Timothy (grass)

Description

Timothy grows to 19 - tall, with leaves up to 17 in long and 0.5 in broad. The leaves are hairless, rolled rather than folded, and the lower sheaths turn dark brown.

It has no stolons or rhizomes, and no auricles.

The flowerhead is 2.75 - long and 0.25 - broad, with densely packed spikelets. It flowers from June until September. The stamen are pink.

The ligule is short and blunt.

It grows well in heavy soil, and is noted for its resistance to cold and drought, and thus ability to grow in dry upland or poor sandy soils. In pasture it tends to be overwhelmed by more competitive grasses. After cutting it grows slowly.

File:Poaceae. - Phleum pratense.JPG|Close-up of flower head showing purple stamen (3 per floret) and feathery stigma (2 per floret) File:Timothy ligule.jpg|Ligule is short and blunt File:Illustration Phleum pratense0.jpg|Showing bulbous base and brown leaf sheaths File:Timothy seeds.jpg|Seeds

Subspecies

There are two subspecies:

• Phleum pratense subsp. pratense. Larger, to 59 in tall. Widespread. Native to the Mediterranean.
• Phleum pratense subsp. bertolonii. Smaller, to 27+1/2 in tall. Calcareous grassland.

Cultivation and uses

Timothy was unintentionally introduced to North America by early settlers, and was first described in 1711 by John Hurd from plants growing in New Hampshire. Hurd named the grass "hurd grass" but a farmer named Timothy Hanson began to promote cultivation of it as a hay about 1720, and the grass has been known by its present name since then. Timothy has now become naturalized throughout most of the US and Canada.

It is commonly grown for cattle feed and, in particular, as hay for horses. It is relatively high in fiber, especially when cut late. It is considered a harsh, coarse grass little relished by livestock if cut earlier. It is considered part of the standard mix for grass hay and provides quality nutrition for horses. Timothy hay is a staple food for domestic pet rabbits, guinea pigs, chinchillas, and degus, often making up the bulk of their diet. Timothy hay is rich in long fiber and its abrasive texture helps to grind down the teeth, keeping both the teeth and jaw in good order.

Some caterpillars use it as a food plant, e.g. the Essex skipper (Thymelicus lineola) and the marbled white (Melanargia galathea). It also grows in roadsides and abandoned fields but generally requires nutrient-rich soils.

Plants persist through the winter. Dead, straw-colored flowering stems may persist, but only for a short time, and are recognized by the distinctive spike-like inflorescence.

Medical uses

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Timothy grass pollen allergen is used to treat hay fever.

Breeding objectives in timothy

Breeding programs for forage grasses and especially timothy have been focusing on the improvement of dry matter yield, resistance to disease, dry matter digestibility, and nutritional value, which depends on target species and environment. Due to high phenotypic and genetic heterogeneity in individual plants, and the polyploidy of many species, breeding programs for timothy are accompanied by some difficulties.

Confusion with other species

It is often confused with meadow foxtail (Alopecurus pratensis). Timothy flowers later, from June until August, whereas meadow foxtail flowers from April until June. The spikelets of timothy are twin hornlike projections arranged in cylindrical panicles, whereas foxtail has a soft, single awn.

Purple-stem cat's-tail (Phleum phleoides) prefers lighter soils and grows on chalk downland.

Mountain timothy (Phleum alpinum) grows above 6000 ft. A "wild Timothy" was found to grow in Yosemite at the time of its discovery but may have been a foxtail.

Timothy canary grass (Phalaris angusta), another species with a similar cylindrical panicle, is toxic to livestock.

File:Timothy awns.jpg|Close-up of flower head showing hornlike spikelets File:Alopecurus pratensis1.JPG|Meadow foxtail (Alopecurus pratensis) spikelet

References

References

1. "''Phleum pratense''".
2. Clause 5.3.2.2.3 BS 7370-5{{Full citation needed. (February 2022)
3. ''The Observer's Book of Grasses, Sedge and Rushes'' by Francis Rose, page 112, 1976, {{ISBN. 0 7232 1533 2, published by Frederick Warne and Co.
4. (July 9, 1859). "Timothy Grass". The Louisville Daily Courier.
5. ''Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary'', 11th ed., p. 1310.
6. ''Oxford English Dictionary'', s.v. "timothy grass".
7. ''Reader's Digest Nature Lover's Library Wild Flowers of Britain'', p. 430, published 1988
8. (2010-07-06). "Phleum pratense subsp. pratense*".
9. (21 June 2022). "Prescription medicines: registration of new chemical entities in Australia, 2017".
10. (26 May 2022). "Grazax standardised allergen extract of grass pollen from Timothy grass (Phleum pratense) 75,000 SQ-T sublingual tablets blister foil (267955)".
11. (21 June 2022). "Prescription medicines and biologicals: TGA annual summary 2017".
12. (19 September 2022). "Grastek- timothy grass pollen allergen extract tablet".
13. (2019). "Grazax: a sublingual immunotherapy vaccine for Hay fever treatment: from concept to commercialization". Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics.
14. (2015). "Critical appraisal of Timothy grass pollen extract Grazax in the management of allergic rhinitis". Drug Design, Development and Therapy.
15. (December 2007). "An extract of Timothy-grass pollen used as sublingual immunotherapy for summer hay fever". Drugs of Today.
16. (November 2014). "Oral/sublingual Phleum pretense grass tablet (Grazax/Grastek) to treat allergic rhinitis in the USA". Expert Review of Clinical Immunology.
17. [http://www.bsbi.org.uk/identification.html bsbi.org.uk] {{webarchive. link. (2011-07-17 ; description, retrieved 2010-12-1.)
18. [http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/cgi-bin/get_JM_treatment.pl?8738,9190,9191 Jepson Manual - Phleum alpinum]
19. Bunnell, Lafayette Houghton. (1880). "Discovery of Yosemite". Fleming H. Revell.
20. Lazenby, William R.. (1889). "Proceedings of the Society for the Promotion of Agricultural Science".