Truncated tetrahedron

Construction

The truncated tetrahedron can be constructed from a regular tetrahedron by cutting all of its vertices off, a process known as truncation. The resulting polyhedron has 4 equilateral triangles and 4 regular hexagons, 18 edges, and 12 vertices. With edge length 1, the Cartesian coordinates of the 12 vertices are the permutations of

\bigl( {\pm\tfrac{3\sqrt{2}}{4} }, \pm\tfrac{\sqrt{2}}{4}, \pm\tfrac{\sqrt{2}}{4} \bigr)

that have an even number of minus signs.

Properties

Given the edge length a . The surface area of a truncated tetrahedron A is the sum of 4 regular hexagons and 4 equilateral triangles' area, and its volume V is: \begin{align} A &= 7\sqrt{3}a^2 &&\approx 12.124a^2, \ V &= \tfrac{23}{12}\sqrt{2}a^3 &&\approx 2.711a^3. \end{align}

The dihedral angle of a truncated tetrahedron between triangle-to-hexagon is approximately 109.47°, and that between adjacent hexagonal faces is approximately 70.53°.

The densest packing of the truncated tetrahedron is believed to be \Phi = \frac{207}{208} , as reported by two independent groups using Monte Carlo methods by and . Although no mathematical proof exists that this is the best possible packing for the truncated tetrahedron, the high proximity to the unity and independence of the findings make it unlikely that an even denser packing is to be found. If the truncation of the corners is slightly smaller than that of a truncated tetrahedron, this new shape can be used to fill space completely.

The truncated tetrahedron is an Archimedean solid, meaning it is a highly symmetric and semi-regular polyhedron, and two or more different regular polygonal faces meet in a vertex. The truncated tetrahedron has the same three-dimensional group symmetry as the regular tetrahedron, the tetrahedral symmetry \mathrm{T}_\mathrm{h} . The polygonal faces that meet for every vertex are one equilateral triangle and two regular hexagons, and the vertex figure is denoted as 3 \cdot 6^2 . Its dual polyhedron is triakis tetrahedron, a Catalan solid, shares the same symmetry as the truncated tetrahedron.

Related polyhedra

The truncated tetrahedron can be found in the construction of polyhedra. For example, the augmented truncated tetrahedron is a Johnson solid constructed from a truncated tetrahedron by attaching a triangular cupola onto one hexagonal face. The triakis truncated tetrahedron is a polyhedron constructed from a truncated tetrahedron by adding three tetrahedra onto its triangular faces, as implied by the name "triakis". It is classified as plesiohedron, meaning it can tessellate in three-dimensional space known as honeycomb; an example is triakis truncated tetrahedral honeycomb.

Friauf polyhedronThe Friauf polyhedron is named after J. B. Friauf, who described it as an intermetallic structure formed by a compound of metallic elements. It can be found in crystals such as complex metallic alloys, an example is dizinc magnesium MgZn2. It is a lower symmetry version of the truncated tetrahedron, interpreted as a truncated tetragonal disphenoid with its three-dimensional symmetry group as the dihedral group D_{2\mathrm{d}} of order 8.

Truncating a truncated tetrahedron gives a polyhedron with 54 edges, 32 vertices, and 20 faces—4 hexagons, 4 nonagons, and 12 trapeziums. This polyhedron was used by Adidas as the underlying geometry of the Jabulani ball designed for the 2010 World Cup.

Truncated tetrahedral graph

In the mathematical field of graph theory, a truncated tetrahedral graph is an Archimedean graph, the graph of vertices and edges of the truncated tetrahedron, one of the Archimedean solids. It has 12 vertices and 18 edges. It is a connected cubic graph, and connected cubic transitive graph.

As a Wythoff construction, it is vertex transitive, and has 2 edge orbits of 6 (between triangles) and 12 (on triangle cycles). As a Hamiltonian cubic graph, it can be represented by LCF notation as [2, 6, -2]4 with 2 vertex orbits, and 4 edge orbits in a regular 12-gon.

|[[File:Truncated_tetrahedral_graph-circulant.svg|240px]] |

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Examples

File:De divina proportione - Tetraedron Abscisum Vacuum.jpg | drawing in De divina proportione (1509) File:Perspectiva Corporum Regularium 09a.jpg | drawing in Perspectiva Corporum Regularium (1568) File:Modell, Kristallform (Verzerrungen) Oktaeder (Spinell) -Krantz 4, 6, 7, 391- (8).jpg | crystal model File:Tetraedro truncado (Matemateca IME-USP).jpg | photos from different perspectives (Matemateca) File:D4 truncated tetrahedron.JPG | 4-sided die File:Permutohedron in simplex of order 4, with truncated tetrahedron (0-based).png | 12 permutations of (4, 2, 0, 0) (brown) File:Tetraminx.jpg | A solved Tetraminx

References

| contribution-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=ILnBkuSxXGEC&pg=PA46

| article-number = 151101

References

1. An Atlas of Graphs, page 267, truncated tetrahedral graph
2. An Atlas of Graphs, page 130, connected cubic graphs, 12 vertices, C105
3. An Atlas of Graphs, page 161, connected cubic transitive graphs, 12 vertices, Ct11