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Triple Crown (baseball)

Baseball achievement

Baseball achievement

In baseball, a player earns a Triple Crown when he leads a league in three specific statistical categories in the same season. The term "Triple Crown" generally refers to the batting achievement of leading a league in batting average, home runs, and runs batted in (RBI) over the same season. The term "Pitching Triple Crown" refers to the pitching achievement of leading a league in wins, strikeouts, and earned run average (ERA).

The term "Triple Crown" is typically used when a player leads one league, such as the American League (AL) or the National League (NL), in the specified categories. A tie for a lead in any category, such as home runs, is sufficient to be considered the leader in that category. A "Major League Triple Crown" may be said to occur when a player leads all of Major League Baseball in all three categories.

Hitting Triple Crown

The term "Triple Crown", unless modified, generally connotes the batting achievement; it is not necessary to refer to it as the "hitting" Triple Crown. A hitter who completes a season leading a league in batting average, home runs, and runs batted in (RBI) may be said to have won the "Triple Crown."

The Triple Crown reflects the ability of a hitter to excel in three important ways: to hit safely a high percentage of the time (batting average); to hit the ball long distances (home runs); and to produce when runners are on base, driving them home to score (RBI). It is an uncommon feat to lead all hitters in each of these categories. It has been accomplished 17 times in major league seasons, most recently in 2012 by Miguel Cabrera. Cabrera's was the first since 1967, when Carl Yastrzemski accomplished the feat. Yastrzemski won the Triple Crown the year after Frank Robinson did, the only time back-to-back Triple Crowns occurred in baseball history.

Hiromitsu Ochiai and Oscar Charleston are the only players to have won three batting Triple Crowns in any league. Ochiai won in 1982, 1985, and 1986 while competing in the Pacific League of Nippon Professional Baseball. Charleston won in 1921 while playing in the Negro National League, and again in 1924 and 1925 while playing in the Eastern Colored League. In the American League and National League, the most batting Triple Crowns won by a player is two. Rogers Hornsby was the first to accomplish it, winning his first in 1922 and then leading both leagues in 1925 en route to his second Triple Crown, both with the St. Louis Cardinals. Ted Williams later matched this mark, leading both leagues in 1942 and the American League in 1947, both with the Boston Red Sox. Ochai and Randy Bass each recorded Triple Crowns in consecutive seasons in the Nippon League, in 1985 and 1986.

The Cardinals have won the most hitting Triple Crowns as a franchise with four. Along with Hornsby's two, Tip O'Neill won in the now-defunct American Association in 1887 while the team was known as the St. Louis Browns, and Joe Medwick added the Cardinals' fourth in 1937. Eleven of the thirteen eligible players who have batting Triple Crowns have been elected to the Hall of Fame. Baseball journalist Tim Kurkjian believes the Triple Crown has become more difficult to win with the advent of more hitters who choose to specialize in either hitting for batting average or power.

Pitching Triple Crown

A pitcher who leads the league in wins, strikeouts, and earned run average (ERA) is said to have won the "Pitching Triple Crown." The term was previously defined as leading the league in wins, ERA, and winning percentage. It was used in that older sense to describe the unsuccessful pursuits of that goal by Bobby Shantz in 1952 and Johnny Antonelli in 1954 as well as Sandy Koufax in 1963. Koufax was first described as having won the Pitching Triple Crown in the current sense after his 1965 season, though the older sense continued to be used.

In contrast to the respective batting statistics, the Pitching Triple Crown statistics are more or less complementary (for example, a pitcher who is especially proficient at striking out batters is likely to give up fewer earned runs, and consequently more likely to win games); therefore, the accomplishment is not as rare as the batting crown.

The Pitching Triple Crown has been accomplished 39 times in the American and National Leagues. The most by one player is three, accomplished by three players. Grover Cleveland Alexander captured his first two in consecutive seasons with the Philadelphia Phillies (1915–1916), and won a third in 1920 with the Chicago Cubs. Alexander is the only pitcher to win a Pitching Triple Crown with more than one major league team. Walter Johnson won his three Triple Crowns with the original Washington Senators, leading the league in all three categories in 1913, 1918, and 1924. Sandy Koufax was the most recent to capture three Triple Crowns, winning his three within four seasons for the Los Angeles Dodgers (1963, 1965–1966); all of Koufax's crowns led both major leagues, the most for any player.

Outside MLB, Yoshinobu Yamamoto and Sun Dong-yol each won three pitching triple crowns and are the only players to earn this achievement in three consecutive seasons. Yamamoto achieved this record in the NPB from 2021 to 2023, and Sun Dong-yol achieved it in the KBO League from 1989 to 1991.

Other major league pitchers who have won multiple Pitching Triple Crowns include Christy Mathewson (1905 and 1908 New York Giants), Lefty Grove (1930 and 1931 Philadelphia Athletics), Lefty Gomez (1934 and 1937 New York Yankees), and Roger Clemens (1997 and 1998 Toronto Blue Jays).

One pitcher, Guy Hecker, won a Triple Crown in a defunct 19th century major league; he led the original American Association in wins, strikeouts, and ERA in 1884 while pitching for the Louisville Colonels.

Eighteen of 24 major league pitchers who have won a Triple Crown and are eligible for the Hall of Fame have been inducted. The Triple Crown winners who most recently became eligible for the Hall are Pedro Martínez and Randy Johnson. Both were elected to the Hall of Fame in 2015, each in their first year of eligibility.

The most recent major league pitchers to achieve the feat are Chris Sale and Tarik Skubal in 2024. As of 2024, every MLB pitcher who has achieved the Triple Crown has concurrently won the Cy Young Award for that season.

Major league records

The first major league pitcher to achieve the pitching Triple Crown was Tommy Bond, in the NL in 1877. The following year, Paul Hines became the first major leaguer to lead the NL in the three batting categories; he, Heinie Zimmerman, and Miguel Cabrera are the only three players to be AL or NL Triple Crown winners and not reach the Hall of Fame, although Cabrera will not be eligible for induction until 2029. The highest home run total reached by a Crown winner was Mickey Mantle, with 52 in 1956. The highest RBI total belongs to Lou Gehrig, with 165 in 1934. Rogers Hornsby has the highest home run total by an NL winner, 42, from his 1922 season. The NL high for RBI is 154, set by Joe Medwick in 1937. Hugh Duffy's .440 average in his 1894 Triple Crown season is the highest batting average by any player in major league history. Nap Lajoie, in 1901, set the all-time AL single-season high in batting average with .426.

Among the major leaguers who earned the pitching Triple Crown, the lowest ERAs belong to Walter Johnson (1.14 in 1913 AL) and Grover Alexander (1.22 in 1915 NL). The highest win total belongs to Charles Radbourn, amassed in 1884, who in that year set a major league single-season record with at least 59 wins. Radbourn struck out 441 batters that season, the highest total for a Triple Crown winner. Walter Johnson holds the highest win total by an AL pitching Triple Crown winner, with 36 in 1913. Among AL pitching Triple Crown winners, Pedro Martínez registered the highest season strikeout total, with 313 in 1999. Since 1901, the major league pitcher with the highest season strikeout total in the course of a Triple Crown season is Sandy Koufax, striking out 382 in 1965.

Triple Crown winners

;Key

Year*§HRRBIAVGWKERANLALAACLPLNNLECLNALNN2
Links to the article about the corresponding Professional Baseball season
Member of the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum or Japanese Baseball Hall of Fame
Player is active
Denotes "Major League" Triple Crown
Player also won the MVP Award in the same year
Home runs
Runs batted in
Batting average
Wins
Strikeouts
Earned run average
National League
American League
American Association
Central League
Pacific League
Negro National League (1920–1931)
Eastern Colored League
Negro American League
Negro National League (1933–1948)

Major League Baseball

Batting

Research in 2015 restored the Chicago Cubs' Heinie Zimmerman of 1912 to the list. There is doubt over whether Hugh Duffy's 1894 RBI totals were the highest.

YearPlayerPositionTeamLeagueHRRBIAVGRef(s)
Center fielderProvidence GraysNL4*50*.358*
Left fielderSt. Louis BrownsAA14123.435
OutfielderBoston BeaneatersNL18145.440
Second basemanPhiladelphia AthleticsAL14125.426
Right fielderDetroit TigersAL9*107*.377*
Third basemanChicago CubsNL14104.372
Second basemanSt. Louis CardinalsNL42152.401
Second basemanSt. Louis CardinalsNL39*143*.403*url=https://www.baseball-reference.com/leagues/NL/1925-batting-leaders.shtmltitle=1925 National League Batting Leaderswork=Baseball-Reference.comaccess-date=June 9, 2010archive-date=February 8, 2010archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100208231422/http://www.baseball-reference.com/leagues/NL/1925-batting-leaders.shtmlurl-status=live}}
First basemanPhiladelphia AthleticsAL48163.356
Right fielderPhiladelphia PhilliesNL28120.368
First basemanNew York YankeesAL49*165*.363*
Left fielderSt. Louis CardinalsNL31154.374
Left fielderBoston Red SoxAL36*137*.356*url=https://www.baseball-reference.com/leagues/MLB/1942-batting-leaders.shtmltitle=1942 Major League Baseball Batting Leaderswork=Baseball-Reference.comaccess-date=June 9, 2010archive-date=February 26, 2011archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110226091241/http://www.baseball-reference.com/leagues/MLB/1942-batting-leaders.shtmlurl-status=live}}
Left fielderBoston Red SoxAL32114.343
Center fielderNew York YankeesAL52*130*.353*
Right fielderBaltimore OriolesAL49122.316
Left fielderBoston Red SoxAL44121.326url=https://www.baseball-reference.com/leagues/AL/1967-batting-leaders.shtmltitle=1967 American League Batting Leaderswork=Baseball-Reference.comaccess-date=June 9, 2010archive-date=March 7, 2021archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210307222604/https://www.baseball-reference.com/leagues/AL/1967-batting-leaders.shtmlurl-status=live}}
Third basemanDetroit TigersAL44139.330

Pitching

YearPlayerTeamLeagueERAWKRef(s)
Boston Red CapsNL2.1140170
Louisville ColonelsAA1.8052385
Providence GraysNL1.3859441
New York GiantsNL1.7435335
Boston BeaneatersNL2.7349284
New York GiantsNL2.7836195
Boston AmericansAL1.6233158
New York GiantsNL1.2731206
Philadelphia AthleticsAL1.4827287
New York GiantsNL1.4337259
Washington SenatorsAL1.14*36*243*url=https://www.baseball-reference.com/leagues/MLB/1913-pitching-leaders.shtmltitle=1913 Major League Baseball Pitching Leaderswork=Baseball-Reference.comaccess-date=January 31, 2010archive-date=November 7, 2011archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111107064931/http://www.baseball-reference.com/leagues/MLB/1913-pitching-leaders.shtmlurl-status=live}}
Philadelphia PhilliesNL1.22*31*241*url=https://www.baseball-reference.com/leagues/MLB/1915-pitching-leaders.shtmltitle=1915 Major League Baseball Pitching Leaderswork=Baseball-Reference.comaccess-date=January 31, 2010archive-date=December 20, 2011archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111220030518/http://www.baseball-reference.com/leagues/MLB/1915-pitching-leaders.shtmlurl-status=live}}
Philadelphia PhilliesNL1.5533167
Washington SenatorsAL1.27*23*162*url=https://www.baseball-reference.com/leagues/MLB/1918-pitching-leaders.shtmltitle=1918 Major League Baseball Pitching Leaderswork=Baseball-Reference.comaccess-date=January 31, 2010archive-date=September 29, 2010archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100929080724/http://www.baseball-reference.com/leagues/MLB/1918-pitching-leaders.shtmlurl-status=live}}
Chicago CubsNL1.7422148
Chicago CubsNL1.9127173
Washington SenatorsAL2.7223158
Brooklyn RobinsNL2.16*28*262*
Philadelphia AthleticsAL2.54*28*209*
Philadelphia AthleticsAL2.06*31*175*
New York YankeesAL2.3326158
New York YankeesAL2.3321194
Cincinnati RedsNL2.2927137
Cleveland IndiansAL2.6127261
Detroit TigersAL1.81*25*212*
Los Angeles DodgersNL1.88*25*306*url=https://www.baseball-reference.com/leagues/majors/1963-pitching-leaders.shtmltitle=1963 Major League Baseball Pitching Leaderswork=Baseball-Reference.comaccess-date=January 31, 2010archive-date=May 16, 2023archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230516140951/https://www.baseball-reference.com/leagues/majors/1963-pitching-leaders.shtmlurl-status=live}}
Los Angeles DodgersNL2.04*26*382*url=https://www.baseball-reference.com/leagues/majors/1965-pitching-leaders.shtmltitle=1965 Major League Baseball Pitching Leaderswork=Baseball-Reference.comaccess-date=January 31, 2010archive-date=December 8, 2021archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211208190104/https://www.baseball-reference.com/leagues/majors/1965-pitching-leaders.shtmlurl-status=live}}
Los Angeles DodgersNL1.73*27*317*url=https://www.baseball-reference.com/leagues/majors/1966-pitching-leaders.shtmltitle=1966 Major League Baseball Pitching Leaderswork=Baseball-Reference.comaccess-date=January 31, 2010archive-date=September 24, 2021archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210924183311/https://www.baseball-reference.com/leagues/majors/1966-pitching-leaders.shtmlurl-status=live}}
Philadelphia PhilliesNL1.9727310
New York MetsNL1.53*24*268*
Toronto Blue JaysAL2.0521292
Toronto Blue JaysAL2.6520271
Boston Red SoxAL2.0723313
Arizona DiamondbacksNL2.3224334
Minnesota TwinsAL2.77*19*245*
San Diego PadresNL2.5419240
Los Angeles DodgersNL2.2821248
Detroit TigersAL2.4024250
Cleveland IndiansAL1.63*8*122*
Atlanta BravesNL2.3818225
Detroit TigersAL2.3918228

Negro league baseball

On December 16, 2020, Major League Baseball announced that the records of Negro league baseball from 1920 to 1948 would be designated as major league status. As such, seven different leagues that existed in that time period are now recognized as being on the same level as MLB. Seven batters and four pitchers achieved the Triple Crown in that era.

Batting

YearPlayerPositionTeamLeagueHRRBIAVGRef(s)
Center fielderSt. Louis GiantsNNL1591.433
OutfielderKansas City MonarchsNNL20120.406
Center fielderHarrisburg GiantsECL1563.405
Center fielderHarrisburg GiantsECL2097.427
First basemanSt. Louis StarsNNL32130.425
ShortstopSt. Louis StarsNNL17114.411
CatcherPittsburgh CrawfordsNNL21866.389
CatcherHomestead GraysNNL22073.417
Right fieldKansas City MonarchsNAL632.364
First basemanNewark EaglesNNL21156.347

Pitching

YearPlayerTeamLeagueERAWKRef(s)
1934Philadelphia StarsNegro National League II1.2420164
1938Homestead GraysNegro National League II1.881470
1938Kansas City MonarchsNegro American League1.92988
1943Homestead GraysNational League II2.541894

Nippon Professional Baseball

Batting

YearPlayerPositionTeamLeagueHRRBIAVGRef(s)
First BasemanTokyo GiantsJPBL10*38*.361*url=https://npb.jp/history/alltime/triplecrown.htmltitle=Triple Crown - List of various record achieverswork=NPB.jpaccess-date=January 9, 2026}}
CatcherNankai HawksPL42110.320
First BasemanYomiuri GiantsCL51114.355
First BasemanYomiuri GiantsCL49107.332
Third BasemanLotte OrionsPL3299.325
First basemanHankyu BravesPL37130.355
Third BasemanLotte OrionsPL52146.367
First BasemanHanshin TigersCL54134.350
Third BasemanLotte OrionsPL50116.360
First BasemanHanshin TigersCL47109.389
Left FielderFukuoka Daiei HawksPL44120.358
Third BasemanTokyo Yakult SwallowsCL56134.318

Pitching

YearPlayerTeamLeagueERAWKRef(s)
Tokyo GiantsJPBL0.81*24*196*
Tokyo GiantsJPBL1.05*19*146*
Tokyo GiantsJPBL0.73*34*253*
Yomiuri GiantsJPBL1.84*27*187*
Chunichi DragonsCL1.3932273
Nankai HawksPL1.5826275
Kokutetsu SwallowsCL1.3031311
Nishitetsu LionsPL1.4233334
Nankai HawksPL1.4038336
Chunichi DragonsCL1.7035310
Nishitetsu LionsPL1.6942353
Kintetsu BuffaloesPL2.0225178
Nippon Ham FightersPL2.2822225
Yomiuri GiantsCL2.2920221
Chunichi DragonsCL2.6517172
Kintetsu BuffaloesPL2.9118287
Yomiuri GiantsCL2.0920179
Fukuoka SoftBank HawksPL1.7518205
Hiroshima CarpCL2.2115174
Yomiuri GiantsCL2.1415200
Fukuoka SoftBank HawksPL2.1611149
Orix BuffaloesPL1.39*18*206*title=Pitching Dashboard – NPB STATSurl=http://npbstats.com/leaders/leaderboards/player-season/pitching-dashboard/access-date=2024-10-08language=en-US}}
Orix BuffaloesPL1.68*15*205*
Orix BuffaloesPL1.2116169

KBO League

Batting

YearPlayerPositionTeamHRRBIAVGRef(s)
1984CatcherSamsung Lions2380.340
2006First BasemanLotte Giants2688.336
Third BasemanLotte Giants44133.364

Pitching

Since the KBO League's strikeout titles began to be officially awarded in the 1993 season, the criteria for KBO League pitchers Triple Crown until 1992 are wins, ERA, and a pitcher's winning percentage.

The Standard of 1982–1992
YearPlayerTeamWPCTERAWKSO RankRef(s){{sortnameParkChul-soon{{sortnameSunDong-yol{{sortnameSunDong-yol{{sortnameSunDong-yol
1982OB Bears.8571.84241082nd
1989Haitai Tigers.8751.17211981st
1990Haitai Tigers.7861.13221891st
1991Haitai Tigers.8261.55192101st
The Standard of 1993–
YearPlayerTeamERAWKRef(s){{sortnameSunDong-yol
1986Haitai Tigers0.9924214
2006Hanwha Eagles2.2318204
KIA Tigers2.4517178
NC Dinos2.0020209
Hanwha Eagles1.8917252

Sun Dong-yol won the MVP of the season in 1986 with getting annual wins, strikeout, and ERA title. But as mentioned above, the KBO League's pitcher triple crown standard at that time was a winning-rate title, not a strikeout, so it is officially considered that Sun Dong-yeol in 1986 did not achieve the triple crown. Sun Dong-yol's winning percentage in the 1986 season was .800, ranking 2nd in the league.

Explanatory notes

References

General and cited references

Citations

References

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  123. (October 17, 2023). "American ace captures Triple Crown, veteran earns 1st career batting title in KBO".
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