Tribhuvan International Airport

History

The airport was originally named Gauchaur Airport, after the area of Kathmandu where it was situated. In Nepali, "Gauchaur" refers to a place where cows graze. The formal beginning of aviation in Nepal is generally placed at Gauchaur in 1949 with the landing of a Beechcraft Bonanza carrying the Indian ambassador, although there are disputed claims that Simara Airport existed in some form as early as 1946.

The first flight into Gauchaur occurred on 23 April 1949.

The first charter flight took place between Gauchaur and Calcutta, in a Himalayan Aviation Dakota on 20 February 1950.

On 20 February 1950, an Indian registered Dakota DC-3 commenced the first ever scheduled service, linking Kathmandu to Patna, Kolkata and Delhi.

In 1950, King Tribhuvan took refuge at the Indian embassy in an attempt to overthrow the Rana dynasty. Gyanendra Bir Bikram Shah, the four-year-old grandson of Tribhuvan was crowned the new king. On 10 November 1950, two Indian planes landed at Gauchaur Airport and carried the young king along with his grandfather to Delhi. After the Delhi Accord, the Rana regime ended and King Tribhuvan landed at Gauchaur Airport as the monarch on 18 February 1951, bringing a return of democracy in Nepal.

In 1952, the first scheduled domestic flights commenced to Bhairahawa, Biratnagar, Pokhara and Simara.

On 15 June 1955, the airport was inaugurated by King Mahendra and renamed Tribhuvan Airport in memory of the king's father. The airport was again renamed to Tribhuvan International Airport in 1964.

In 1957, the original 3700 ft grass runway 16/34 was re-laid in concrete. In 1964, the former runway 16/34 was abandoned for a newer 6600 ft runway 02/20. The new runway was extended from 6600 to 10000 ft with the joint effort of the Asian Development Bank (ADB) and the OPEC in 1975. The runway was re-strengthened in 1981.

In 1961, Queen Elizabeth II landed in a Dakota plane for her first visit to Nepal, one of the most high-profile arrivals at the airport.

In 1967, Tribhuvan International Airport received its first jet aircraft, a Lufthansa Boeing 707 and 1972, the Nepali flag carrier, Royal Nepal Airlines commenced jet operations from the airport with a Boeing 727. The same year, Nepali personnel took over air traffic services from the Indian personnel.

In 1985, the extension apron of runway 02/20 was overlaid. The development of the terminal building was commenced in the same year. In 1987, the construction of the Airlines Operation and Control Tower building was completed and the taxiway was overlaid. In the same year, on 11 October, Nepal witnessed the first ever landing of the Concorde. In 1989, the construction of the terminal building was completed and on 18 February 1990, the newly built TIA complex was officially inaugurated by King Birendra Bir Bikram Shah.

In 1992, Necon Air, Nepal's first private airline commenced domestic operations from TIA with a Hawker Siddeley HS 748.

In 1995, work started to expand the domestic terminal. Likewise, Amplitude modulation signalling system (AMSS) and a very-small-aperture terminal (V-SAT) were also installed at the airport.

In 1997, airport surveillance radar (ASR) and secondary surveillance radar (SSR) came into the operation. The installation of radar surveillance was proposed by Japan in 1994, following the crash of Thai Airways Flight 311 and Pakistan International Airlines Flight 268 in 1992, which together claimed the lives of 280 people, including 17 high-level Japanese diplomats. On 9 September 1998, Prime Minister Girija Prasad Koirala officially inaugurated the radars.

In May 2007, Austrian Airlines discontinued its flight to Vienna, Nepal's last direct air link to Europe. In September 2013, Turkish Airlines launched direct flights from Istanbul to Kathmandu, re-establishing Nepal's connection with continental Europe.

In August 2013, the airport's only runway had to be closed for wide-body aircraft because the runway, which was in disrepair, could no longer withstand their weight.

In 2016, a new domestic terminal of 6300 m2 (67,813 sq. ft.) was opened, replacing the old terminal building of 2200 m2 (23,681 sq. ft.). The new facility is a temporary structure, and it cost Rs. 119.8 million to house passengers and office space for 15 local airlines.

In 2020, the runway was extended to 3350 m, the departure hall was expanded to accommodate 1500 more passengers, the arrival area was extended to a lower level and the immigration hall was facelifted.

In 2022, the airport extended its domestic terminal, with the new section of the building being exclusively used by Buddha Air.

In September 2025, the airport was briefly shut down amidst anti-government protests.

Facilities

Apron

The international apron at TIA can handle up to 17 aircraft, although only three can support wide-body category aircraft. There is also a bay at the eastern side of the airport that can hold two wide-body and two ATR 72 or similar type of aircraft. The eastern bay is used solely to park disabled or non-operational airplanes. With the completion of the construction of the two apron the parking capacity has increased to 17 aircraft.

The aprons at the domestic terminal have been accommodating up to 35 aircraft, despite its allowable capacity of only 17. The helipad at TIA can handle up to 17 helicopters.

Runway

The airport has a single 3350 m runway with a slope of 1.2% oriented at 02/20. There is no instrument landing system available. The bitumen runway with the strength of PCN 54F/A/W/T has the markings of the centerline, edge, touchdown zone and the threshold. It has a 60 m Runway Strip and 240 m Runway End Safety Area (RESA). The runway has five intersections with the taxiways. The taxiway G runs parallel to the runway but it does not connect the thresholds.

Aids to landing and navigation

There are two non-precision approaches available at the Kathmandu Airport; VHF omnidirectional range along a distance measuring equipment (VOR/DME) and Required Area Navigation (RNAV/RNP). The RNP AR approaches were designed for runways 02/20 by Navblue, to enhance the overall safety of aircraft operations by taking into account ATC constraints, aircraft energy management, and the terrain. Due to mountainous terrain, VOR/DME systems are installed at Kathmandu and Bhattedanda, along the extended approach path of runway 02 for better reception by aircraft. High intensity 870 m extended centerline lights are installed at the southern end of the airport to assist with the approach. The runway is equipped with high intensity centerline lights, bidirectional raised edge lights, the threshold lights and the runway end lights. Precision approach path indicator (PAPI) lights (3°) are installed as landing aids for the two runways 02/20. There is however no ILS system installed in the airport due to geographic conditions and technological complexities.

Terminals

There are two public terminals at the airport, one for international traffic and one for domestic traffic. The international terminal can handle up to 1350 departing passengers per hour, though it has been handling 2200 per hour at peak hours to suit the increasing demand of passengers.

The domestic terminal is to the northern side of the airport, can be accessed using Free Shuttle Service from the airport main gate. In its temporary building, the domestic terminal has set aside 289 m2 for airline offices, 282 m2 for restaurants, and 58 m2 for lavatories. The terminal has a capacity of 765 passengers per hour.

A terminal for VIP guests is also operated by the Government of Nepal, where international state guests are welcomed. There are plans to construct a separate terminal for helicopter transportation.

Radisson Hotel Kathmandu operates an executive lounge for first and business class passengers of several airlines and Thai Airways operates a Royal Thai Silk lounge for its business-class passengers, as well as Star Alliance Gold card holders.

There is a duty-free shop in the departure area, and tea, coffee and confectionery outlets. There are also baggage help desk, senior citizens and mother room, banking services and pre-paid taxi services to assist passengers at the terminal building.

Aircraft maintenance

Nepal Airlines operates a large hangar between the international and domestic terminals. There are plans to upgrade and move this facility to the eastern side of the airside. Buddha Air operates a closed door hangar facility, which can accommodate narrow-body aircraft at the eastern side of the airport.

Location and access

Tribhuvan International Airport is located 1 km from Pashupatinath Temple and 6 km east of the city centre and main tourist area Thamel. The nearest hotel is Airport Hotel, located about 200 m from the airport gate.

It is in the middle of the junction of three ancient cities of Kathmandu, Bhaktapur and Patan. The airport is connected to major parts of Kathmandu valley by the ring road.

Airlines and destinations

Passenger

| Air Arabia | Abu Dhabi, Sharjah | Air China | Chengdu–Tianfu | Air India | Delhi | Air India Express | Bengaluru | Batik Air Malaysia | Kuala Lumpur–International | Bhutan Airlines | Delhi, Paro | Biman Bangladesh Airlines | Dhaka | Buddha Air | Bhadrapur, Bharatpur, Biratnagar, Dhangadhi, Janakpur, Jitpursimara, Kolkata, Nepalgunj, Pokhara–International, Rajbiraj, Siddharthanagar, Surkhet, Tumlingtar, Varanasi | Cathay Pacific | Hong Kong | China Eastern Airlines | Kunming | China Southern Airlines | Guangzhou | Drukair | Paro | flydubai | Dubai–International | Guna Airlines | Bhadrapur, Bharatpur, Biratnagar, Birendranagar, Janakpur, Jitpursimara, Nepalgunj, Pokhara–International, Siddharthanagar, Tumlingtar | Himalaya Airlines | Beijing–Daxing, Chongqing, Dammam, Dhaka, Doha, Dubai–International, Kuala Lumpur–International, Kuwait City, Lhasa, Qingdao, Riyadh, Shanghai–Pudong | IndiGo | Delhi, Mumbai–Shivaji | Jazeera Airways | Kuwait City | Korean Air | Seoul–Incheon | Kuwait Airways | Kuwait City | Malaysia Airlines | Kuala Lumpur–International | Nepal Airlines | Bangkok–Suvarnabhumi, Bengaluru, Bhojpur, Dammam, Delhi, Doha, Dubai–International, Guangzhou, Hong Kong, Ilam, Khanidanda, Khotehang, Kuala Lumpur–International, Mumbai–Shivaji, Phaplu, Phungling, Riyadh, Rukum, Rumjatar, Siddharthanagar, Tokyo–Narita, Tulsipur | Qatar Airways | Doha | SalamAir | Muscat | Saurya Airlines | Bhadrapur, Biratnagar, Dhangadhi, Nepalgunj, Siddharthanagar | Shree Airlines | Bhadrapur, Biratnagar, Dhangadhi, Janakpur, Jitpursimara, Nepalgunj, Pokhara–International, Rajbiraj, Siddharthanagar | Sichuan Airlines | Chengdu–Tianfu | Singapore Airlines | Singapore | Sita Air | Lukla, Nepalgunj, Phungling, Pokhara–International Charter: Bhadrapur, Phaplu, Ramechhap, Tumlingtar | SpiceJet | Delhi | SriLankan Airlines | Colombo–Bandaranaike | Summit Air | Lukla, Nepalgunj, Phaplu, Phungling, Tumlingtar | Tara Air | Bhojpur, Ilam, Khanidanda, Lamidanda, Lukla, Nepalgunj, Phaplu Charter: Phungling | Thai AirAsia | Bangkok–Don Mueang | Thai Airways International | Bangkok–Suvarnabhumi | Thai Lion Air | Bangkok–Don Mueang | Turkish Airlines | Istanbul | Yeti Airlines | Bhadrapur, Biratnagar, Janakpur, Jitpursimara, Lukla, Nepalgunj, Pokhara–International, Siddharthanagar, Tumlingtar

Buddha Air, Yeti Airlines, Shree Airlines and Sita Air also provide daily mountain sightseeing flights or Mount Everest sightseeing flights from Tribhuvan International Airport. They usually depart from the domestic terminal early morning and return to the airport one hour later.

The helicopter operators Air Dynasty, Manang Air, Prabhu Helicopter, Simrik Air, Shree Airlines and Fishtail Air offer helicopter operations from their respective hubs at Tribhuvan International Airport.

Cargo

| Himalaya Airlines Cargo | Kunming, Nanning | Moalem Aviation | Dubai–International | SF Airlines | Chengdu–Shuangliu, Chengdu–Tianfu | SpiceXpress | Kolkata

Statistics

Airline market share

Expansion

According to the CAAN Aviation Report – 2017, Tribhuvan International will undergo expansions under Transport Project Preparatory Facility funded partly by the Asian Development Bank. Major works include:

• Construction of a parallel taxiway system and side strip
• Construction of a new international terminal building
• Reconfiguration of existing international terminal building to domestic terminal building
• Relocation of Nepal Airlines hangar
• Relocation of Nepal Army infrastructure, hangar and other associated work

Ground transportation

Sajha Yatayat buses connect the airport's international terminal to Kathmandu's city centre, and Lalitpur's city centre. Meter and prepaid taxis are available at both terminals at all hours.

Incidents and accidents

• On 10 May 1973, a McDonnell Douglas DC-8 operated by Thai Airways overran the runway on landing, with 100 passengers and 10 crew on board. There was one fatality.
• On 31 July 1992, an Airbus A310-304, operating as Thai Airways International Flight 311 crashed into a mountain while approaching Kathmandu, killing all 113 people on board.
• On 28 September 1992, an Airbus A300 (registered as B4-203) operating as Pakistan International Airlines Flight 268 crashed while approaching Kathmandu, killing all 167 on board, making it the worst air accident in Nepal.
• On 17 January 1995, a de Havilland Canada DHC-6 Twin Otter operating as Royal Nepal Airlines Flight 133 from Kathmandu to Rumjatar, had problems getting airborne at Tribhuvan International Airport. The aircraft struck the airfield perimeter fence and plunged into fields. Of three crew and 21 passengers on board, one crew member and one passenger were killed.
• On 7 July 1999, a Boeing 727-200F operated by Lufthansa Cargo crashed in the Champadevi hills at an altitude of 7550 feet, five minutes after takeoff, when it should have been at an altitude of 9500 feet. All five crew members on board were killed.
• On 5 September 1999, a BAe 748-501 Super 2B operating as Necon Air Flight 128 from Pokhara to Kathmandu, crashed while approaching Tribhuvan International Airport. The aircraft collided with a communication tower of Nepal Telecommunication Corporation and crashed in a wooded area 25 km west of Kathmandu. All 10 passengers and 5 crew were killed.
• On 26 December 1999, an Airbus A300B2-101 operating as Indian Airlines Flight 814 was hijacked en route from Kathmandu to Delhi. The aircraft ended up in Kandahar, Afghanistan. Indian Airlines suspended all flights to and from Nepal for some time, fearing a lack of security at check-in.
• On 24 December 2008, a de Havilland Canada DHC-6 Twin Otter operated by Nepal Airlines ran off the runway during takeoff
• On 24 August 2010, a Dornier 228 operating as Agni Air Flight 101 crashed into hills outside Kathmandu in heavy rain. All on board (three crew, 11 passengers) were killed. The plane, crashed near Shikharpur village, 80 km south of Kathmandu. The aircraft had left Tribhuvan International Airport, bound for Tenzing-Hillary Airport.
• On 25 September 2011, a Beechcraft 1900D operating as Buddha Air Flight 103, struck terrain while approaching Tribhuvan International Airport. There were 16 passengers and three crew members on board. Initial reports stated there was one survivor, who died en route to hospital. At the time of the crash, the weather was overcast with very low clouds and flights were operating under visual flight rules. The aircraft was on the base leg of the approach following a sightseeing flight.
• On 28 September 2012, a Dornier 228 operating as Sita Air Flight 601, crashed soon after take-off, after apparently hitting a vulture. 16 passengers and three crew members were killed.
• On 4 March 2015, an Airbus A330-300 operated by Turkish Airlines veered off the runway after attempting to land in dense fog. The aircraft had been circling for 30 minutes and was making its second landing attempt, after a previous aborted attempt due to poor visibility. The aircraft skidded into soft grass causing the nose wheel to collapse and the airport to temporarily close to all international flights. All 224 passengers and 11 crew members evacuated the aircraft safely, with one minor injury reported.
• On 12 March 2018, a Bombardier Dash 8 Q400 operating as US-Bangla Airlines Flight 211, carrying 67 passengers and 4 crew veered off the runway while landing then crashed on the east side of Tribhuvan International Airport before catching fire. 47 passengers and 4 crew were killed.
• On 19 April 2018, a Boeing 737-900ER operated by Malindo Air on a scheduled flight to Kuala Lumpur International Airport Malaysia, overran the runway after a high-speed rejected takeoff. The aircraft skidded roughly 250 ft south of the runway end and stopped along a grassy area between two runways. All 132 passengers and 7 crew members escaped without injuries. Damage to the aircraft was minor, and the runway was closed for several hours until the plane was removed. The flight crew opted to abort the takeoff due to a warning indicated the aircraft was not correctly configured.
• On 1 September 2018, a BAe Jetstream 41 operated by Yeti Airlines en route from Nepalgunj skidded off the runway, seconds after touching down. All 21 passengers and the crew of three evacuated the aircraft safely without injuries, but the aircraft was written off. Slippery runway due to rainfall was reported to be the cause of the incident.
• On 12 July 2019, a Yeti Airlines ATR 72-500, which was flying from Nepalgunj, skidded off the runway as it landed at Tribhuvan International Airport. There were 68 people aboard, including four crew members; all of them were able to safely exit the plane, but two passengers were minorly injured.
• On 6 May 2022, Singapore Airlines Flight 439, a Boeing 737-800, sustained a tailstrike during takeoff from runway 20. The resulting incident depressurized the aircraft and forced it to divert to Kolkata, India. There were no injuries among the 165 passengers and 8 crew members on board. The tailstrike occurred during the takeoff at the airport was due to over-rotation by the PF, coupled with a likely tailwind with a component of about 10 knots along the runway. The rotation pitch rate was, at times, greater than 5° per second as recorded by the FDR. The pitch angle of 11.07° recorded also exceeded the 7° – 9° normal pitch angle range.
• On 24 July 2024, a Bombardier CRJ200 operated by Saurya Airlines crashed during takeoff, killing 18 of the 19 people on board. The cause of the crash is still under investigation.

References

References

1. "Tribhuvan International Airport". Civil Aviation Authority of Nepal.
2. "Airport information for VNKT".
3. {{GCM. KTM. KTM / VNKT
4. Pal, Alasdair. (2020-08-08). "Factbox: What is a "table-top runway", the site of deadly Air India plane crash?". Reuters.
5. (25 May 2022). "High costs of fuel and ground handling keeping airlines away". The Kathmandu Post.
6. (2024-10-23). "8 Things You Must Know About Tribhuvan International Airport".
7. (2001). "English All Over the Place: Experiences While Teaching Abroad". Starhaven.
8. (15 July 2017). "Accident of Birth". República.
9. (2023-01-21). "The Storied Career Of India's Oldest Fighter Pilot Dalip Singh Majithia, Who Turns 100 Tomorrow".
10. Liechty, Mark. (2017-02-21). "Far Out: Countercultural Seekers and the Tourist Encounter in Nepal". University of Chicago Press.
11. Gupta, Anchit. (27 July 2022). "Anchit Gupta on Twitter: "Flying from Muzaffarpur, along the Bhagmati, the strip was just 150 X1200 yards. Surjit positioned his car at the south end with a T marked next to it, with 1-2-3 balls on the T signifying wind speed ranges for Dalip to gauge approach, in planning that lasted over 6 months." / Twitter".
12. "Chronology".
13. "Tribhuvan International Airport".
14. (13 April 2014). "Queen Elizabeth II on a Tiger Shoot in Katmandu (1961) {{!}} British Pathé".
15. (28 November 2010). "The First Landing of a Concorde in Nepal".
16. "Advanced radar system to make Nepal's skies safer". The Kathmandu Post.
17. "Austrian bids farewell to the 737", Airliner World, June 2013: p6
18. (5 September 2013). "New airline routes launched (20 August – 2 September 2013)". anna.aero.
19. (2 September 2013). "Cracked Kathmandu Airport Runway Now Restricted". AIN online.
20. "New domestic terminal opens at Tribhuvan International Airport".
21. (1 June 2020). "Runway end safety areas at Tribhuvan International Airport improved". The Kathmandu Post.
22. (12 June 2022). "TIA expands domestic departure terminal". The Himalayan Times.
23. Srivastava, Snehal. (10 September 2025). "Nepal Army Seizes Control over Kathmandu Airport; Airlines Cancel Flights to Kathmandu". [[Outlook India]].
24. "Nepal Phase II：Expansion of International Apron,Parallel Taxiway and Associated Works at TIA - AVIC-KDN - AVIC-KDN、KDN".
25. "Poor airport infra to put brakes on fleet expansion". The Kathmandu Post.
26. "CAAN Aviation report VNKT".
27. "Kathmandu – Tribhuvan Airport (KTM/VNKT)".
28. (2022-07-01). "Aerodrome geographical and administrative data".
29. "Caan completes installation of radar in Bhatte Danda".
30. Acharya, Pushpa Raj. (15 Mar 2018). "Lack of ILS localiser on northern side of TIA puts lives at risk".
31. "Hangars large enough to hold the Airbus A330 to be built at Kathmandu airport".
32. "New domestic terminal comes online at TIA".
33. (20 December 2018). "Separate helicopter terminal to be built at TIA". Aviation Nepal.
34. "Airport Restaurant and Executive Lounge". Radisson.
35. "Royal Orchid Lounge". Thai Airways.
36. "Tribhuvan International airport".
37. (14 September 2018). "India to help Nepal build new hangars at the Kathmandu airport". The Economic Times.
38. "Hangar Profile". Buddha Air.
39. "Tribhuvan International Airport".
40. "About {{!}} Airport Hotel".
41. "Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates AUH".
42. (2020-10-16). "Air Arabia Abu Dhabi first flight to land Kathmandu from Abu Dhabi".
43. Godinho, Varun. (2020-10-11). "Air Arabia Abu Dhabi launches additional flights".
44. "Sharjah, United Arab Emirates SHJ".
45. Bhandari, Minraj. "167 Nepalis fly to UAE in an Air Arabia flight after rapid PCR test".
46. Kumar, Ashwani. "Nepalese expats can now fly home as flight services resume".
47. "Air India announces flights to Doha and Kathmandu".
48. "Air India Express Adds Bangalore – Kathmandu in late-2Q25".
49. (2022). "Batik Air reinstates direct flights from KL to Bali". The malaysian reserve.
50. "Bhutan Airlines Adds Delhi Service from mid-September 2015".
51. (2021-09-29). "Biman to resume flights to Medina, Kuwait and Kathmandu".
52. "Biman increasing flights to Kathmandu from March 28 {{!}} MENAFN.COM".
53. "Buddha Air plane that took off for Bhadrapur returns to Kathmandu owing to technical issues".
54. "Buddha Air's Bharatpur-Kathmandu flight experiences technical problem".
55. "Flights to resume tomorrow at Dhangadhi Airport after six months".
56. (2017-02-03). "Buddha Air to conduct additional flight to Janakpur".
57. "Buddha Air to Resume Direct Kathmandu–Kolkata Flights from October 19".
58. "Buddha Air's aircraft collides with fox in Nepalgunj".
59. Pokharel, Santosh. "Flights to and from Pokhara Airport affected as fuel tanker overturns near runway".
60. "#HappyAlert". Buddha Air.
61. (2018-03-24). "Buddha Air to resume Surkhet flights".
62. (2017-08-17). "Buddha Air to fly Varanasi on the end of this week".
63. "Hong Kong (SAR) China HKG".
64. (2021-12-01). "Cathay Pacific launches new Economy Fares in Nepal".
65. (5 December 2021). "Cathay Pacific's new fares". Nepali Times.
66. (3 August 2023). "China Eastern to resume passenger flights on Kunming-Kathamndu route". MyRepublica.
67. (28 November 2022). "China Southern Airlines to restart Kathmandu-Guangzhou flights". Online Khabar.
68. "SCHEDULE FOR PERIOD DECEMBER 2023".
69. "Dubai, United Arab Emirates DXB".
70. Salian, Neesha. (2022-03-07). "UAE's flydubai registers Dhs841m profit in 2021".
71. (2022-03-24). "These flydubai flights will temporarily operate from DWC".
72. (2021-11-07). "Guna Airlines to start regular lights to Surkhet and Bhadrapur".
73. (2021-10-19). "Guna Airlines has started regular flights to Biratnagar".
74. "Guna Airlines to operate Kathmandu-Surkhet flight from today".
75. "Plane flown for Pokhara returned Kathmandu after noticing technical issue".
76. "Guna Airlines launches flights to Bhairahawa". Guna Airlines.
77. "Guna Airlines". Guna Airlines.
78. (24 June 2023). "Himalaya Airlines resumes flight from Kathmandu to Beijing after 3 years". Business Standard.
79. (3 November 2023). "Chongqing Resumes Direct Flights to Kathmandu".
80. (2022). "Himalaya Airlines resumes Saudi flights". The Himalayan Times.
81. (2019-07-20). "Himalayan Airlines to begin Kathmandu-Dhaka flight from Monday".
82. (2017-07-27). "Himalaya Airlines increases flight frequency to Doha, Qatar".
83. (2017-04-28). "Himalaya Airlines makes Dubai its fourth destination".
84. "Himalaya Airlines resumes direct flights to Malaysia".
85. "HIMALAYA AIRLINES RESUMES KUWAIT SERVICE IN AUGUST 2024".
86. "Himalaya Airlines Adds Kathmandu – Lhasa Service From Jan 2024".
87. "Himalaya Airlines Adds Qingdao Service From Sep 2023".
88. "NAC makes maiden landing to Saudi Arabia after 45 years of diplomatic ties".
89. "Himalaya Airlines Dec 2023 Mainland China Network Additions".
90. "काठमाडौंबाट दिल्ली फर्किए भारतीय कांग्रेसका अध्यक्ष राहुल".
91. "IndiGo to commence Mumbai-Kathmandu service in Jun-2020". CAPA.
92. "Nepal's baffling ban on India flights". Nepali Times.
93. "Jazeera Airways adds new destinations in Nov 2019". Routes Online.
94. "Seoul, Korea Republic Of SEL".
95. "Korean Air Reopens Kathmandu Reservations in NS25".
96. "Kuwait Airways to operate 8 new flight destinations".
97. (2022). "Malaysia Airlines Travel Fair returns with fares from RM79". malaysian reserve.
98. (2021-11-19). "Bangkok - Kathmandu flights to resume after Covid-19 pandemic".
99. (18 March 2022). "NAC gears up to restore international flights". The Himalayan Times.
100. "Nepal Airlines to launch flights to Saudi Arabia's Dammam". República.
101. "नौ महिनापछि काठमाडौं-दिल्ली उडान सुरु".
102. (2020-09-27). "दोहा-काठमाण्डौं नियमित उडान संचालन सम्बन्धी सूचना (Information on the Resumption of Regular Commercial Flights from Doha to Kathmandu)".
103. "विन्टर सिजनमा हुने अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय उडान तालिका सार्वजनिक, कुन गन्तव्यमा कति उडान ?".
104. "‌开航｜9月25日起，尼泊尔航空开通加德满都=广州航线，每周2-3班".
105. "Hong Kong bans Nepal Airlines flights for the third time".
106. "Nepal Airlines to operate flights to Falgunanda Sukilumba Airport". República.
107. (2016-10-23). "Nepal Airlines resumes flight to Suketar Airport in Taplejung".
108. (2018-01-03). "NAC increases flight frequency to Rukum Salle Airport".
109. "Nepal Airlines NS25 Domestic Network Additions".
110. "Nepal Airlines announces Kuala Lumpur-Bhairahawa flight". The Kathmandu Post.
111. "Nepal Airlines adds Tokyo service from March 2020".
112. (2018). "Qatar Airways adds flight after extension of TIA hours".
113. (2020). "Muscat-Kathmandu SalamAir flight diverted to Patna".
114. (14 January 2020). "Shree Airlines commencing flight to Janakpur from tomorrow".
115. "Plane With 80 On Board Skids Off Runway At Nepal's Airport, No Casualties".
116. (24 April 2019). "Rajbiraj Airport to resume its flight services from May 8 as Shree Airline prepares for flight operation". Aviation Nepal.
117. "Shree Airlines - Fly the new High". Shree Airlines.
118. (19 June 2018). "Shree Airlines preparing Rajbiraj flights starting from June 24". Aviation Nepal.
119. "Singapore, Singapore SIN".
120. "SilkAir continues its journey as Singapore Airlines".
121. (2021-11-02). "Dornier 9N-AJH belonging to Sita meets runway excursion in Lukla".
122. (2021-11-02). "Sita Air Dornier 228 has collided with a Wild boar at Nepalgunj".
123. "Nepal Airlines prepares to operate Taplejung-Biratnagar flight". República.
124. "Sita Air to conduct Kathmandu-Taplejung-Bhadrapur flights during Dashain".
125. Sengupta, Joy. (4 April 2025). "SpiceJet to start direct flight between Delhi-Kathmandu from May 10". the Times of India.
126. "Flights from Colombo to Nepal".
127. "Two more int'l airlines to have regular flights to and from TIA".
128. (2021-11-02). "Summit Air Recommencing Flight to Taplejung".
129. "Summit Air Winter Schedule". Summit Air.
130. (2021-11-02). "Tara Air DHC6-400 '9N-ALO' completes first commercial flight to Lukla".
131. "Flight Schedule". Tara Air.
132. "Bangkok, Thailand BKK".
133. "THAI AIRASIA PLANS NEPAL 4Q24 LAUNCH".
134. "Thai Airways International Plans Nepal Service From Oct 2023".
135. "Thai Lion Air Resumes Nepal Service From Nov 2022".
136. "Turkish Airlines adds flights, refutes Kathmandu-Istanbul flights suspension".
137. (June 29, 2021). "Flights from Kathmandu to Istanbul for transit passengers will not be affected, says Turkish Airlines".
138. (29 November 2017). "Domestic Flights in Nepal, Kathmandu to Biratanagar (Yeti Airlines)".
139. (2 October 2020). "Yeti Airlines scheduled to fly Simara after 12 years". Aviation Nepal.
140. "Scheduled Flights". Yeti Airlines Pvt. Ltd..
141. "Everest Experience". Buddha Air.
142. "Amazing Everest Experience". Yeti Airlines.
143. "Shree Airlines resumes mountain flight".
144. "Additional Kunming Cargo flight Schedule". Himalayan Airlines.
145. "H9 Cargo Flight Update". Himalayan Airlines.
146. "SF Airlines' Western China headquarters project settled in Chengdu". xinhua silkroad information service.
147. "Civil Aviation Report 2009-2010". Civil Aviation Authority of Nepal.
148. "Civil Aviation Report 2011-2012". Civil Aviation Authority of Nepal.
149. "Civil Aviation Report 2017". Civil Aviation Authority of Nepal.
150. "Civil Aviation Report Annual 2018". Civil Aviation Authority of Nepal.
151. "Tribhuvan International Airport sees lowest passenger traffic since 2003".
152. "Domestic airlines carried record 3.54 million passengers in 2021".
153. (19 January 2023). "TIA recorded more than 132,000 flights last year".
154. "International month wise summary / Domestic monthly movement date – 2024-01-01 To 2024-12-31". Tribhuvan International Airport Civil Aviation Office.
155. (27 January 2024). "Int'l air passenger traffic surpasses pre-Covid record". The Kathmandu Post.
156. "Airlines struggle to remain in the air by discounting fares".
157. [http://caanepal.gov.np/storage/app/uploads/public/5c9/a1b/b87/5c9a1bb87104e976759641.pdf CAAN Aviation Report – 2017]
158. "Kathmandu Airport is reviewing its master plan as final expansion cost expected to touch $1 billion".
159. "Kathmandu Valley Route". Sajha Yatayat.
160. (19 July 2018). "IN TRANSIT: KATHMANDU'S TRIBHUVAN INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT". Roads & Kingdome.
161. Harro Ranter. (10 May 1973). "ASN Aircraft accident Douglas DC-8-33 HS-TGU Kathmandu-Tribhuvan Airport (KTM)".
162. "Accident description". Aviation Safety Network.
163. "Hunt goes on for black box in Airbus wreckage". The Independent.
164. link. (14 February 2010 . Retrieved 18 November 2006.)
165. Harro Ranter. (7 July 1999). "ASN Aircraft accident Boeing 727-243F VT-LCI Kathmandu".
166. link. (29 September 2007 . Retrieved 18 November 2006.)
167. (23 December 2016). "Terror on Indian Airlines Flight 814". The Herald.
168. link. (4 January 2021 . Retrieved 26 December 2008.)
169. (24 August 2010). "Nepal tourist plane crash kills 14". BBC News.
170. (24 August 2010). "All 14 killed in Nepal plane crash". [[The Times of India]].
171. "No survivors in Nepal air crash". Al Jazeera.
172. Sanjaya Dhakal BBC Nepali. (28 September 2012). "BBC News – Nepal plane crash kills 19 at Kathmandu". BBC.
173. (4 March 2015). "Turkish Airlines flight TK 726 crash-lands on Nepal runway in dense fog". The Independent.
174. (5 March 2015). "TIA to remain closed until 10 am Friday". eKantipur.com.
175. (4 March 2015). "Turkish Airlines Jet Veers Off Runway in Nepal". [[The Wall Street Journal]].
176. "ASN Aircraft accident de Havilland Canada DHC-8-402Q Dash 8 S2-AGU Kathmandu-Tribhuvan Airport (KTM)".
177. "Incident: Batik Malaysia B739 at Kathmandu on Apr 19th 2018, rejected takeoff due to takeoff config warning results in overrun". Avherald.com.
178. (September 2018). "Yeti Airlines Jetstream 41 encounters runway excursion at TIA, all passengers safe". Aviation Nepal.
179. (12 July 2019). "Yeti Airlines aircraft skids off runway". The Himalayan Times.
180. "Over-rotation led to Singapore Airlines 737 tail-strike in Kathmandu".
181. Ranter, Harro. "Tailstrike Serious incident Boeing 737-8SA (WL) 9V-MGL, Friday 6 May 2022".
182. (24 July 2024). "Pilot only survivor of Nepal plane crash". www.bbc.com.