Union Pacific Challenger

History

Description

The name "Challenger" was given to steam locomotives with a 4-6-6-4 wheel arrangement, four wheels in the leading pilot truck to guide the locomotive into curves, two sets of six driving wheels, and four trailing wheels to support the rear of the engine and its massive firebox. Each set of driving wheels is driven by two steam cylinders. In essence, the result is two engines under one boiler. Union Pacific developed five types of Challengers - the "light" CSA-1 and CSA-2 classes and the "heavy" 4664–3, 4664–4, and 4664-5 classes.

The railroad sought powerful locomotives that could handle mountain grades at high speeds. Previously, articulated locomotives had been limited to slow speeds by their design. Technical breakthroughs allowed the UP Challengers to operate with 280 lbf/in2 boiler pressure, something usually reserved for passenger locomotives like the FEF Series. They had 69 in drivers, mammoth wheels usually seen on passenger locomotives only because freight engines normally require the leverage provided by smaller wheels. Speeds in excess of 60 mph, while unheard-of on most other railroads using articulated steam locomotives, became commonplace on the Union Pacific.

When the first Challengers entered service in 1936, on the UP's main line over the Wasatch Range between Green River and Ogden, the locomotives had problems climbing the steep grades. For most of the route, the maximum grade is 0.82% in either direction, but the climb eastward from Ogden, into the Wasatch Range, reached 1.14%. Hauling a 3,600 ST freight train demanded double heading and helper operations, and adding and removing helper engines slowed operations. Those limitations prompted the introduction of the Big Boy in 1941, as well as a redesign of the last three orders from 1942 to 1944.

Using the experience from the Big Boy, UP chief mechanical engineer Otto Jabelmann redesigned the last three orders of Challengers in 1941. The result was a locomotive in working order weighing some 317 ST accompanied by a tender weighing 174 ST when two-thirds loaded. Calculated tractive effort is 97,350 lbf. From 1941, the Challengers were intended to speed up freight operations on the grades across Wyoming; the Wasatch Range climb east from Ogden was taken over by unassisted Big Boys.

Construction

The 105 locomotives were ordered in five batches; the first two were light Challengers, and the final three were heavy Challengers. The Challengers, along with the Big Boys, were introduced just as traffic was surging in preparation for American entry to World War II.

As part of Union Pacific's fourth order in 1943, ALCO built 32 locomotives for Union Pacific using the same specifications. However, the War Production Board diverted six locomotives after completion to the Denver and Rio Grande Western Railroad via a lease through the War Department's Defense Plant Corporation. Locomotives 3900-3905 formed the Rio Grande's Class L-97. These were later sold to Clinchfield Railroad in 1947 and were renumbered as 670–675, where they formed the Clinchfield's Class E-3; these six Challengers were eventually retired in 1953.

Preservation

Only two Challengers survive, both from the 4664-4 order built in 1943. No. 3977 is on static display in North Platte, Nebraska. No. 3985 was restored to operating condition by Union Pacific in 1981 and used in excursion service until mechanical problems sent it back into storage in October 2010. It was officially retired in January 2020 and stored in Cheyenne, Wyoming, but has since been donated to the Railroading Heritage of Midwest America (RRHMA) in Little Silvis Shops in Silvis, Illinois, where the locomotive is now being restored to operation once again.

References

Bibliography

References

1. Keefe, Kevin. "The Challenger at high tide". Classic Trains.
2. "Union Pacific No. 3985's next stop - Trains Magazine - Trains News Wire, Railroad News, Railroad Industry News, Web Cams, and Forms".
3. {{Harvp. Wright. 1942
4. "Union Pacific's 40th Anniversary Steam Excursion DVD". Pentrex.
5. (August 1944). "Almost Identical Twins". Trains Magazine.
6. "Railroading Heritage of Midwest America - official website". Railroading Heritage of Midwest America.
7. Glischinski, Steve. (April 28, 2022). "Railroading Heritage of Midwest America, Union Pacific agree to donation of Challenger, other locomotives, cars". Kalmbach Publishing.
8. "Work begins on Union Pacific Challenger No. 3985".