Turkish capture of Smyrna

Accounts of capture

Accounts of the Turkish entry vary in sources. According to Giles Milton, the first Turkish unit to enter the city on 9 September was a cavalry troop that was met by Captain Thesiger of HMS King George V. Captain Thesiger in his report inaccurately stated that he spoke to the 3rd Cavalry Regiment's commander. In reality he spoke with the 13th Cavalry Regiment's commander with Lieutenant Colonel Atıf Esenbel within the 2nd Cavalry Division, as the 3rd Regiment under the command of Colonel Ferit was liberating Karşıyaka under the 14th Cavalry Division. The inaccuracy of British reports throughout the war were also remarked by the British Prime Minister Lloyd George. Lieutenant Ali Rıza Akıncı's unit also met with a British officer in a car on the railroad tracks near the sea. The officer told them not to enter the city, yet they did not listen and continued their march. At the moment they entered the Kordon they encountered a French captain in a black automobile which urged them to be quick and shouted the following: "Hurry, your homeland is about to be burned. The Armenians will burn the city, save the people, occupy the city at once." The Cavalry continued their march. On their road thousands of Greek soldiers and officers as well as Irregulars were throwing their weapons and surrendering. Though a tense stand-off ensued and a grenade, which failed to explode, was tossed at the feet of the Turkish cavalry officer (The grenade thrower is also mentioned by George Horton as "some fool threw a bomb", and that the commander of the unit "received bloody cuts about the head.") Grace Williamson, of the city's English Nursing Home, remarked, "What a week we have spent!! I believe there was hardly a bit of trouble, only one silly fellow fired at the officers... No shooting in the streets!" Captain Şerafettin's horse as a result of the grenade wounds died. Unlike Horton and Williamson, Captain Şerafettin does not use the words fool or silly and mentions the grenade thrower as a civilian who had a sword in his belt. The grenade also wounded the captain.

Lieutenant Ali Rıza Akıncı, the first Turkish officer to hoist the Turkish flag in Smyrna (present day Izmir) on the 9th of September, and his unit of thirteen cavalrymen were ambushed by a volley fire by 30-40 rifles from the Tuzakoğlu factory after being saluted and congratulated by a French Marine platoon in the Halkapınar bridge. This volley of fire killed 3 cavalrymen instantly and fatally wounded another. They were relieved by Captain Şerafettin and his 2 units, which encircled the factory. Moreover, Captain Şerafettin, as well as Lieutenant Ali Rıza Akıncı, were wounded by a grenade thrown by a Greek irregular in front of the Pasaport building. The lieutenant was wounded lightly from his nose and his leg, and his horse from its belly. A monument was later erected on the spot where these cavalrymen were fallen. Pockets of resistance continued; a Turkish Cavalryman was wounded by rifle shots coming from the houses in Kokaryalı neighbourhood. General of the Fifth Cavalry Corps Fahrettin Altay claims that on 10 September Turkish forces belonging to the 2nd and the 3rd Cavalry Divisions detained 3,000 Greek soldiers, 50 Greek Officers, and a brigadier commander in the south of the city centre, who were retreating from Aydın while the ones with horses were able to escape to Çeşme. Greek soldier Vasilis Diamantopoulos, who in 1922 was among the units that retreated from Aydın, after the local Greeks and other Christians left the city without their belongings and also burnt their own homes so the Turks wouldn't find them intact, was captured along with his entire 18th regiment which was commanded by Colonel Zenginis on the evening of 10 September by the Turkish regular cavalry. Only the left guard unit of Major Vamvakopoulos' battalion was able to escape except the units under the command of Captain Katsikas which surrendered on the 11th of September. 4th Cavalry Regiment under the command of Filibeli Kaymakam-Major Ali Reşat Bey within the 2nd Cavalry Division were among the troops that captured Zenginis and his units. Diamantopoulos however, claimed that a day later the prisoners that were sent away to Manisa amounted to 3,500.

Fire in the city

Main article: Burning of Smyrna

Just a few days after its capture, a massive fire broke out, consuming the city's Armenian and Greek neighbourhoods. The Jewish and Muslim quarters were not damaged in the fire.

Legacy

References

References

1. (December 1995). "Türk İstiklal Harbi II. Cilt Batı Cephesi 6. Kısım III. Kitap Büyük Taarruzda Takip Harekatı (31 Ağustos - 18 Eylül 1922)". Genelkurmay Atase Başkanlığı Yayınları.
2. (December 1995). "Türk İstiklal Harbi II. Cilt Batı Cephesi 6. Kısım III. Kitap Büyük Taarruzda Takip Harekatı (31 Ağustos - 18 Eylül 1922)". Genelkurmay Atase Başkanlığı Yayınları.
3. [https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F50A10FE345E11738DDDA90994D1405B828EF1D3 ''Greeks surrender Smyrna to Turks after shell fire''], New York Times, published September 10, 1922.
4. Smith, Michael Llewellyn. (1973). "Ionian Vision: Greece in Asia Minor, 1919–1922". St. Martin's Press.
5. "KARŞIYAKA".
6. Öngel, Çağlar. (2022-11-28). "26-31 Ağustos 1922 Tarihleri Arasında 14. Süvari Tümeni’nin Harekâtı". Afyon Kocatepe Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi.
7. MacMillan, Margaret. (2003). "Peacemakers: Six Months That Changed the World". John Murray.
8. Aksoy, Yaşar. (2021). "İstiklal Süvarisi - İzmir'in Kurtuluşu: Teğmen Ali Riza Akıncı'nın Hatıratı". Kırmızı Kedi Yayınevi.
9. Horton, George. (1926). "The Blight of Asia, An Account of the Systematic Extermination of Christian Populations by Mohammedans and of the Culpability of Certain Great Powers; with the True Story of the Burning of Smyrna". Bobbs-Merrill.
10. Milton, Giles. ''Paradise Lost: Smyrna 1922: the Destruction of Islam's City of Tolerance'' (London: John Murray Press, 2008), pp. 254-55.
11. Aydın, Aybay. (1999-09-10). "İzmir’in Kurtuluşu ve Yüzbaşı Şerafettin". Cumhuriyet.
12. Aksoy, Yaşar. (2021). "İstiklal Süvarisi - İzmir'in Kurtuluşu: Teğmen Ali Riza Akıncı'nın Hatıratı". Kırmızı Kedi Yayınevi.
13. Altay, Fahrettin. (1970). "Görüb Geçirdiklerim-10 YIL SAVAŞ 1912-1922 VE, SONRASI". İnsel Yayınları.
14. Διαμαντόπουλος, Βασίλης. (1977). "ΑΙΧΜΑΛΩΤΟΣ ΤΩΝ ΤΟΥΡΚΩΝ (1922-1923)". Private.
15. Διαμαντόπουλος, Βασίλης. (1977). "ΑΙΧΜΑΛΩΤΟΣ ΤΩΝ ΤΟΥΡΚΩΝ (1922-1923)". Private.
16. Διαμαντόπουλος, Βασίλης. (1977). "ΑΙΧΜΑΛΩΤΟΣ ΤΩΝ ΤΟΥΡΚΩΝ (1922-1923)". Private.
17. See [[Marjorie Housepian Dobkin]], ''Smyrna 1922: The Destruction of a City'' (New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1971; 2nd ed. Kent, OH: Kent State University Press, 1988); [[Giles Milton]], ''Paradise Lost: Smyrna, 1922'' (New York: Basic Books, 2008).
18. [https://www.aa.com.tr/en/turkey/turkey-s-izmir-marks-97th-anniversary-of-liberation-day/1577186] Turkey’s Izmir marks 97th anniversary of Liberation Day
19. [https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/dokuz-eylul-university] ABOUT DOKUZ EYLÜL UNIVERSITY