor

Structure

uPAR consists of three tandem LU domains, which are protein domains of the three-finger protein family. The structure of uPAR has been solved by X-ray crystallography in complex with a peptide antagonist and with its native ligand, urokinase. All three three-finger domains are necessary for high affinity binding of the primary ligand, urokinase. In addition, uPAR also interacts with several other proteins, including vitronectin, the uPAR associated protein (uPARAP) and the integrin family of membrane proteins.

It has been possible to express uPAR recombinantly in CHO-cells and S2 cells from Drosophila melanogaster. 4 out of 5 of the possible glycosylation sites are used in vivo giving the protein a molecular weight of 50–60 kDA.

Function

uPAR is a part of the plasminogen activation system, which in the healthy body is involved in tissue reorganization events such as mammary gland involution and wound healing. In order to be able to reorganize tissue, the old tissue must be able to be degraded. An important mechanism in this degradation is the proteolysis cascade initiated by the plasminogen activation system. uPAR binds urokinase and thus restricts plasminogen activation to the immediate vicinity of the cell membrane. When urokinase is bound to the receptor, there is cleavage between the GPI-anchor and the uPAR, releasing a soluble form of the protein known as suPAR.

Clinical significance

Soluble urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (suPAR) has been found to be a biomarker of inflammation. Elevated suPAR is seen in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, asthma, liver failure, heart failure, cardiovascular disease, and rheumatoid arthritis. Smokers have significantly higher suPAR compared to non-smokers.

Urokinase receptors have been found to be highly expressed on senescent cells, leading researchers to use chimeric antigen receptor T cells to eliminate senescent cells in mice.

The components of the plasminogen activation system have been found to be highly expressed in many malignant tumors, indicating that tumors are able to hijack the system, and use it in metastasis. Thus inhibitors of the various components of the plasminogen activation system have been sought as possible anticancer drugs.

uPAR has been involved in various other non-proteolytic processes related to cancer, such as cell migration, cell cycle regulation, and cell adhesion.

Interactions

Urokinase receptor has been shown to interact with LRP1.

References

References

1. (August 2017). "The three-finger toxin fold: a multifunctional structural scaffold able to modulate cholinergic functions". Journal of Neurochemistry.
2. (May 2005). "Crystal structure of the human urokinase plasminogen activator receptor bound to an antagonist peptide". The EMBO Journal.
3. (February 2006). "Structure of human urokinase plasminogen activator in complex with its receptor". Science.
4. "What is suPAR".
5. (2009). "suPAR: the molecular crystal ball". Disease Markers.
6. (March 2017). "The intriguing role of soluble urokinase receptor in inflammatory diseases". Critical Reviews in Clinical Laboratory Sciences.
7. (July 2020). "T cells engineered to target senescence". Nature.
8. (July 2020). "Senolytic CAR T cells reverse senescence-associated pathologies". Nature.
9. (December 2018). "The Urokinase Plasminogen Activator System in Human Cancers: An Overview of Its Prognostic and Predictive Role". Thrombosis and Haemostasis.
10. (May 2001). "Direct binding of occupied urokinase receptor (uPAR) to LDL receptor-related protein is required for endocytosis of uPAR and regulation of cell surface urokinase activity". Molecular Biology of the Cell.