Timeline of snowflake research

Chronological list

[[Before Christ|BC]] to 1900

• or - Han Ying (韓嬰) compiled the anthology Han shi waizhuan, which includes a passage that contrasts the pentagonal symmetry of flowers with the hexagonal symmetry of snow. This is discussed further in the Imperial Readings of the Taiping Era.
• 1250 - Albertus Magnus offers what is believed to be the oldest detailed description of snow.
• 1555 - Olaus Magnus publishes the earliest snowflake diagrams in Historia de gentibus septentrionalibus.
• 1611 - Johannes Kepler, in Strenaseu De Nive Sexangula, attempts to explain why snow crystals are hexagonal.
• 1637 - René Descartes' Discourse on the Method includes hexagonal diagrams and a study for the crystallization process and conditions for snowflakes.
• 1660 - Erasmus Bartholinus, in his De figura nivis dissertatio, includes sketches of snow crystals.
• 1665 - Robert Hooke observes snow crystals under magnification in Micrographia.
• 1675 - Friedrich Martens, a German physician, catalogues 24 types of snow crystal.
• 1681 - Donato Rossetti categorizes snow crystals in La figura della neve.
• 1778 - Dutch theologian Johannes Florentius Martinet diagrams precise sketches of snow crystals.
• 1796 - Shiba Kōkan publishes sketches of ice crystals under a microscope.
• 1820 - William Scoresby's An account of the Arteic Regions includes snow crystals by type.
• 1832 - Doi Toshitsura describes and diagrams 86 types of snowflake (雪華図説).
• 1837 - Suzuki Bokushi publishes Hokuetsu Seppu.
• 1840 - Doi Toshitsura expands his categories to include 97 types.
• 1855 - James Glaisher publishes detailed sketches of snow crystals under a microscope.
• 1865 - Frances E. Chickering publishes Cloud Crystals - a Snow-Flake Album.
• 1870 - Adolf Erik Nordenskiöld identifies "cryoconite holes."
• 1872 - John Tyndall publishes The Forms of Water in Clouds and Rivers, Ice and Glaciers.
• 1891 - Friedrich Umlauft publishes Das Luftmeer.
• 1893 - Richard Neuhauss photographs a snowflake under a microscope, titled Schneekrystalle.
• 1894 - A. A. Sigson photographs snowflakes under a microscope.

1901 to 2000

• 1901 - Wilson Bentley publishes a series of photographs of individual snowflakes in the Monthly Weather Review.
• 1903 - Svante Arrhenius describes crystallization process in Lehrbuch der Kosmischen Physik.
• 1904 - Helge von Koch discover the fractal curves to be a mathematical description of snowflakes.
• 1931 - Wilson Bentley and William Jackson Humphreys publish Snow Crystals
• 1936 - Ukichiro Nakaya creates snow crystals and charts the relationship between temperature and water vapor saturation, later called the Nakaya Diagram.
• 1938 - Ukichiro Nakaya publishes Snow
• 1949 - Ukichiro Nakaya publishes Research of snow
• 1952 - Marcel R. de Quervain et al. define ten major types of snow crystals, including hail and graupel in IUGG for the Swiss Federal Institute for Snow and Avalanche Research.
• 1954 - Harvard University Press publishes Ukichiro Nakaya's Snow Crystals: Natural and Artificial.
• 1960 - Teisaku Kobayashi, verifies and improves the Nakaya Diagram with the Kobayashi Diagram.
• 1962 - Cyoji Magono describes meteorological sorting of snow crystal types in clouds.
• 1979 - Toshio Kuroda and Rolf Lacmann, of the Braunschweig University of Technology, publish Growth Mechanism of Ice from Vapour Phase and its Growth Forms.
• 1983 August - Astronauts make snow crystals in orbit on the Space Shuttle Challenger during mission STS-8.
• 1988 - Norihiko Fukuta et al. make artificial snow crystals in an updraft, confirming the Nakaya Diagram.

2001 and after

• 2002 - Kazuhiko Hiramatsu devises a simple snow crystal growth observatory apparatus using a PET bottle cooled by dry ice in an expanded polystyrene box.
• 2004 September - Akio Murai invented the apparatus named lit. Murai-method Artificial Snow Crystal producer (Murai式人工雪結晶生成装置) which makes various shape of artificial snow crystals per pre-setting conditions meeting to Nakaya diagram by vapor generator and its cooling Peltier effect element.
• 2008 December - Yoshinori Furukawa demonstrates conditional snow crystal growth in space, in Solution Crystallization Observation Facility (SCOF) on the JEM (Kibō), remotely controlled from Tsukuba Space Center of JAXA.

Sources cited

• {{cite web|title=雪研究の歴史(Yuki kenkyu no rekishi)|url=http://acha758.blog24.fc2.com/blog-entry-181.html|trans-title=History of research for snow

References

1. link
2. (2003). "The History of the Science of Snowflakes". [[Dartmouth Undergraduate Journal of Science]].
3. The passage reads "{{lang. zh. 凡草木花多五出，雪花獨六出，雪花曰霙，雪雲曰同雲".
4. (1966). "De nive sexangula". Clarendon Press.
5. (1661). "De figura nivis dissertatio、Landmarks of science". Open Library.
6. [http://cruise-handbook.npolar.no/en/nordvesthjornet/smeerenburg.html The ruins of Smeerenburg – a fragmented past, there were already signs of decay when Friedrich Martens came to visit in 1671]
7. [https://books.google.com/books?id=PYdBH4dOOM4C&dq=Martens+Island&pg=PA593 Martens Island is named for Friedrich Martens, a German physician who visited Spitsbergen in 1671]
8. [https://archive.today/20110807191949/http://www.flipkart.com/katechismus-der-natuur-deel-johannes/110426417x-mfx3fojotc Katechismus Der Natuur, Deel 2 (1778)]
9. [http://www.meemelink.com/books%20pages/22049.Martinet.htm Martinet, Johannes Florentius: Katechismus der natuur.]{{dead link. (May 2017)
10. [[Jan Hendrik van Kinsbergen#Return to the Dutch Republic. Joannes Florentius Martinet]]
11. (December 1992). "36. CHICKERING, Mrs. Francis E., Dorothy Sloan Books – Bulletin 9 (12/92)".
12. link. (2011-07-15)
13. Warwick F. Vincent. "Cyanobacterial Dominance in the Polar Regions, Introduction". [[Université Laval]].
14. [http://docs.lib.noaa.gov/rescue/mwr/028/Text/mwr-028-12-0542.TXT 1 Temperature, .... also A. A. Sigson in Rybinsk, Russia, had been making micro-photographs,....]
15. link. 油川英明 (Hideaki Aburakawa). The Meteorological Society of Japan, Hokkaido Branch
16. Hideomi Nakamura (中村秀臣) and Osamu Abe (阿部修). (August 2018). "Density of the Dai1y New Snow Observed in Shinjō, Yamagata". National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Prevention (NIED).
17. [[Asahi shimbun]] obtained experimental right and the idea contest picked up Japanese high school student's idea. Citation:. link. [[:ja:KELK. KELK]]
18. link. 樋口敬二 (Keizou Higuchi). [[Kaga, Ishikawa]]. (December 2015)
19. Awarded by Meteorological Society of Japan in 2002
20. "Murai式人工雪発生装置による雪結晶".
21. Japanese [[Utility model]] No.3106836
22. "Crystal growth in space". [[Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency.
23. Approximately 100 times of experiments till March 2009, outcome would be good hint for ultra-pure [[silicon]] crystallizing, [[Yomiuri Shimbun]] 2 Dec. 2008 Evening edition page 14