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Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization

Belgium-based international organization formed in 1991

Field	Value
conventional_long_name	Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization
linking_name	the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization
symbol_type	Logo
image_symbol	UNPO.svg
image_flag	Flag of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organisation.svg
symbol_width	75px
image_map	Lânkaart UNPO-lidmaatskip.png
map_caption	Members of UNPO. Former members are in dark gray.
membership	44 groups
leader_title1	President
leader_name1	Edna Adan Ismail
leader_title2	Vice-Presidents
leader_name2	Elisenda Paluzie
Rubina Greenwood
leader_title3	Presidency members include
leader_name3	Abdirahman Mahdi
Dolkun Isa
Paul Strauss
Tina Rose Muña Barnes
established	11 February 1991
official_website

Rubina Greenwood Dolkun Isa Paul Strauss Tina Rose Muña Barnes

The Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization (UNPO) is an international organization established to facilitate the voices of unrepresented and marginalized nations and peoples worldwide. It was formed on 11 February 1991 at the Peace Palace in The Hague, Netherlands. Its members consist of indigenous peoples, minorities, and unrecognized or occupied territories.

UNPO works to develop the understanding of and respect for the right to self-determination, provides advice and support related to questions of international recognition and political autonomy, trains groups on how to advocate for their causes effectively, and directly advocates for an international response to human rights violations perpetrated against UNPO member groups. Since its foundation in 1991, UNPO’s membership has grown steadily from its original founders, now representing more than 45 peoples worldwide, comprising over 300 million people lacking true representation in domestic or international forums. Over the years, many members have achieved their movement’s goals and gained formal recognition at the national or international level, leading them to leave the organization as their peoples are no longer considered “unrepresented.” Former members who have left the organization after gaining full independence and joining the United Nations (UN) include Armenia, East Timor, Estonia, Latvia, Georgia, and Palau.

Throughout 2024, UNPO conducted several training sessions aimed at helping its members and activists. Sessions included in-person training for Asia Pacific members in Geneva, online cybersecurity training, a cybersecurity training in person for the Baloch community in Stockholm, an in-person training in Brussels on the principles and practical applications of non-violent resistance and a youth study session supported by the Council of Europe, emphasizing the importance of acquiring and improving necessary skills for advocacy within marginalized communities.

History

The UNPO was conceived of by leaders of self-determination movements such as Linnart Mäll of the Congress of Estonia, Erkin Alptekin of East Turkestan, and Lodi Gyari of Tibet, together with , along with the international law adviser of the 14th Dalai Lama. The founders were representatives of national movements of Estonia, Latvia, Tibet, Crimean Tatars, Armenia, Georgia, Tatarstan, East Turkestan, East Timor, Australian Aboriginals, the Cordillera in the Philippines, the Greek minority in Albania, Kurdistan, Palau, Taiwan, and West Papua. A key UNPO goal was, and remains, to replicate the powerful message of nonviolence and interethnic tolerance in the face of oppression exhibited by the Tibetan people and championed by the 14th Dalai Lama and to provide a forum in which others are encouraged and supported to adopt similar approaches.

UNPO chose for its founding headquarters in 1991 The Hague in the Netherlands because the city aimed at becoming the International City of Peace and Justice and hosts international courts like the International Court of Justice (ICJ) and International Criminal Court (ICC). A Foundation was established in the Netherlands to provide secretarial support to the UNPO General Assembly and to carry out research and educational activities related to unrepresented peoples worldwide. The Foundation maintains a permanent presence before the European Union, United States and United Nations. It is funded by a combination of member contributions, donations from individuals, and project-based grants from foundations.

Aims

UNPO’s aim is to uphold the fundamental right to autonomy and self-determination for all peoples, striving for a world where every nation and people is heard, valued, and respected. It envisions a future where fundamental rights, including the freedom to determine political status and pursue economic, social, and cultural development, are guaranteed for all.

To achieve this, UNPO fosters solidarity and knowledge exchange among unrepresented peoples through a unique global platform. By strengthening cross-regional projects and engaging in dialogue with the international community, UNPO contributes to building a peaceful, democratic, equitable, and sustainable world. The platform ensures that the voices of unrepresented peoples are not only heard but valued in global forums, empowering nations and peoples to fully realize their potential within a just and inclusive society.

UNPO’s work emphasizes the necessity of non-violent resistance against oppression, while also focusing on the inclusion of underrepresented groups, particularly youth and women, in decision-making processes. By strengthening democratic values, spreading the principles of Gandhian non-violence, and advocating for human rights, the organization empowers members to preserve their cultural identities and contribute to global discussions on pressing environmental and geopolitical challenges. Through strategic partnerships with like-minded organizations, academia, and international actors, UNPO raises awareness of human rights abuses and supports members in having their voices heard on the world stage.

Although UNPO members often have different goals, they have one thing in common: they are generally not represented diplomatically (or only with a minor status, such as observer) in major international institutions, such as the United Nations (UN). As a result, their ability to have their concerns addressed by the global bodies mandated to protect human rights and address conflict is limited.

UNPO is dedicated to the five principles enshrined in its Covenant:

The equal right to self-determination: Self-determination is a fundamental human right, allowing peoples to shape their own political, cultural, and social future, ensuring that all voices are heard in decision-making processes.
Adherence to the internationally accepted human rights standards as laid down in the Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action and other international instruments: Human rights are universal norms designed to protect all people from political, legal, and social abuses, regardless of ethnicity, nationality, or legal status.
Adherence to the principles of democratic pluralism and rejection of totalitarianism and religious intolerance: Democratic pluralism is an inclusive, participatory system where governance is accountable, transparent, and responsive to the people. It embraces diversity, celebrates different cultures, and promotes political inclusion through knowledge, freedom of thought, and openness to differing viewpoints.
Promotion of non-violence and the rejection of terrorism as an instrument of policy: Non-violence is the rejection of violent actions to achieve political goals. UNPO encourages members to adopt peaceful resistance and promote inter-ethnic tolerance in response to oppression.
Protection of the natural environment: Environmental protection is about preserving habitats and resources that protect cultures. Indigenous and local communities, as guardians of traditional ecological knowledge, are best positioned to safeguard their environment and way of life.

All members are required to sign and abide by the UNPO Covenant. UNPO members are required to be nonviolent.

Members

The following are listed as 44 members by the UNPO.

Original members are listed with pink background and in bold. Members who are recognised as independent countries by at least one UN member or by other countries recognised by at least one UN member are marked by asterisk (*).

Member	Represented by	Ref
Flag of Free Aceh Movement.svg Aceh	Acheh-Sumatra National Liberation Front
Bandera Annobon.png Annobón	Ambô Legadu
Volkstaat Afrikaners	Freedom Front Plus
Flag of Arabistan.svg Ahwazi	Democratic Solidarity Party of Ahwaz
Flag of the Assyrians (no Assur).svg Assyrians	Assyrian Universal Alliance
Flag of the Baloch People.svg Balochistan	Balochistan National Party (Mengal)
Barotseland Barotseland	Barotse National Freedom Alliance
Bandera poble Batwa.svg Batwa	African Initiative for Mankind Progress Organization
Bellah	Malian Association for the Preservation of Bellah Culture
Brittany Brittany
Catalonia Catalans	Assemblea Nacional Catalana	title=UNPO: UNPO Welcomes the Assemblea Nacional Catalana as its Newest Member	publisher=UNPO	access-date=31 January 2019	date=10 January 2019	url=https://unpo.org/article/21315	archive-date=28 July 2019	archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190728192535/https://unpo.org/article/21315	url-status=live}}
Flag of the Chittagong Hill Tracts Shanti Bahini.svg Chittagong Hill Tracts	Parbatya Chattagram Jana Samhati Samiti
Flag of the Crimean Tatar people.svg Crimean Tatars	Milli Mejlis
Washington, D.C. District of Columbia (Washington, DC)	D.C. Statehood Congressional Delegation
East Turkestan East Turkestan	World Uyghur Congress
Flag of Balawaristan.svg Gilgit Baltistan	Gilgit Baltistan Democratic Alliance
Guam Guam	Government of Guam	title=UNPO Welcomes 5 New Members!	publisher=UNPO	date=3 August 2020	access-date=7 August 2020	url=https://unpo.org/article/22010	archive-date=6 August 2020	archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806201317/https://unpo.org/article/22010	url-status=live}}
Flagge Haratin FALM.PNG Haratin	Initiative de Résurgence du Mouvement Abolitionniste en Mauritanie
Hmong Flag (UNPO).svg Hmong	Congress of World Hmong People
Flag of Ijaw.svg Ijaw	Ijaw National Congress
Flag of Kurdistan.svg Iranian Kurds	Democratic Party of Iranian Kurdistan and Komala Party of Iranian Kurdistan
Berber flag.svg Kabylia	MAK-Anavad
Flag of KKF.svg Khmer Krom	Khmers Kampuchea-Krom Federation
Unofficial flag of Nagaland.svg Nagalim	National Socialist Council of Nagalim
Flag of the union of the Niger delta Republic.jpg Niger Delta	Niger Delta Peoples Movement
Ogaden Ogaden	Ogaden National Liberation Front
Ogoni Ogoni	Movement for the Survival of the Ogoni People
Flag of the Oromo Liberation Front.svg Oromo	Oromo Liberation Front
Flag of Sindhudesh.svg Sindhis	World Sindhi Congress
Somaliland Somaliland*	Government of Somaliland
South Moluccas South Moluccas	Republic of South Moluccas
Flag of South Azerbaijan.svg Southern Azerbaijanis	South Azerbaijan Democratic Party
Flag of the Inner Mongolian People's Party.svg Southern Mongolians	Southern Mongolian Human Rights Information Center
Taiwan Taiwan*	Taiwan Foundation for Democracy
Tibet Tibet	Central Tibetan Administration
Balochistan Flag.svg West Balochistan	Balochistan People's Party
Flag of Western Togoland.svg Western Togolanders	Homeland Study Group Foundation
Republic of West Papua West Papuans	West Papua Human Rights Center	title=UNPO: West Papua	publisher=UNPO	access-date=24 January 2019	url=https://unpo.org/members/7843	date=15 October 2014	archive-date=23 October 2019	archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191023214017/https://unpo.org/members/7843	url-status=live}}
Flag of Zambesia.jpg Zambesia	Movement for the Survival of the River Races of Zambesia

Former members

Some members of the UNPO have left because of United Nations (UN) recognition, autonomy agreements, or for other reasons.

The following lists former and suspended members.

Former members who became part of the UN are highlighted with a blue background and italics. Original members (from 11 February 1991) are listed with pink background and in bold. Former members who are recognised as independent countries by at least 1 UN member or by other countries recognised by at least 1 UN member are marked by asterisk (*). Suspended members are marked by yellow background.

Former member	Date joined	Date withdrew	Note	Ref
Abkhazia Abkhazians*		2020	Represented by Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Abkhazia
Australian Aboriginal Flag.svg Aboriginals of Australia			Represented by National Committee to Defend Black Rights
Flag of Albanians in North Macedonia.svg Albanians in North Macedonia			Reached agreement on wider rights with North Macedonia in 2001
Berber flag.svg Amazigh			Represented by World Amazigh Congress
Flag_of_the_Federal_Republic_of_Southern_Cameroons.svg Ambazonia			Represented by the Southern Cameroons National Council and Ambazonia Governing Council (from September 2018).
******			Became member of the UN in 1992
Bashkortostan Bashkortostan
Flag of Bougainville.svg Bougainville			Reached an agreement with Papua New Guinea in 2021 in which Bougainville will be independent by 2027.
Burma			Represented by National Council of the Union of Burma. The Myanmar military junta was dissolved in 2011.
Buryatia Buryatia			Represented by All-Buryat Association for the Development of Culture
Flag of Cabinda (FLEC propose).svg Cabinda			Represented by the Front for the Liberation of the Enclave of Cabinda
Flag of the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria (with COA).svg Chechen Republic of Ichkeria*			Government-in-exile in London.
Chin National Flag.png Chin			Represented by Chin National Front
Chuvashia Chuvash			Represented by the Chuvash National Congress
Circassia Circassia			Represented by International Circassian Association
Pi cpdf.GIF Cordillera			Represented by Cordillera Peoples' Alliance
Degar-Montagnards			Represented by Montagnard Foundation, Inc.
East Timor			Became member of the UN in 2002
Estonia			Became member of the UN in 1991
Flag of Gagauzia.svg Gagauzia			Reached autonomy agreement with Moldova in 1994
Georgia			Became member of the UN in 1992
Flag_of_the_Autonomous_Republic_of_Northern_Epirus.svg Republic of Northern Epirus			Represented by Omonoia
Hungary Hungarian minority in Romania		{{dts	format=dmy	2015	}}	Democratic Alliance of Hungarians in Romania
Ingushetia Ingushetia
Inkerin lippu.svg Inkeri
Iraqi Kurdistan Iraqi Kurdistan			Represented by Kurdistan Democratic Party of Iraq and the Patriotic Union of Kurdistan
Flag of Iraq Turkmen Front.svg Iraqi Turkmen			Represented by Iraqi Turkmen Front, Turkmen Nationalist Movement, Turkmen Wafa Movement, and Islamic Union of Iraqi Turkmens
Ka Lahui Hawai Flag.svg Kalahui Hawaii			Represented by Ka Lahui Hawaii
Flag of the Karenni people.png Karenni State			Represented by Karenni National Progressive Party
Flag-of-Khalistan.svg Khalistan			last1=Simmons	first1=Mary Kate	title=Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization: yearbook	year=1998	publisher=Martinus Nijhoff Publishers	isbn=9789041102232	page=187	url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rWB3Bv3vuyMC&q=Khalistan+Unrepresented+Nations+and+Peoples+Organisation&pg=PA187	access-date=3 August 2018	via=Google Books	archive-date=13 April 2023	archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230413200221/https://books.google.com/books?id=rWB3Bv3vuyMC&q=Khalistan+Unrepresented+Nations+and+Peoples+Organisation&pg=PA187	url-status=live}}
Komi Republic Komi
Republic of KosovaKosovoKosovo*			Represented by Democratic League of Kosovo
Flag of the Kumukh people 1.svg Kumyk
Pine Ridge Flag Oglala Lakota Nation.gif Lakota Nation			Followed by the declaration of the Republic of Lakotah
Latin American Indigenous Peoples (Project)	2016	?
******			Became member of the UN in 1991
Lezgian flag.svg Lezghin			Federal Lezgian National and Cultural Autonomy
Maasai people Maasai			Represented by Maasai Women for Education and Economic Development
Personal Standard of Pomare IV.svg Maohi			Represented by Hiti Tau
Flagge fan Madesj.png Madhesh			Represented by Alliance for Independent Madhesh
Flag of the Mapuches (1992).svg Mapuche			Represented by Mapuche Inter-Regional Council
Flag of Mari UNPO.gif Mari
New Mon State Party flag.svg Mon			Represented by Mon Unity League
Flag of the Moro Islamic Liberation Front.svg Moro			Represented by the Moro Islamic Liberation Front, autonomy and peace deal with the government in 2014
Nahua Del Alto Balsas
Nuxalk Nation
* (Belau)*			Became member of the UN in 1994
Flag of Transcarpathian Oblast (unofficial).svg Rusyn
Sakha Republic Sakha
Sandžak Sanjak			Represented by the Bosnian National Council of Sanjak
Savoy Savoy
Skåneland Scania (Skåneland)			Membership suspended on 18 September 2011.
Rehobothflag.svg Rehoboth Basters			Represented by Captains Council
Flag of the Shan State.svg Shan
Flagge fan Súd-Araabje.png South Arabia			Represented by the Southern Democratic Assembly for Self-Determination for South Arabia's People
War Flag of Sulu Sultanate.svg Sulu			Sulu Foundation of Nine Ethnic Tribes
Flag of Talysh.svg Talysh			National Talysh Movement
Tatarstan Tatarstan
Free Territory Trieste Flag.svg Trieste (Free Territory of Trieste)			Represented by TRIEST NGO
Tsimshian
Tuva Tuva
Udmurtia Udmurt			Represented by Udmurt Council
Flagge Venda Dabalorivhuwa Patriotic Front.png Vhavenda			Represented by Dabalorivhuwa Patriotic Front
Zanzibar Zanzibar			Represented by Zanzibar Democratic Alternative, in cooperation with the Civic United Front

Suspensions

UNPO's representing nations may become suspended from the Organization if they fail to follow its covenant.

In 24 January 1993, Khalistan was briefly admitted in the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization, but was suspended a few months after its admission. The membership suspension was made permanent on 22 January 1995, as there was no mechanism to expel Khalistan or force it to withdraw.

Scania was also suspended on 18 September 2011.

Timeline

Here is a timeline on events throughout the UNPO:

1991

February 11 - The UNPO was founded.

Leadership

Secretaries general

Name	Term
Netherlands (Netherlands)	1991–1998
Tibet (Tibet)	1997–1998
[[File:Australian Aboriginal Flag.svg	border	20px]] Helen S. Corbett (Australian Aboriginals)	1998–1999
East Turkestan Erkin Alptekin (Uyghurs)	1999–2003
Italy Marino Busdachin (Italy)	2003–2018
America Ralph J. Bunche III (USA)	2018–2023
Spain Mercè Monje Cano (Spain)	2023–current

Chair/Presidents of the General Assembly

Linnart Mäll – (Estonia) 1991–1993
Erkin Alptekin – (Uyghurs) 1993–1997
Seif Sharif Hamad – (Zanzibar) 1997–2001
John J. Nimrod – (Assyrians) 2001–2005
Göran Hansson – (Scania) 2005–2006
Ledum Mitee – (Ogoni) 2006–2010
Ngawang Choephel Drakmargyapon – (Tibet) 2010–2015
Nasser Boladai – (West Balochistan) 2015–2022
Edna Adan Ismail - (Somaliland) since 2022

Special Executive Director

Karl Habsburg-Lothringen – (Austria) 19 January 2002 – 31 December 2002
Mercè Monje Cano – (Catalonia) 1 October 2021 – current (acting as Interim Secretary General since 2023)

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