TKS (spacecraft)

Design

The TKS was designed under Vladimir Chelomey (VA capsule) and V. N. Bugayskiy (FGB block) as a crewed alternative to the Soyuz spacecraft for servicing Almaz stations, launched on the Proton rocket. Development began in 1965, but by the time the first TKS flew in 1977 the Almaz programme was already winding down.

Four test flights of the VA capsule were conducted without the FGB to validate the design, each launching two capsules stacked together. On one flight the launch vehicle exploded, destroying the lower capsule, while the upper capsule successfully used its launch escape system. Four flights of the complete TKS (VA with FGB) were also launched: one as a systems test, and three that docked with Salyut stations to deliver cargo.

The FGB could also be launched independently as an autonomous uncrewed cargo module, a role that led to its adaptation as the basis for later space station modules. The VA was likewise considered for the "Almaz APOS" concept, in which a crew would have launched docked to an Almaz core inside a VA capsule.

TKS VA

Main article: VA spacecraft

The VA was a compact reentry capsule derived from Chelomei's earlier LK-1 circumlunar spacecraft and LK-700 lunar lander capsule designs. It resembled the Apollo Command Module but was about 30% smaller. The pressurized capsule carried its own life-support system, reaction control thrusters, deorbit engine, parachutes, and soft-landing rockets. It could operate autonomously for up to 31 hours and typically reentered within two orbits. In addition to a three-person crew, the VA could return up to 50 kg of cargo, mainly KSI film-return capsules. Unusually, its docking hatch was located on the aft side, requiring crews to enter and exit through an opening in the heat shield. Although extensively flight-tested, no VA ever carried a crew.

TKS FGB

Main article: Functional Cargo Block

The FGB provided cargo space, docking hardware, and the main orbital maneuvering engines. Crews accessed it through a short tunnel from the VA. At its aft end was a pilot station with controls and windows for manual docking with an Almaz station. Planned operational TKS flights would also have delivered KSI film-return capsules, stowed near the docking port and transferred to the VA spacecraft for return to Earth.

Details

Missions

VA spacecraft test flights

Main article: VA spacecraft#Test flights

Four flights with eight VA spacecraft without an FGB module were conducted to speed up the development of the TKS spacecraft:

• Orbital test of a pair of two VA spacecraft Kosmos 881 and Kosmos 882 in 1976-12-15 that started jointly and reentered on the same day.
• VA #009L/P and VA #009P/P: Launched on 1977-08-04. Launch vehicle failure forty seconds into the flight on a suborbital test of two VA spacecraft. VA #009L/P is destroyed in the resulting booster explosion, VA #009P/P is rescued by the Proton SAS abort system and is recovered safely.
• On 1978-03-30 pair of two VA spacecraft Kosmos 997 and Kosmos 998 started jointly and reentered separately
• On 1979-05-23 pair of two VA spacecraft Kosmos 1100 and Kosmos 1101 that started jointly and reentered separately

{{anchor|Kosmos 929}} TKS-1 (Kosmos 929)

Kosmos 929 was the first flight of a "complete" TKS spacecraft (VA spacecraft with FGB), launched on 17 July 1977 The VA capsule returned to Earth 16 August 1977. The remainder of the spacecraft – the FGB – deorbited on 2 February 1978.

TKS-2 (Kosmos 1267)

Main article: Kosmos 1267

On 25 April 1981, TKS-2 was launched uncrewed as Kosmos 1267, the first FGB to dock with a space station. After separation and recovery of the VA capsule on 24 May 1981, the FGB docked on 19 June with Salyut 6, after 57 days of autonomous flight. It remained attached to the station until both deorbited and were destroyed on 29 July 1982.

{{anchor|Kosmos 1443}} TKS-3 (Kosmos 1443)

On 2 March 1983, TKS-3 was launched uncrewed as Kosmos 1443. This time, the VA remained attached and the first "complete" TKS docked to Salyut 7 two days after launch. TKS-3 separated from the station on 14 August. After undocking, the FGB and the VA spacecraft separated and the VA spacecraft continued in space for four more days demonstrating autonomous flight, before the VA capsule successfully re-entered on 23 August 1983, landing 100 km south-east of Aralsk and returning 350 kg of material from the station. The FGB deorbited itself on 19 September 1983.

TKS-4 (Kosmos 1686)

Main article: Kosmos 1686

The "military" long-duration crew Salyut 7 EO-4—commander Vladimir Vasyutin, Viktor Savinykh, and Alexander Volkov—arrived the same month to conduct experiments with the equipment installed on TKS-4. Vasyutin soon became ill, forcing an early return to Earth on 21 November 1985 after just two months in orbit, cutting short the TKS program’s planned work. The crew of Soyuz T-15 returned to Salyut 7 in May 1986, to conclude some of the experiments and ferry equipment to the then new Mir space station.

Salyut 7 was reboosted to a higher orbit after that mission in anticipation of further TKS flights, and the Buran shuttle. These never materialized, and Salyut 7 and Kosmos 1686 reentered together on 7 February 1991, burning up over Argentina.

Further usage

After the Almaz program ended, KB Salyut, which had developed the FGB, was left to repurpose its small fleet of spacecraft. One served as a tug to deliver the Kvant-1 module to the Mir space station in March 1987, another formed the core of the Polyus spacecraft that was lost in the first launch of the Energia rocket in May. After that, several were adapted into permanent Mir modules, including Kvant-2 (1989), Kristall (1990), Spektr (1995), and Priroda (1996). NASA funding paid for the outfitting and launch of Zarya in 1998 as the first module of the International Space Station, while a flight spare for Zarya was completed as Nauka and finally reached the ISS in 2021.

In the 2010s, the private spaceflight company Excalibur Almaz acquired two surplus VA capsules with the intention of repurposing them as low-cost cargo return vehicles. The plan was never realized, and the company instead sold much of its hardware. One capsule was auctioned in 2014 for €1 million, while the other was reportedly removed from the company’s Isle of Man headquarters in an undisclosed direction. The remaining equipment was announced as destined for educational display.

Existing hardware

Some VA capsules are on display in museums or in storage.

Known articles include:

• #103/1 – Memorial Museum of Cosmonautics
• #103/2 – Excalibur Almaz
• #103/4 – Smithsonian Museum
• #009A/2 – Excalibur Almaz
• #009/2 – NPO Mashinostroyeniya
• #009/3 – Excalibur Almaz
• #? – International Space University, Strasbourg
• #? – Yevpatoria
• #? – NPO Energomash
• #? – Khrunichev State Research and Production Space Center
• #? – Vladimir Tchelomey School, Kazakhstan

Gallery

TKS-based and descendant spacecraft and modules. File:Kosmos-1686 drawing.png|Kosmos 1686 with its VA capsule modified to house instruments File:Polyus cutaway.png|Cutaway view of Polyus spacecraft File:Kvant module and FSM drawing.png|Kvant-1 with its orbital tug attached File:Kvant-2 - Mir module.png|Cutaway view of Kvant-2 File:Kristall - Mir module.png|Cutaway view of Kristall File:Spektr - Mir module.png|Cutaway view of Spektr File:Priroda - Mir module.png|Cutaway view of Priroda File:Zarya from STS-88.jpg|Zarya ISS module File:MLM - ISS module.jpg|Nauka ISS module

References

References

1. "Space Race – SPIES IN SPACE". Smithsonian – National Air and Space Museum.
2. Siddiqi, Asif A.. (November–December 2001). "The Almaz Space Station Complex: A History, 1964–1992, part one". Journal of the British Interplanetary Society.
3. Sven Grahn. "The TKS ferry for the Almaz Space Station". Space History Notes.
4. "TKS". [[Encyclopedia Astronautica]].
5. "Kosmos 929 – NSSDC ID: 1977-066A". NASA NSSDC.
6. "Largest Objects to Reenter". The Aerospace Corporation.
7. "TKS". [[Encyclopedia Astronautica]].
8. D. S. F. Portree. "Mir Hardware Heritage". NASA.
9. "Kvant-2 module (77KSD)".
10. "Zarya FGB control module".
11. "MLM Nauka module for ISS".
12. (18 August 2009). "Beating swords into plowshares with Soviet Almaz". Spaceflight Now.
13. Doug Messier. (19 May 2014). "Excalibur Almaz Space Capsule Bought at Auction". parabolicarc.com.
14. Doug Messier. (11 March 2015). "End of the Line for Excalibur Almaz?". parabolicarc.com.
15. (11 March 2015). "Shooting for the Moon: Time is called on Isle of Man space race".
16. "Kosmonavtika - par Nicolas Pillet".