Trimurti

Evolution

The Puranic period from the 4th to the 12th century CE saw the rise of post-Vedic religion and the evolution of what R. C. Majumdar calls "synthetic Hinduism."

Following is a well-known verse from the Vishnu Purana (1.2.66) that mentions Brahma, Vishnu, and Shiva together in a single verse, highlighting their roles within the cosmic functions of creation, preservation, and destruction.

rūpāṇi trīṇi tatraiva mūrttibheda-vibhāgataḥ |

ajāmyekāmśam ātmānaṁ śiva-rūpeṇa tishthati ||

jagataḥ sthiti-samdhānaṁ samharanti yuge yuge |

trayaṁ brahma-mahā-viṣṇu-māheśvara-iti smṛtam ||

Translation: "In this way, the one supreme entity divides itself into three forms—Brahma, Vishnu, and Mahesh (Shiva)—taking on different aspects. It creates, preserves, and destroys the universe in various ages."

This period had no homogeneity, and included orthodox Brahmanism in the form of remnants of older Vedic faith traditions, along with different sectarian religions, notably Shaivism, Vaishnavism, and Shaktism that were within the orthodox fold yet still formed distinct entities. One of the important traits of this period is a spirit of harmony between orthodox and sectarian forms.

Regarding this spirit of reconciliation, R. C. Majumdar says that:

Its most notable expression is to be found in the theological conception of the , in other words, the manifestation of the supreme God in three forms of , , and ... But the attempt cannot be regarded as a great success, for never gained an ascendancy comparable to that of or , and the different sects often conceived the as really the three manifestations of their own sectarian god, whom they regarded as Brahman or Absolute.

The identification of Brahma, Vishnu, and Shiva as one being is strongly emphasized in the * Purāṇa*. In verse 1.6, Brahman is worshipped as Trimurti; verse 1.9 especially inculcates the unity of the three gods, and verse 1.26 relates to the same theme.

Noting Western interest in the idea of trinity, historian A. L. Basham explains the background of the Trimurti as follows:

There must be some doubt as to whether the Hindu tradition has ever recognized Brahma as the Supreme Deity in the way that Visnu and Siva have been conceived of and worshiped. The concept of Trimurti is also present in the Maitri Upanishad, where the three gods are explained as three of his supreme forms.

== Views within Hinduism ==

The word ‘trimurti’ means ‘three forms’. In the trimurti, Brahma is the creator, Vishnu is the preserver and Shiva is the destroyer.

Remember the difference between Brahman (with an ‘n’), which refers to Ultimate Reality, and Brahma (with no ‘n’), which refers to the creator god.

=== Shaivism === Shaivites hold that, according to Shaiva Agama, Shiva performs five actions: creation, preservation, dissolution, grace, and illusion. Respectively, these first three actions are associated with Shiva as Sadyojata (akin to Brahma), Vamadeva (akin to Vishnu) and Aghora (akin to Rudra).

Thus, Brahma, Vishnu and Rudra are not deities different from Shiva, but rather are forms of Shiva. As Brahma/Sadyojata, Shiva creates. As Vishnu/Vamadeva, Shiva preserves. As Rudra/Aghora, he dissolves. This stands in contrast to the idea that Shiva is the "God of destruction." Shiva is the supreme God and performs all actions, of which destruction is only but one. Ergo, the Trimurti is a form of Shiva Himself for Shaivas.

Shaivites believe that Shiva is the Supreme, who assumes various critical roles and assumes appropriate names and forms, and also stands transcending all these. A prominent visual example of a Shaivism version of the Trimurti is the Trimurti Sadashiva sculpture in the Elephanta Caves on Gharapuri Island.

=== Vaishnavism === Despite the fact that the Vishnu Purana describes that Vishnu manifests as Brahma in order to create and as Rudra (Shiva) in order to destroy, Vaishnavism generally does not acknowledge the Trimurti concept. Instead, they believe in the avataras of Vishnu like Narasimha, Rama, Krishna, and so forth.

They also believe that Shiva and Brahma are both forms of Vishnu. For example, the Dvaita school holds Vishnu alone to be the Supreme God, with Shiva subordinate, and interprets the Puranas differently. For example, Vijayindra Tîrtha, a Dvaita scholar interprets the 18 puranas differently. He interprets the Vaishnavite puranas as satvic and Shaivite puranas as tamasic and that only satvic puranas are considered to be authoritative.

The tradition of Sri Vaishnavism in the south holds that all major deities that are hailed in the Puranas are in fact forms of Vishnu, and that the scriptures are dedicated to him alone.

=== Shaktism === The female-centric Shaktidharma denomination assigns the eminent roles of the three forms (Trimurti) of Supreme Divinity not to masculine gods but instead to feminine goddesses: Mahasarasvati (Creatrix), Mahalaxmi (Preservatrix), and Mahakali (Destructrix). This feminine version of the Trimurti is called Tridevi ("three goddesses"). The masculine gods (Brahma, Vishnu, Shiva) are then relegated as auxiliary agents of the supreme feminine Tridevi.

=== Smartism === Smartism is a denomination of Hinduism that places emphasis on a group of five deities rather than just a single deity. The "worship of the five forms" () system, which was popularized by the ninth-century philosopher among orthodox Brahmins of the Smārta tradition, invokes the five deities Shiva, Vishnu, Brahma, Shakti and Surya. later added Kartikeya to these five, making six total.

This reformed system was promoted by primarily to unite the principal deities of the six major sects on an equal status. The monistic philosophy preached by made it possible to choose one of these as a preferred principal deity and at the same time worship the other four deities as different forms of the same all-pervading Brahman.

== See also ==

• Ahuric triad
• Dattatreya
• Moirai
• Sanxing
• Three Pure Ones
• Trikaya
• Triple deities *Historical Vishnuism

== Footnotes ==

== References ==

=== Citations ===

=== Works cited === * * * * *

== Further reading == *

== External links == *

[[Category:Trimurti| ]] [[Category:Hindu gods]] [[Category:Names of God in Hinduism]] [[Category:Shiva in art]]

References

1. {{Cite Dictionary.com. Trimurti
2. Jansen, Eva Rudy. (2003). "The Book of Hindu Imagery". Binkey Kok Publications BV.
3. Radhakrishnan, Sarvepalli (Editorial Chairman). (1956). "The Cultural Heritage of India". The Ramakrishna Mission Institute of Culture.
4. Winternitz, Maurice. (1972). "History of Indian Literature". Oriental Books Reprint Corporation.
5. (1852). "Young Scientist: A Practical Journal for Amateurs". Industrial Publication Company..
6. Bahubali. (18 March 2023). "Tridevi – the three supreme Goddess in Hinduism". Hindufaqs.com.
7. For dating of Puranic period as c. CE 300–1200 and quotation, see: Majumdar, R. C. "Evolution of Religio-Philosophic Culture in India", in: Radhakrishnan (CHI, 1956), volume 4, p. 47.
8. For characterization as non-homogeneous and including multiple traditions, see: [[R._C._Majumdar. Majumdar]], R. C. "Evolution of Religio-Philosophic Culture in India", in: Radhakrishnan (CHI, 1956), volume 4, p. 49.
9. For harmony between orthodox and sectarian groups, see: [[R._C._Majumdar. Majumdar, R. C.]] "Evolution of Religio-Philosophic Culture in India", in: Radhakrishnan (CHI, 1956), volume 4, p. 49.
10. For quotation see: see: Majumdar, R. C. "Evolution of Religio-Philosophic Culture in India", in: Radhakrishnan (CHI, 1956), volume 4, p. 49.
11. For references to {{IAST. Kūrma Purana see: Winternitz, volume 1, p. 573, note 2.
12. (2000). "Religious doctrines in the Mahābhārata". Motilal Banarsidass Publishers.
13. "Brahma, Rudra, and Vishnu are called the supreme forms of him. His portion of darkness is! Rudra. His portion of passion is Brahma. His portion of purity is Visnu"—''[[Maitri Upanishad]]'' [5.2]
14. "Hindu gods – the trimurti - Nature of God and existence in Hinduism - GCSE Religious Studies Revision - Eduqas".
15. "Abode of God Shiva".
16. Sharma, B. N. Krishnamurti. (2000). "A history of the Dvaita school of Vedānta and its literature: from the earliest beginnings to our own times". Motilal Banarsidass Publishers.
17. "Introduction to Sri Vaishnava Philosophy".