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Uridine diphosphate galactose

Uridine diphosphate galactose

Uridine diphosphate galactose (UDP-galactose) is an intermediate in the production of polysaccharides. It is important in nucleotide sugars metabolism, and is the substrate for the transferase B4GALT5.

Sugar metabolism

Uridine diphosphate (UDP)-galactose is relevant in glycolysis. UDP-galactose is the activated form of Gal, a crucial monosaccharide building block for human milk oligosaccharide (HMO). The activated form of galactose (Gal) serves as a donor molecule involved in catalyzing the conversion of UDP-galactose to UDP-glucose. The conversion is a rate-limiting step essential to the pace of UDP-glucose production that determines the completion of glycosylation reactions.

To further explain, UDP-galactose is derived from a galactose molecule which is an epimer of glucose, and via the Leloir pathway, it is used be used as a precursor for the metabolism of glucose into pyruvate. When lactose is hydrolyzed, D-Galactose enters the liver via the bloodstream. There, galactokinase phosphorylates it to galactose-1-phosphate using ATP. This compound then engages in a "ping-pong" reaction with UDP-glucose, catalyzed by uridylyltransferase, yielding glucose-1-phosphate and UDP-galactose. This glucose-1-phosphate feeds into glycolysis, while UDP-galactose undergoes epimerization to regenerate UDP-glucose.

transforming galactose (1) to glucose for the glycolysis. Galactose-1-phosphate (2), UDP-glucose (3), UDP-galactose (4); Glucose 1-phosphate (5); Glucose 6-phosphate (6). Galactokinase (GK), Galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase (GALT), UDP-glucose 4-epimerase (UGE), phosphoglucomutase (PGM)

References

References

  1. (2022). "StatPearls". StatPearls.
  2. Mahour, R., Lee, J. W., Grimpe, P., Boecker, S., Grote, V., Klamt, S., Seidel-Morgenstern, A., Rexer, T. F. T., & Reichl, U.. (2022). "Cell-Free Multi-Enzyme Synthesis and Purification of Uridine Diphosphate Galactose". ChemBioChem.
  3. Hou, J., Tian, S., Yang, L., Zhang, Z., & Liu, Y.. (2021). "A systematic review of the Uridine diphosphate-Galactose/Glucose-4-epimerase (UGE) in plants". Plant Growth Regulation.
  4. (2017). "Biochemistry". Cengage Learning.
  5. (2013). "Lehninger principles of biochemistry". Macmillan Higher Education.
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coenzymes nucleotides
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