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Timeline of chemical element discoveries

List of history of chemical elements

The discoveries of the 118 chemical elements known to exist as of 2026 are presented here in chronological order. The elements are listed generally in the order in which each was first defined as the pure element, as the exact date of discovery of most elements cannot be accurately determined. There are plans to synthesize more elements, and it is not known how many elements are possible.

Each element's name, atomic number, year of first report, name of the discoverer, and notes related to the discovery are listed.

Periodic table of elements

table title}}"	Periodic table by era of discovery	1	2		3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13	14	15	16	17	18	Group →		↓ Period		1	2	3	4	5	6	7
{{element cell	1	hydrogen	H	gas	Before 1800	Primordial}}				{{element cell	2	helium	He	gas	1850-1899	Primordial}}
{{element cell	3	lithium	Li	solid	1800-1849	Primordial}}	{{element cell	4	beryllium	Be	solid	Before 1800	Primordial}}		{{element cell	5	boron	B	solid	Before 1800	Primordial}}	{{element cell	6	carbon	C	solid	Antiquity to Middle Ages	Primordial}}	{{element cell	7	nitrogen	N	gas	Before 1800	Primordial}}	{{element cell	8	oxygen	O	gas	Before 1800	Primordial}}	{{element cell	9	fluorine	F	gas	Before 1800	Primordial}}	{{element cell	10	neon	Ne	gas	1850-1899	Primordial}}
{{element cell	11	sodium	Na	solid	Before 1800	Primordial}}	{{element cell	12	magnesium	Mg	solid	Before 1800	Primordial}}		{{element cell	13	aluminium	Al	solid	Before 1800	Primordial}}	{{element cell	14	silicon	Si	solid	Before 1800	Primordial}}	{{element cell	15	phosphorus	P	solid	Before 1800	Primordial}}	{{element cell	16	sulfur	S	solid	Antiquity to Middle Ages	Primordial}}	{{element cell	17	chlorine	Cl	gas	Before 1800	Primordial}}	{{element cell	18	argon	Ar	gas	1850-1899	Primordial}}
{{element cell	19	potassium	K	solid	Before 1800	Primordial}}	{{element cell	20	calcium	Ca	solid	Before 1800	Primordial}}		{{element cell	21	scandium	Sc	solid	1850-1899	Primordial}}	{{element cell	22	titanium	Ti	solid	Before 1800	Primordial}}	{{element cell	23	vanadium	V	solid	1800-1849	Primordial}}	{{element cell	24	chromium	Cr	solid	Before 1800	Primordial}}	{{element cell	25	manganese	Mn	solid	Before 1800	Primordial}}	{{element cell	26	iron	Fe	solid	Antiquity to Middle Ages	Primordial}}	{{element cell	27	cobalt	Co	solid	Before 1800	Primordial}}	{{element cell	28	nickel	Ni	solid	Before 1800	Primordial}}	{{element cell	29	copper	Cu	solid	Antiquity to Middle Ages	Primordial}}	{{element cell	30	zinc	Zn	solid	Antiquity to Middle Ages	Primordial}}	{{element cell	31	gallium	Ga	solid	1850-1899	Primordial}}	{{element cell	32	germanium	Ge	solid	1850-1899	Primordial}}	{{element cell	33	arsenic	As	solid	Antiquity to Middle Ages	Primordial}}
{{element cell	37	rubidium	Rb	solid	1850-1899	Primordial}}	{{element cell	38	strontium	Sr	solid	Before 1800	Primordial}}		{{element cell	39	yttrium	Y	solid	Before 1800	Primordial}}	{{element cell	40	zirconium	Zr	solid	Before 1800	Primordial}}	{{element cell	41	niobium	Nb	solid	1800-1849	Primordial}}	{{element cell	42	molybdenum	Mo	solid	Before 1800	Primordial}}	{{element cell	43	technetium	Tc	solid	1900-1949	From decay}}	{{element cell	44	ruthenium	Ru	solid	1800-1849	Primordial}}	{{element cell	45	rhodium	Rh	solid	1800-1849	Primordial}}	{{element cell	46	palladium	Pd	solid	1800-1849	Primordial}}	{{element cell	47	silver	Ag	solid	Antiquity to Middle Ages	Primordial}}	{{element cell	48	cadmium	Cd	solid	1800-1849	Primordial}}	{{element cell	49	indium	In	solid	1850-1899	Primordial}}	{{element cell	50	tin	Sn	solid	Antiquity to Middle Ages	Primordial}}	{{element cell	51	antimony	Sb	solid	Antiquity to Middle Ages	Primordial}}
{{element cell	55	caesium	Cs	solid	1850-1899	Primordial}}	{{element cell	56	barium	Ba	solid	Before 1800	Primordial}}		{{element cell	71	lutetium	Lu	solid	1900-1949	Primordial}}	{{element cell	72	hafnium	Hf	solid	1900-1949	Primordial}}	{{element cell	73	tantalum	Ta	solid	1800-1849	Primordial}}	{{element cell	74	tungsten	W	solid	Before 1800	Primordial}}	{{element cell	75	rhenium	Re	solid	1900-1949	Primordial}}	{{element cell	76	osmium	Os	solid	1800-1849	Primordial}}	{{element cell	77	iridium	Ir	solid	1800-1849	Primordial}}	{{element cell	78	platinum	Pt	solid	Antiquity to Middle Ages	Primordial}}	{{element cell	79	gold	Au	solid	Antiquity to Middle Ages	Primordial}}	{{element cell	80	mercury	Hg	Liquid	Antiquity to Middle Ages	Primordial	link=Mercury (element)}}	{{element cell	81	thallium	Tl	solid	1850-1899	Primordial}}	{{element cell	82	lead	Pb	solid	Antiquity to Middle Ages	Primordial}}	{{element cell	83	bismuth	Bi	solid	Antiquity to Middle Ages	Primordial}}
{{element cell	87	francium	Fr	solid	1900-1949	From decay}}	{{element cell	88	radium	Ra	solid	1850-1899	From decay}}		{{element cell	103	lawrencium	Lr	unknown phase	1950-1999	Synthetic}}	{{element cell	104	rutherfordium	Rf	unknown phase	1950-1999	Synthetic}}	{{element cell	105	dubnium	Db	unknown phase	1950-1999	Synthetic}}	{{element cell	106	seaborgium	Sg	unknown phase	1950-1999	Synthetic}}	{{element cell	107	bohrium	Bh	unknown phase	1950-1999	Synthetic}}	{{element cell	108	hassium	Hs	unknown phase	1950-1999	Synthetic}}	{{element cell	109	meitnerium	Mt	unknown phase	1950-1999	Synthetic}}	{{element cell	110	darmstadtium	Ds	unknown phase	1950-1999	Synthetic}}	{{element cell	111	roentgenium	Rg	unknown phase	1950-1999	Synthetic}}	{{element cell	112	copernicium	Cn	unknown phase	1950-1999	Synthetic}}	{{element cell	113	nihonium	Nh	unknown phase	2000-present	Synthetic}}	{{element cell	114	flerovium	Fl	unknown phase	1950-1999	Synthetic}}	{{element cell	115	moscovium	Mc	unknown phase	2000-present	Synthetic}}
1	align=right}}	{{element cell	57	lanthanum	La	solid	1800-1849	Primordial}}	{{element cell	58	cerium	Ce	solid	1800-1849	Primordial}}	{{element cell	59	praseodymium	Pr	solid	1850-1899	Primordial}}	{{element cell	60	neodymium	Nd	solid	1800-1849	Primordial}}	{{element cell	61	promethium	Pm	solid	1900-1949	From decay}}	{{element cell	62	samarium	Sm	solid	1850-1899	Primordial}}	{{element cell	63	europium	Eu	solid	1850-1899	Primordial}}	{{element cell	64	gadolinium	Gd	solid	1850-1899	Primordial}}	{{element cell	65	terbium	Tb	solid	1800-1849	Primordial}}	{{element cell	66	dysprosium	Dy	solid	1850-1899	Primordial}}	{{element cell	67	holmium	Ho	solid	1850-1899	Primordial}}	{{element cell	68	erbium	Er	solid	1800-1849	Primordial}}	{{element cell	69	thulium	Tm	solid	1850-1899	Primordial}}	{{element cell	70	ytterbium	Yb	solid	1850-1899	Primordial}}
2vertical	align=right}}	{{element cell	89	actinium	Ac	solid	1900-1949	From decay}}	{{element cell	90	thorium	Th	solid	1800-1849	Primordial}}	{{element cell	91	protactinium	Pa	solid	1900-1949	From decay}}	{{element cell	92	uranium	U	solid	Before 1800	Primordial}}	{{element cell	93	neptunium	Np	solid	1900-1949	From decay}}	{{element cell	94	plutonium	Pu	solid	1900-1949	From decay}}	{{element cell	95	americium	Am	solid	1900-1949	Synthetic}}	{{element cell	96	curium	Cm	solid	1900-1949	Synthetic}}	{{element cell	97	berkelium	Bk	solid	1900-1949	Synthetic}}	{{element cell	98	californium	Cf	solid	1950-1999	Synthetic}}	{{element cell	99	einsteinium	Es	solid	1950-1999	Synthetic}}	{{element cell	100	fermium	Fm	unknown phase	1950-1999	Synthetic}}	{{element cell	101	mendelevium	Md	unknown phase	1950-1999	Synthetic}}	{{element cell	102	nobelium	No	unknown phase	1950-1999	Synthetic}}
	theme1=Age of discovery	theme2=occurrence}}

Graphical timeline

ImageSize = width:1600 height:120 # barincrement:0 PlotArea = top:70 bottom:30 right:10 left:10 AlignBars = justify Colors = id:gray1 value:gray(0.85) legend:Independent id:gray2 value:gray(0.95) DateFormat = yyyy Period = from:1665 till:2026 TimeAxis = orientation:horizontal ScaleMajor = unit:year increment:10 start:1670 ScaleMinor = unit:year increment:1 start:1665 TextData = textcolor:black fontsize:s pos:(10,110) text:"Au: 40000 BC" pos:(10,100) text:"C: 26000 BC" pos:(10,90) text:"Cu: 9000 BC" pos:(10,80) text:"Pb: 7000 BC" pos:(10,70) text:"Ag," pos:(28,70) text:"Fe: by 5000 BC" pos:(110,110) text:"Sn: 3500 BC" pos:(110,100) text:"Sb: 3000 BC" pos:(110,90) text:"S: by 2000 BC" pos:(110,80) text:"Hg: 1500 BC" pos:(110,70) text:"Zn: by 1000 BC" pos:(200,110) text:"Pt: c. 600 BC–AD 200"

pos:(200,110) text:"Au: 6000 BC" pos:(200,100) text:"As: c. AD 300" pos:(200,90) text:"Bi: c. 1500" PlotData =
bar:elements width:20 from:1660 till:2020 align:center fontsize:S width:15 shift:(0,10) at:1671 mark:(line,black) text:"H" shift:(0,10) at:1868 mark:(line,black) text:"He" shift:(0,10) at:1817 mark:(line,black) text:"Li" shift:(0,20) at:1798 mark:(line,black) text:"Be" shift:(-2,10) at:1787 mark:(line,black) text:"B" shift:(0,40) at:1772 mark:(line,black) text:"N" shift:(0,20) at:1771 mark:(line,black) text:"O" shift:(0,30) at:1771 mark:(line,black) text:"F" shift:(0,30) at:1898 mark:(line,black) text:"Ne" shift:(0,10) at:1702 mark:(line,black) text:"Na" at:1755 mark:(line,black) text:"Mg" at:1746 mark:(line,black) text:"Al" shift:(0,10) at:1739 mark:(line,black) text:"Si" at:1669 mark:(line,black) text:"P" shift:(0,10) at:1774 mark:(line,black) text:"Cl" shift:(0,10) at:1894 mark:(line,black) text:"Ar" shift:(0,20) at:1702 mark:(line,black) text:"K" shift:(0,20) at:1739 mark:(line,black) text:"Ca" shift:(0,30) at:1879 mark:(line,black) text:"Sc" shift:(0,10) at:1791 mark:(line,black) text:"Ti" shift:(0,10) at:1801 mark:(line,black) text:"V" shift:(0,10) at:1797 mark:(line,black) text:"Cr" shift:(0,10) at:1770 mark:(line,black) text:"Mn" shift:(0,10) at:1735 mark:(line,black) text:"Co" at:1751 mark:(line,black) text:"Ni" shift:(0,10) at:1875 mark:(line,black) text:"Ga" shift:(0,20) at:1886 mark:(line,black) text:"Ge" shift:(0,20) at:1817 mark:(line,black) text:"Se" shift:(0,10) at:1825 mark:(line,black) text:"Br" shift:(0,40) at:1898 mark:(line,black) text:"Kr" shift:(0,20) at:1861 mark:(line,black) text:"Rb" shift:(-2,30) at:1790 mark:(line,black) text:"Sr" shift:(0,10) at:1794 mark:(line,black) text:"Y" shift:(0,10) at:1789 mark:(line,black) text:"Zr" shift:(0,20) at:1801 mark:(line,black) text:"Nb" shift:(0,10) at:1778 mark:(line,black) text:"Mo" shift:(0,10) at:1937 mark:(line,black) text:"Tc" shift:(0,10) at:1844 mark:(line,black) text:"Ru" at:1804 mark:(line,black) text:"Rh" shift:(0,30) at:1802 mark:(line,black) text:"Pd" shift:(0,30) at:1817 mark:(line,black) text:"Cd" shift:(0,10) at:1863 mark:(line,black) text:"In" shift:(0,20) at:1782 mark:(line,black) text:"Te" shift:(0,10) at:1811 mark:(line,black) text:"I" shift:(0,50) at:1898 mark:(line,black) text:"Xe" shift:(0,10) at:1860 mark:(line,black) text:"Cs" shift:(0,50) at:1772 mark:(line,black) text:"Ba" shift:(0,10) at:1838 mark:(line,black) text:"La" shift:(0,50) at:1803 mark:(line,black) text:"Ce" shift:(0,10) at:1885 mark:(line,black) text:"Pr" shift:(0,20) at:1841 mark:(line,black) text:"Nd" shift:(0,10) at:1945 mark:(line,black) text:"Pm" shift:(0,40) at:1879 mark:(line,black) text:"Sm" shift:(0,20) at:1896 mark:(line,black) text:"Eu" shift:(0,60) at:1880 mark:(line,black) text:"Gd" shift:(0,30) at:1843 mark:(line,black) text:"Tb" shift:(0,30) at:1886 mark:(line,black) text:"Dy" shift:(0,10) at:1878 mark:(line,black) text:"Ho" shift:(0,40) at:1843 mark:(line,black) text:"Er" shift:(0,50) at:1879 mark:(line,black) text:"Tm" shift:(0,20) at:1878 mark:(line,black) text:"Yb" shift:(0,10) at:1906 mark:(line,black) text:"Lu" shift:(0,10) at:1922 mark:(line,black) text:"Hf" shift:(0,40) at:1802 mark:(line,black) text:"Ta" shift:(0,10) at:1781 mark:(line,black) text:"W" shift:(0,20) at:1908 mark:(line,black) text:"Re" shift:(0,60) at:1803 mark:(line,black) text:"Os" shift:(0,70) at:1803 mark:(line,black) text:"Ir" shift:(0,30) at:1861 mark:(line,black) text:"Tl" shift:(0,60) at:1898 mark:(line,black) text:"Po" shift:(0,30) at:1940 mark:(line,black) text:"At" shift:(0,10) at:1899 mark:(line,black) text:"Rn" shift:(0,20) at:1939 mark:(line,black) text:"Fr" shift:(0,70) at:1898 mark:(line,black) text:"Ra" shift:(0,10) at:1902 mark:(line,black) text:"Ac" shift:(0,10) at:1829 mark:(line,black) text:"Th" shift:(0,10) at:1913 mark:(line,black) text:"Pa" shift:(0,20) at:1789 mark:(line,black) text:"U" shift:(0,40) at:1940 mark:(line,black) text:"Np" shift:(0,10) at:1941 mark:(line,black) text:"Pu" shift:(0,30) at:1944 mark:(line,black) text:"Am" shift:(0,20) at:1944 mark:(line,black) text:"Cm" shift:(0,10) at:1949 mark:(line,black) text:"Bk" shift:(0,20) at:1950 mark:(line,black) text:"Cf" shift:(0,10) at:1952 mark:(line,black) text:"Es" shift:(0,20) at:1953 mark:(line,black) text:"Fm" shift:(0,10) at:1955 mark:(line,black) text:"Md" shift:(0,10) at:1965 mark:(line,black) text:"No" shift:(0,10) at:1961 mark:(line,black) text:"Lr" shift:(0,10) at:1969 mark:(line,black) text:"Rf" shift:(0,20) at:1970 mark:(line,black) text:"Db" shift:(0,10) at:1974 mark:(line,black) text:"Sg" shift:(0,10) at:1981 mark:(line,black) text:"Bh" shift:(0,10) at:1984 mark:(line,black) text:"Hs" shift:(0,20) at:1982 mark:(line,black) text:"Mt" shift:(0,10) at:1994 mark:(line,black) text:"Ds" shift:(0,20) at:1994 mark:(line,black) text:"Rg" shift:(0,30) at:1996 mark:(line,black) text:"Cn" shift:(0,20) at:2003 mark:(line,black) text:"Nh" shift:(0,10) at:1999 mark:(line,black) text:"Fl" shift:(0,30) at:2003 mark:(line,black) text:"Mc" shift:(0,20) at:2000 mark:(line,black) text:"Lv" shift:(0,10) at:2009 mark:(line,black) text:"Ts" shift:(0,10) at:2002 mark:(line,black) text:"Og"

Cumulative diagram

The diagram shows a quasi-linear rate of element discoveries from around 1750 to 2023. The invention of periodic table by Mendeleev is shown for reference in 1869, when about 50% of elements (up to period 7) had already been discovered. — Cumulative diagram of element discoveries

Pre-modern and early modern discoveries

Z	Element	Earliest use	Oldest
existing
sample	Discoverer(s)	Place of
oldest
sample	Notes
79	Gold	40000 BC	4600 BC – 4200 BC	Earliest humans	Varna Necropolis	Small amounts of natural gold have been found in Spanish caves used during the late Paleolithic period, . The earliest gold artifacts dating to 4600 BC to 4200 BC were discovered at the site of Varna Necropolis, Bulgaria. Recognised as an element by Guyton de Morveau, Lavoisier, Berthollet, and Fourcroy in 1787.
6	Carbon	26000 BC	26000 BC	Earliest humans		Charcoal and soot were known to the earliest humans, with the oldest known charcoal paintings dating to about 28000 years ago, e.g. Gabarnmung in Australia. The earliest known industrial use of charcoal was for the reduction of copper, zinc, and tin ores in the manufacture of bronze, by the Egyptians and Sumerians. Diamonds were probably known as early as 2500 BC. True chemical analyses were made in the 18th century, and in 1772 Antoine Lavoisier demonstrated that diamond, graphite, and charcoal are all composed of the same substance. In 1787, de Morveau, Fourcroy, and Lavoisier listed carbon (in French, carbone) as an element, distinguishing it from coal (in French, charbon).
29	Copper	9000 BC	6000 BC	Middle East	Asia Minor	It was originally obtained as a native metal and later from the smelting of ores. Earliest estimates of the discovery of copper suggest around 9000 BC in the Middle East. It was one of the most important materials to humans throughout the Chalcolithic and Bronze Ages. Copper beads dating from 6000 BC have been found in Çatalhöyük, Anatolia and the archaeological site of Belovode on the Rudnik mountain in Serbia contains the world's oldest securely dated evidence of copper smelting from 5000 BC. Recognised as an element by Louis Guyton de Morveau, Antoine Lavoisier, Claude Berthollet, and Antoine-François de Fourcroy in 1787.
82	Lead	7000 BC	3800 BC	Asia Minor	Abydos, Egypt	It is believed that lead smelting began at least 9,000 years ago, and the oldest known artifact of lead is a statuette found at the temple of Osiris on the site of Abydos dated around 3800 BC. Recognised as an element by Guyton de Morveau, Lavoisier, Berthollet, and Fourcroy in 1787.
47	Silver	Before 5000 BC	ca. 4000 BC	Asia Minor	Asia Minor	Estimated to have been discovered in Asia Minor shortly after copper and gold. Recognised as an element by Guyton de Morveau, Lavoisier, Berthollet, and Fourcroy in 1787.
26	Iron	Before 5000 BC	4000 BC	Middle East	Egypt	There is evidence that iron was known from before 5000 BC. The oldest known iron objects used by humans are some beads of meteoric iron, made in Egypt in about 4000 BC. The discovery of smelting around 3000 BC led to the start of the Iron Age around 1200 BC and the prominent use of iron for tools and weapons. Recognised as an element by Guyton de Morveau, Lavoisier, Berthollet, and Fourcroy in 1787.
50	Tin	3500 BC	2000 BC	Asia Minor	Kestel	First smelted in combination with copper around 3500 BC to produce bronze (and thus giving place to the Bronze Age in those places where Iron Age did not intrude directly on Neolithic of the Stone Age). Kestel, in southern Turkey, is the site of an ancient Cassiterite mine that was used from 3250 to 1800 BC. The oldest artifacts date from around 2000 BC. Recognised as an element by Guyton de Morveau, Lavoisier, Berthollet, and Fourcroy in 1787.
51	Antimony	3000 BC	3000 BC	Sumerians	Middle East	An artifact, said to be part of a vase, made of very pure antimony dating to about 3000 BC was found at Telloh, Chaldea (part of present-day Iraq). Dioscorides and Pliny both describe the accidental production of metallic antimony from stibnite, but only seem to recognize the metal as lead. The intentional isolation of antimony is described in the works attributed to the Muslim alchemist Jabir ibn Hayyan (–950). Described again by Georgius Agricola De re metallica in 1556. Probably first recognised as an element by Lavoisier in 1787.
16	Sulfur	Before 2000 BC		Middle East	Middle East	First used at least 4,000 years ago. According to the Ebers Papyrus, a sulfur ointment was used in ancient Egypt to treat granular eyelids. (The Ebers papyrus was written c. 1550 BC, but is believed to have been copied from earlier texts.) Designated as one of the two elements of which all metals are composed in the sulfur-mercury theory of metals, first described in pseudo-Apollonius of Tyana's Sirr al-khaliqa ('Secret of Creation') and in the works attributed to Jabir ibn Hayyan (both 8th or 9th century). Designated as a universal element (one of the tria prima) by Paracelsus in the early 16th century. Recognized as an element by Lavoisier in 1777, which was supported by John Dalton in 1808 and confirmed by Joseph Gay-Lussac and Louis Jacques Thénard in 1810.
80	Mercury	1500 BC	1500 BC	Egyptians	Egypt	Cinnabar (the most common mineral form of mercury(II) sulfide, HgS) was used as a pigment from prehistory, dating as far back as the 9th millennium BC in the Middle East. Cinnabar deposits in Turkey, exploited from 8000 years ago, also contain minor amounts of mercury metal. Found in Egyptian tombs dating from 1500 BC. Recognised as an element, first by medieval alchemists, and later by Guyton de Morveau, Lavoisier, Berthollet, and Fourcroy in 1787.
30	Zinc	Before 1000 BC	1000 BC	Indian metallurgists	Indian subcontinent	Used as a component of brass since antiquity (before 1000 BC) by Indian metallurgists, but its true nature was not generally understood in ancient times. A 4th century BC vase from Taxila is made of brass with a zinc content of 34%, too high to be produced by cementation, providing strong evidence that metallic zinc was known in India by the 4th century BC. Zinc smelting was done in China and India around 1300. and by the alchemist Paracelsus in 1526, who gave it its present name and described it as a new metal.
78	Platinum	c. 600 BC – AD 200	c. 600 BC – AD 200	Pre-Columbian South Americans	South America	Used by pre-Columbian Americans near modern-day Esmeraldas, Ecuador to produce artifacts of a white gold-platinum alloy, although precise dating is difficult. A small box from the burial of the Pharaoh Shepenupet II (died around 650 BC) was found to be decorated with gold-platinum hieroglyphics, but the Egyptians may not have recognised that there was platinum in their gold. First European description of a metal found in South American gold was in 1557 by Julius Caesar Scaliger. Antonio de Ulloa was on an expedition to Peru in 1735, where he observed the metal; he published his findings in 1748. Charles Wood also investigated the metal in 1741. First reference to it as a new metal was made by William Brownrigg in 1750.
33	Arsenic	c. AD 300	c. AD 300	Egyptians	Middle East	The use of metallic arsenic was described by the Egyptian alchemist Zosimos. The purification of arsenic was later described in the works attributed to the Muslim alchemist Jabir ibn Hayyan (–950). Albertus Magnus (–1280) is typically credited with the description of the metal in the West, though some question his work and instead credit Vannoccio Biringuccio, whose De la pirotechnia (1540) distinguishes orpiment from crystalline arsenic. The first to unquestionably have prepared metallic arsenic was Johann Schröder in 1641. Recognised as an element after Lavoisier's definition in 1787.
83	Bismuth			European alchemists and Inca civilisation	Europe and South America	Bismuth was known since ancient times, but often confused with tin and lead, which are chemically similar. The Incas used bismuth (along with the usual copper and tin) in a special bronze alloy for knives. Agricola (1530 and 1546) states that bismuth is a distinct metal in a family of metals including tin and lead. This was based on observation of the metals and their physical properties. Miners in the age of alchemy also gave bismuth the name tectum argenti, or "silver being made" in the sense of silver still in the process of being formed within the Earth. Beginning with Johann Heinrich Pott in 1738, Carl Wilhelm Scheele, and Torbern Olof Bergman, the distinctness of lead and bismuth became clear, and Claude François Geoffroy demonstrated in 1753 that this metal is distinct from lead and tin.

Modern discoveries

For 18th-century discoveries, around the time that Antoine Lavoisier first questioned the phlogiston theory, the recognition of a new "earth" has been regarded as being equivalent to the discovery of a new element (as was the general practice then). For some elements (e.g. Be, B, Na, Mg, Al, Si, K, Ca, Mn, Co, Ni, Zr, Mo), this presents further difficulties as their compounded forms were widely known since medieval or even ancient times, even though the elements as "elemental" constituents of those compounds were not. Since the true nature of those compounds was sometimes only gradually discovered, it is sometimes very difficult to name one specific discoverer.

Z	Element	Observed	Isolated (widely known)	Notes	Year	By	Year	By
15	Phosphorus	1669	H. Brand	1669	H. Brand	Prepared and isolated from urine, it was the first element whose discovery date and discoverer are recorded. Its name first appears in print in the work of in 1676. Recognised as an element by Lavoisier.
1	Hydrogen	1671	R. Boyle	1671	R. Boyle	Robert Boyle produced it by reacting iron filings with dilute acid. Henry Cavendish in 1766 was the first to distinguish from other gases. Lavoisier named it in 1783. It was the first elemental gas known.
11	Sodium	1702	G. E. Stahl	1807	H. Davy	Georg Ernst Stahl obtained experimental evidence that led him to suggest the fundamental difference of sodium and potassium salts in 1702, and Henri Louis Duhamel du Monceau was able to prove this difference in 1736. Andreas Sigismund Marggraf again recognised the difference between soda ash and potash in 1758, but not all chemists accepted his conclusion. In 1797, Martin Heinrich Klaproth suggested the names natron and kali for the two alkalis (whence the symbols). Davy isolated sodium metal a few days after potassium, by using electrolysis on sodium hydroxide and potash respectively.
19	Potassium	1702	G. E. Stahl	1807	H. Davy
27	Cobalt	1735	G. Brandt	1735	G. Brandt	Proved that the blue color of glass is due to a new kind of metal and not bismuth as thought previously.
20	Calcium	1739	J. H. Pott	1808	H. Davy	Lime was known as a substance for centuries, but only in the 18th century was its chemical nature recognised. Pott recognised terra calcarea (calcareous earth) as an individual "earth" in his treatise of 1739. Guyton de Morveau, Lavoisier, Berthollet, and Fourcroy suggested in 1787 that it was the oxide of an element. Davy isolated the metal electrochemically from quicklime.
14	Silicon	1739	J. H. Pott	1823	J. Berzelius	last = Bache	first = Franklin	title = A System of Chemistry for the Use of Students of Medicine	location = Philadelphia	publisher = William Fry	page = 135	date = 1819	isbn=978-0-608-43506-0	url = https://books.google.com/books?id=TPY4AAAAMAAJ&dq=ittrium+1808&pg=PA135}} In 1811 Louis-Joseph Gay-Lussac and Louis-Jacques Thénard probably prepared impure silicon, and Berzelius obtained the pure element in 1823. The name was proposed to be changed to silicon by Thomas Thomson in 1817, and this was eventually accepted because of its analogies to boron and carbon.
13	Aluminium	1746	J. H. Pott	1825	H.C.Ørsted	354–357}} Hans Christian Ørsted was the first to isolate metallic aluminium in 1825. However, some scientists questioned his isolation. The first undisputed isolation of aluminium was done by Friedrich Wöhler in 1827.
28	Nickel	1751	F. Cronstedt	1751	F. Cronstedt	url=http://elements.vanderkrogt.net/element.php?sym=ni	title=28 Nickel	publisher=Elements.vanderkrogt.net	access-date=2008-09-12}}
12	Magnesium	1755	J. Black	1808	H. Davy	Joseph Black observed that magnesia alba (MgO) was not quicklime (CaO) in 1755; until then, both substances had been confused. Davy isolated the metal electrochemically from magnesia.
25	Manganese	1770	T. O. Bergman	1774	J. G. Gahn	url=http://elements.vanderkrogt.net/element.php?sym=mn	title=25 Manganese	publisher=Elements.vanderkrogt.net	access-date=2008-09-12}}
9	Fluorine	1771	W. Scheele	1886	H. Moissan	Fluorspar was described by Georgius Agricola in 1529. Scheele studied fluorspar and correctly concluded it to be the lime (calcium) salt of an acid. Radical fluorique appears on the list of elements in Lavoisier's Traité Élémentaire de Chimie from 1789, but radical muriatique also appears instead of chlorine. André-Marie Ampère again predicted in 1810 that hydrofluoric acid contained an element analogous to chlorine, and between 1812 and 1886 many researchers tried to obtain it. It was eventually isolated by Moissan.
8	Oxygen	1771	W. Scheele	1771	W. Scheele	Scheele obtained it by heating mercuric oxide and nitrates in 1771, but did not publish his findings until 1777. Joseph Priestley also prepared this new air by 1774, but only Lavoisier recognized it as a true element; he named it in 1777. Before him, Sendivogius had produced oxygen by heating saltpetre, correctly identifying it as the "food of life".
7	Nitrogen	1772	D. Rutherford	1772	D. Rutherford	Rutherford discovered nitrogen while studying at the University of Edinburgh. He showed that the air in which animals had breathed, even after removal of the exhaled carbon dioxide, was no longer able to burn a candle. Carl Wilhelm Scheele, Henry Cavendish, and Joseph Priestley also studied the element at about the same time, and Lavoisier named it in 1775–6.
56	Barium	1772	W. Scheele	1808	H. Davy	url=http://elements.vanderkrogt.net/element.php?sym=ba	title=56 Barium	publisher=Elements.vanderkrogt.net	access-date=2008-09-12}}
17	Chlorine	1774	W. Scheele	1774	W. Scheele	Obtained it from hydrochloric acid, but thought it was an oxide. Only in 1810 did Humphry Davy recognize it as an element.
42	Molybdenum	1778	W. Scheele	1788	J. Hjelm	Scheele recognised the metal as a constituent of molybdena. Before that, Axel Cronstedt had assumed that molybdena contained a new earth in 1758.
74	Tungsten	1781	W. Scheele	1783	J. and F. Elhuyar	url=http://elements.vanderkrogt.net/element.php?sym=w	title=74 Tungsten	publisher=Elements.vanderkrogt.net	author=IUPAC	access-date=2008-09-12}} Since that time both names, tungsten and wolfram, have been used depending on language. In 1949 IUPAC made wolfram the scientific name, but this was repealed after protest in 1951 in favour of recognising both names pending a further review (which never materialised). Currently only tungsten is recognised for use in English.
52	Tellurium	1782	F.-J.M. von Reichenstein	1798	H. Klaproth	Muller observed it as an impurity in gold ores from Transylvania. Klaproth isolated it in 1798.
5	Boron	1787	L. Guyton de Morveau, A. Lavoisier, C. L. Berthollet, and A. de Fourcroy	1809	H. Davy	sedative salt]] and named it bore. Davy announced the isolation of a new substance from boracic acid in 1809, naming it boracium. As the element turned out not to be a metal, he revised his proposal to boron in 1812.
		1789	A. Lavoisier			url=http://elements.vanderkrogt.net/chemical_symbols.php	title=Lavoisier 1789 – 33 elements	publisher=Elementymology & Elements Multidict	access-date=2015-01-24}} He also redefines the term "element".
40	Zirconium	1789	H. Klaproth	1824	J. Berzelius	Martin Heinrich Klaproth identified a new oxide in zircon in 1789, and in 1808 Davy showed that this oxide has a metallic base although he could not isolate it.
92	Uranium	1789	H. Klaproth	1841	E.-M. Péligot	Klaproth mistakenly identified a uranium oxide obtained from pitchblende as the element itself and named it after the recently discovered planet Uranus.
38	Strontium	1790	A. Crawford	1808	H. Davy	Adair Crawford in 1790 found that strontianite (strontium carbonate) and witherite (barium carbonate) have different chemical properties, and suspected strontianite contained a new earth. Before him, strontianite is seen as a type of witherite. Strontium was eventually isolated electrochemically in 1808 by Davy.
22	Titanium	1791	W. Gregor	1875	D. K. Kirillov	Gregor found an oxide of a new metal in ilmenite; Klaproth independently discovered the element in rutile in 1795 and named it. In 1825, Jöns Jacob Berzelius claimed isolation of metallic titanium, but his substance did not react with hydrofluoric acid, whereas titanium does. In 1910, Matthew A. Hunter obtained metallic titanium of 99% purity.
39	Yttrium	1794	J. Gadolin	1843	H. Rose	364–366}} Wöhler mistakenly thought he had isolated the metal in 1828 from a volatile chloride he supposed to be yttrium chloride, but Rose proved otherwise in 1843 and correctly isolated the element himself that year.
24	Chromium	1797	N. Vauquelin	1798	N. Vauquelin	url = https://books.google.com/books?id=6dgPAAAAQAAJ	journal =Journal of Natural Philosophy, Chemistry, and the Arts	year = 1798	page = 146	volume =3	title = Memoir on a New Metallic Acid which exists in the Red Lead of Sibiria	first = Louis Nicolas	last = Vauquelin}}
4	Beryllium	1798	N. Vauquelin	1828	F. Wöhler and A. Bussy	358–359}} Vauquelin was uncertain about the name to give to the oxide: in 1798 he called it la terre du beril, but the journal editors named it glucine after the sweet taste of beryllium compounds (which are highly toxic). Johann Heinrich Friedrich Link proposed in 1799 to change the name from Glucine to Beryllerde or Berylline, a suggestion taken up by Klaproth in 1800 in the form beryllina. Klaproth had independently worked on beryl and emerald and likewise concluded that a new element was present. The name beryllium for the element was first used by Wöhler upon its isolation (Davy used the name glucium). Both names beryllium and glucinium were used (the latter mostly in France) until IUPAC decided on the name beryllium in 1949.
23	Vanadium	1801	A. M. del Río	1867	H. E. Roscoe	Andrés Manuel del Río found the metal (calling it erythronium) in vanadinite in 1801, but the claim was rejected after Hippolyte Victor Collet-Descotils dismissed it as chromium based on erroneous and superficial testing. Nils Gabriel Sefström rediscovered the element in 1830 and named it vanadium. Friedrich Wöhler then showed that vanadium was identical to erythronium and thus that del Río had been right in the first place. Roscoe eventually produced the metal in 1867 by reduction of vanadium(II) chloride, VCl2, with hydrogen.
41	Niobium	1801	C. Hatchett	1864	W. Blomstrand	Hatchett found the element in columbite ore and named it columbium. In 1809, W. H. Wollaston claimed that columbium and tantalum are identical, which proved to be false.
73	Tantalum	1802	G. Ekeberg	1864	J.C.G. de Marignac	W. H. Wollaston]] claimed that columbium and tantalum are identical, which proved to be false. De Marignac's sample contained impurities; relatively pure tantalum was produced by Werner von Bolton in 1903.
46	Palladium	1802	W. H. Wollaston	1802	W. H. Wollaston	Wollaston discovered it in samples of platinum from South America, but did not publish his results immediately. He had intended to name it after the newly discovered asteroid, Ceres, but by the time he published his results in 1804, cerium had taken that name. Wollaston named it after the more recently discovered asteroid Pallas.
58	Cerium	1803	H. Klaproth, W. Hisinger, and J. Berzelius	1875	W. F. Hillebrand and T. H. Norton	Hisinger and Berzelius discovered a new earth in cerite, considered it to be an oxide of a new element and named the element after the newly discovered asteroid (then considered a planet), Ceres. Klaproth discovered it simultaneously and independently in some tantalum samples. Mosander (1825) and Wöhler (1867) claimed to have isolated metallic cerium, but their samples were rather impure.
76	Osmium	1803	S. Tennant	1803	S. Tennant	Tennant had been working on samples of South American platinum in parallel with Wollaston and discovered two new elements, which he named osmium and iridium, and published the iridium results in 1804. Collet-Descotils also found iridium the same year, but not osmium.
77	Iridium	1803	S. Tennant and H.-V. Collet-Descotils	1803	S. Tennant
45	Rhodium	1804	H. Wollaston	1804	H. Wollaston	url=http://elements.vanderkrogt.net/element.php?sym=rh	title=45 Rhodium	publisher=Elements.vanderkrogt.net	access-date=2008-09-12}}
53	Iodine	1811	B. Courtois	1811	B. Courtois	Courtois discovered it in the ashes of seaweed. The name iode was given in French by Gay-Lussac and published in 1813. Davy gave it the English name iodine in 1814.
3	Lithium	1817	A. Arfwedson	1821	W. T. Brande	Arfwedson, a student of Berzelius, discovered the alkali in petalite. Brande isolated it electrolytically from lithium oxide.
48	Cadmium	1817	S. L Hermann, F. Stromeyer, and J.C.H. Roloff	1817	S. L Hermann, F. Stromeyer, and J.C.H. Roloff	All three found an unknown metal in a sample of zinc oxide from Silesia, but the name that Stromeyer gave became the accepted one.
34	Selenium	1817	J. Berzelius and G. Gahn	1817	J. Berzelius and G. Gahn	While working with lead they discovered a substance that they thought was tellurium, but realized after more investigation that it was different.
35	Bromine	1825	J. Balard and C. Löwig	1825	J. Balard and C. Löwig	They both discovered the element in the autumn of 1825. Balard published his results the next year, but Löwig did not publish until 1827.
90	Thorium	1829	J. Berzelius	1914	D. Lely, Jr. and L. Hamburger	Berzelius obtained a new earth (the oxide of a new element) in thorite.
57	Lanthanum	1838	G. Mosander	1904	W. Muthmann, L. Weiss	Mosander found a new earth in samples of ceria in 1838.
60	Neodymium	1841	G. Mosander	1901	W. Muthmann, H. Hofer, L. Weiss	url=http://elements.vanderkrogt.net/element.php?sym=nd	title=60 Neodymium	publisher=Elements.vanderkrogt.net	access-date=2008-09-12}}
68	Erbium	1843	G. Mosander	1934	W. Klemm and H. Bommer	Mosander managed to split the old yttria into yttria proper, erbia, and terbia. The names underwent some confusion: Mosander's erbia was yellow and his terbia was red. But in 1860, Nils Johan Berlin could only find the rose-coloured earth, confusingly renamed as erbia, and questioned the existence of the yellow earth. Marc Delafontaine adopted Berlin's nomenclature where erbia was the rose-coloured earth, but proved in 1878 that the yellow earth also existed. At the prompting of Jean Charles Galissard de Marignac, he named the yellow earth terbia; thus Mosander's names were swapped from his original choices.
65	Terbium	1843	G. Mosander	1937	W. Klemm and H. Bommer
44	Ruthenium	1844	K. Claus	1844	K. Claus	author = Gottfried Osann	title = Berichtigung, meine Untersuchung des uralschen Platins betreffend	journal = Poggendorffs Annalen der Physik und Chemie	volume = 15	year = 1829	page = 158	url = http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k15100n.image.f168.langDE	language = German}} However, in 1844 Karl Karlovich Klaus confirmed that there was one new metal, and reused Osann's name "ruthenium".
55	Caesium	1860	G. R. Kirchhoff and R. Bunsen	1882	C. Setterberg	Kirchhoff and Bunsen were the first to suggest finding new elements by spectrum analysis. They discovered caesium by its two blue emission lines in a sample of Dürkheim mineral water. The pure metal was eventually isolated in 1882 by Setterberg.
37	Rubidium	1861	G. R. Kirchhoff and R. Bunsen	1863	R. Bunsen	Kirchhoff and Bunsen discovered it just a few months after caesium, by observing new spectral lines in the mineral lepidolite. The metal was isolated by Bunsen around 1863.
81	Thallium	1861	W. Crookes	1862	C.-A. Lamy	Shortly after the discovery of rubidium, Crookes found a new green line in a selenium sample; later that year, Lamy found the element to be metallic.
49	Indium	1863	F. Reich and T. Richter	1864	T. Richter	Reich and Richter first identified it in sphalerite by its bright indigo-blue spectroscopic emission line. Richter isolated the metal the next year.
2	Helium	1868	N. Lockyer	1895	W. Ramsay, T. Cleve, and N. Langlet	P. Janssen and Lockyer observed independently a yellow line in the solar spectrum that did not match any other element. However, only Lockyer made the correct conclusion that it was due to a new element. This was the first observation of a noble gas, located in the Sun. Years later after the isolation of argon on Earth, Ramsay, Cleve, and Langlet observed independently helium trapped in cleveite.
		1869	D. I. Mendeleev			Mendeleev arranges the 63 elements known at that time (omitting terbium, as chemists were unsure of its existence, and helium, as it was not found on Earth) into the first modern periodic table and correctly predicts several others.
31	Gallium	1875	P. E. L. de Boisbaudran	1878	P. E. L. de Boisbaudran and E. Jungfleisch	Boisbaudran observed on a pyrenea blende sample some emission lines corresponding to the eka-aluminium that was predicted by Mendeleev in 1871. He and Jungfleisch isolated the metal three years later by electrolysis.{{cite web	url=http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/the-new-metal-gallium-1878-06-15/	date= 15 June 1878	access-date= 2016-06-16	website= Scientific American}}
70	Ytterbium	1878	J.C.G. de Marignac	1936	W. Klemm and H. Bommer	On 22 October 1878, Marignac reported splitting erbia (Mosander's terbia) into two new earths, erbia proper and ytterbia.
67	Holmium	1878	J.-L. Soret and M. Delafontaine	1939	H. Bommer	Soret found it in samarskite and later, Per Teodor Cleve split Marignac's erbia into erbia proper and two new elements, thulium and holmium. Delafontaine's philippium turned out to be identical to what Soret found.
21	Scandium	1879	F. Nilson	1937	W. Fischer, K. Brünger, H. Grieneisen	Nilson split Marignac's ytterbia into pure ytterbia and a new element that matched Mendeleev's 1871 predicted eka-boron.
69	Thulium	1879	T. Cleve	1936	W. Klemm and H. Bommer	Cleve split Marignac's erbia into erbia proper and two new elements, thulium and holmium.
62	Samarium	1879	P.E.L. de Boisbaudran	1903	W. Muthmann	Boisbaudran noted a new earth in samarskite and named it samaria after the mineral.
64	Gadolinium	1880	J. C. G. de Marignac	1935	Félix Trombe	Marignac initially observed the new earth in terbia, and later Boisbaudran obtained a pure sample from samarskite.
59	Praseodymium	1885	C. A. von Welsbach	1904	W. Muthmann, L. Weiss	url=http://elements.vanderkrogt.net/element.php?sym=pr	title=59 Praseodymium	publisher=Elements.vanderkrogt.net	access-date=2008-09-12}}
32	Germanium	1886	C. A. Winkler	1886	C. A. Winkler	In February 1886 Winkler found in argyrodite the eka-silicon that Mendeleev had predicted in 1871.
66	Dysprosium	1886	P.E.L. de Boisbaudran	1937	W. Klemm and H. Bommer	De Boisbaudran found a new earth in erbia.
18	Argon	1894	Lord Rayleigh and W. Ramsay	1894	Lord Rayleigh and W. Ramsay	They discovered the gas by comparing the molecular weights of nitrogen prepared by liquefaction from air and nitrogen prepared by chemical means. It is the first noble gas to be isolated.
63	Europium	1896	E.-A. Demarçay	1937	W. Klemm and H. Bommer	Demarçay found spectral lines of a new element in Lecoq's samarium, provisionally designated the element as Σ, and gave it its present name in 1901. Metallic europium was isolated in 1937.
36	Krypton	1898	W. Ramsay and W. Travers	1898	W. Ramsay and W. Travers	url=http://elements.vanderkrogt.net/element.php?sym=ne	title=10 Neon	publisher=Elements.vanderkrogt.net	access-date=2008-09-12}}
10	Neon	1898	W. Ramsay and W. Travers	1898	W. Ramsay and W. Travers	In June 1898 Ramsay separated a new noble gas from liquid argon by difference in boiling point.
54	Xenon	1898	W. Ramsay and W. Travers	1898	W. Ramsay and W. Travers	After neon, Ramsay separated a third noble gas from liquid argon by difference in boiling point.{{cite web	url = https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1904/ramsay-lecture.html	title = Nobel Lecture – The Rare Gases of the Atmosphere
84	Polonium	1898	P. and M. Curie	1946	W. H. Beamer and C. R. Maxwell	In an experiment done on 13 July 1898, the Curies noted an increased radioactivity in the uranium obtained from pitchblende, which they ascribed to an unknown element. Independently rediscovered and isolated in 1902 by Marckwald, who named it radiotellurium. Pure polonium was obtained in 1946.
88	Radium	1898	P. and M. Curie	1910	Marie Curie and André-Louis Debierne	The Curies reported on 26 December 1898, a new element different from polonium, which Marie later isolated from uraninite. In September 1910, Marie Curie and André-Louis Debierne announced that they had isolated radium as a pure metal.	author1=Curie, Marie	author2=Debierne, André
86	Radon	1899	E. Rutherford and R. B. Owens	1910	W. Ramsay and R. Whytlaw-Gray	Rutherford and Owens discovered a radioactive gas resulting from the radioactive decay of thorium, isolated later by Ramsay and Gray. In 1900, Friedrich Ernst Dorn discovered a longer-lived isotope of the same gas from the radioactive decay of radium. Since "radon" was first used to specifically designate Dorn's isotope before it became the name for the element, he is often mistakenly given credit for the latter instead of the former.
89	Actinium	1902	F. O. Giesel	1955	Joseph G. Stites, Murrell L. Salutsky, Bob D. Stone	Giesel obtained from pitchblende a substance that had properties similar to those of lanthanum and named it emanium. André-Louis Debierne had previously (in 1899 and 1900) reported the discovery of a new element actinium that was supposedly similar to titanium and thorium, which cannot have included much actual element 89. But by 1904, when Giesel and Debierne met, both had samples containing element 89, and so Debierne has generally been given credit for the discovery.{{cite journal	title = The Discovery of Actinium	first = Harold W.	last = Kirby	journal = Isis	volume = 62	issue = 3	pages = 290–308	jstor=229943	doi =10.1086/350760	s2cid = 144651011 }}
71	Lutetium	1906	C. A. von Welsbach and G. Urbain	1937	W. Klemm and H. Bommer	url=http://elements.vanderkrogt.net/element.php?sym=lu	title=71. Lutetium	publisher=Elementymology & Elements Multidict	first1=Peter	last1=van der Krogt	access-date=2008-09-12}}
75	Rhenium	1908	M. Ogawa	1908	M. Ogawa	Masataka Ogawa found it in thorianite in 1908, but assigned it as element 43 and named it nipponium. (Elements 43 and 75 are in the same group of the periodic table.) Because of the erroneous assignment, and because some of his key results were published only in Japanese, his claim was not widely recognised. However, the optical emission spectrum described by Ogawa and the X-ray photographic plate for one of his samples match element 75, and his claim has thus been rehabilitated in much of the modern literature. In 1925 Walter Noddack, Ida Eva Tacke and Otto Berg announced its separation from gadolinite, identified it correctly as element 75, and gave it the present name.
91	Protactinium	1913	K. Fajans and O. H. Göhring	1934	A. von Grosse	The two obtained the first isotope of this element, 234mPa, that had been predicted by Mendeleev in 1871, as a member of the natural decay of 238U: they named it brevium. A longer-lived isotope 231Pa was found in 1918 by Otto Hahn and Lise Meitner, and was named by them protactinium: since it is longer-lived, it gave the element its name. William Crookes in 1900 reported his discovery of the radioelement "uranium X", that later was proven to be mixture of uranium X1 (234Th) and uranium X2 (234mPa).
72	Hafnium	1922	D. Coster and G. von Hevesy	1924	Anton Eduard van Arkel and Jan Hendrik de Boer	Georges Urbain claimed to have found the element in rare-earth residues, while Vladimir Vernadsky independently found it in orthite. Neither claim was confirmed due to World War I, and neither could be confirmed later, as the chemistry they reported does not match that now known for hafnium. After the war, Coster and Hevesy found it by X-ray spectroscopic analysis in Norwegian zircon. Anton Eduard van Arkel and Jan Hendrik de Boer were the first to prepare metallic hafnium by passing hafnium tetraiodide vapor over a heated tungsten filament in 1924. Hafnium was the last stable element to be discovered (noting however the difficulties regarding the discovery of rhenium).
43	Technetium	1937	C. Perrier and E. Segrè	1947	S. Fried	The two discovered a new element in a molybdenum sample that was used in a cyclotron, the first element to be discovered by synthesis. It had been predicted by Mendeleev in 1871 as eka-manganese. In 1952, Paul W. Merrill found its spectral lines in S-type red giants. Minuscule trace quantities were finally found on Earth in 1962 by B. T. Kenna and Paul K. Kuroda: they isolated it from Belgian Congo pitchblende, where it occurs as a spontaneous fission product of uranium. The Noddacks (rediscoverers of rhenium) claimed to have discovered element 43 in 1925 as well and named it masurium (after Masuria), but their claims were disproven by Kuroda, who calculated that there cannot have been enough technetium in their samples to have enabled a true detection.
87	Francium	1939	M. Perey			Perey discovered it as a decay product of 227Ac. Francium was the last element to be discovered in nature, rather than synthesized in the lab, although four of the "synthetic" elements that were discovered later (plutonium, neptunium, astatine, and promethium) were eventually found in trace amounts in nature as well. Before Perey, it is likely that Stefan Meyer, Viktor F. Hess, and Friedrich Paneth had observed the decay of 227Ac to 223Fr in Vienna in 1914, but they could not follow up and secure their work because of the outbreak of World War I.
93	Neptunium	1940	E.M. McMillan and H. Abelson	1945	S. Fried	Obtained by irradiating uranium with neutrons, it was the first transuranium element discovered. Shortly before that, Yoshio Nishina and Kenjiro Kimura discovered the uranium isotope 237U and found that it beta decays into 23793, but were unable to measure the activity of the element 93 product because its half-life was too long. McMillan and Abelson succeeded because they used 239U, as 23993 has a much shorter half-life. McMillan and Abelson found that 23993 itself undergoes beta decay and must produce an isotope of element 94, but the quantities they used were not enough to isolate and identify element 94 along with 93. Natural traces were found in Belgian Congo pitchblende by D. F. Peppard et al. in 1952.
85	Astatine	1940	D. R. Corson, K. R. MacKenzie and E. Segrè			Obtained by bombarding bismuth with alpha particles. In 1943, Berta Karlik and Traude Bernert found it in nature; due to World War II, they were initially unaware of Corson et al.'s results.
94	Plutonium	1941	Glenn T. Seaborg, Arthur C. Wahl, W. Kennedy and E.M. McMillan	1943	H. L. Baumbach, S. Fried, P. L. Kirk and, R. S. Rosenfels	Prepared by bombardment of uranium with deuterons. Seaborg and Morris L. Perlman then found it as traces in natural Canadian pitchblende in 1941–1942, though this work was kept secret until 1948. The first sample of plutonium metal was created from the reduction of plutonium trifluoride in November 1943.
96	Curium	1944	Glenn T. Seaborg, Ralph A. James and Albert Ghiorso	1950	J. C. Wallmann, W. W. T. Crane and B. B. Cunningham	Prepared by bombarding plutonium with alpha particles during the Manhattan Project. Curium metal was produced in 1950 by reduction of CmF3 with barium.
95	Americium	1944	G. T. Seaborg, R. A. James, O. Morgan and A. Ghiorso	1951	Edgar F. Westrum Jr. and LeRoy Eyring	Prepared by irradiating plutonium with neutrons during the Manhattan Project. Americium metal was produced in 1951 by reduction of AmF3 with barium.
61	Promethium	1945	Jacob A. Marinsky, Lawrence E. Glendenin, and Charles D. Coryell	1963	F. Weigel	It was probably first prepared at the Ohio State University in 1942 by bombarding neodymium and praseodymium with neutrons, but separation of the element could not be carried out. Isolation was performed under the Manhattan Project in 1945. The metal was later isolated by F. Weigel in 1963, by reducing promethium fluoride with lithium. Found on Earth in trace quantities by Olavi Erämetsä in 1965; so far, promethium is the most recent element to have been found on Earth.
97	Berkelium	1949	G. Thompson, A. Ghiorso and G. T. Seaborg (University of California, Berkeley)	1969	J. R. Peterson, J. A. Fahey, and R. D. Baybarz	Created by bombardment of americium with alpha particles.
98	Californium	1950	S. G. Thompson, K. Street, Jr., A. Ghiorso and G. T. Seaborg (University of California, Berkeley)	1974	R. G. Haire and R. D. Baybarz	Bombardment of curium with alpha particles. Californium metal was produced in 1974 by reduction of Cf2O3 with lanthanum.
99	Einsteinium	1952	A. Ghiorso et al. (Argonne Laboratory, Los Alamos Laboratory and University of California, Berkeley)	1979	R. G. Haire and R. D. Baybarz	Formed in the first thermonuclear explosion in November 1952, by irradiation of uranium with neutrons; kept secret for several years. Einsteinium metal was produced in 1979 by reduction of Es2O3 with lanthanum.
100	Fermium	1953	A. Ghiorso et al. (Argonne Laboratory, Los Alamos Laboratory and University of California, Berkeley)			Formed in the first thermonuclear explosion in November 1952, by irradiation of uranium with neutrons; first identified in early 1953; kept secret for several years.
101	Mendelevium	1955	A. Ghiorso, G. Harvey, G. R. Choppin, S. G. Thompson and G. T. Seaborg (Berkeley Radiation Laboratory)			Prepared by bombardment of einsteinium with alpha particles.
103	Lawrencium	1961	A. Ghiorso, T. Sikkeland, E. Larsh and M. Latimer (Berkeley Radiation Laboratory)			First prepared by bombardment of californium with boron atoms.
102	Nobelium	1965	E. D. Donets, V. A. Shchegolev and V. A. Ermakov (JINR in Dubna)			First prepared by bombardment of uranium with neon atoms. Although earlier claims exist, the first complete and incontrovertible report of its detection only came in 1966 from JINR in Dubna, on the basis of experiments done in 1965.
104	Rutherfordium	1969	A. Ghiorso et al. (Berkeley Radiation Laboratory) and I. Zvara et al. (JINR in Dubna)			Prepared by bombardment of californium with carbon atoms by Albert Ghiorso's team and by bombardment of plutonium with neon atoms by Zvara's team.
105	Dubnium	1970	A. Ghiorso et al. (Berkeley Radiation Laboratory) and V. A. Druin et al. (JINR in Dubna)			Prepared by bombardment of californium with nitrogen atoms by Ghiorso's team and by bombardment of americium with neon atoms by Druin's team.
106	Seaborgium	1974	A. Ghiorso et al. (Berkeley Radiation Laboratory)			Prepared by bombardment of californium with oxygen atoms.
107	Bohrium	1981	G.Münzenberg et al. (GSI in Darmstadt)			Obtained by bombarding bismuth with chromium.
109	Meitnerium	1982	G. Münzenberg, P. Armbruster et al. (GSI in Darmstadt)			Prepared by bombardment of bismuth with iron atoms.
108	Hassium	1984	G. Münzenberg, P. Armbruster et al. (GSI in Darmstadt)			Prepared by bombardment of lead with iron atoms
110	Darmstadtium	1994	S. Hofmann et al. (GSI in Darmstadt)			Prepared by bombardment of lead with nickel
111	Roentgenium	1994	S. Hofmann et al. (GSI in Darmstadt)			Prepared by bombardment of bismuth with nickel
112	Copernicium	1996	S. Hofmann et al. (GSI in Darmstadt)			Prepared by bombardment of lead with zinc.
114	Flerovium	1999	Y. Oganessian et al. (JINR in Dubna)			Prepared by bombardment of plutonium with calcium. It may have already been found at Dubna in 1998, but that result has not been confirmed.
116	Livermorium	2000	Y. Oganessian et al. (JINR in Dubna)			Prepared by bombardment of curium with calcium
118	Oganesson	2002	Y. Oganessian et al. (JINR in Dubna)			Prepared by bombardment of californium with calcium
115	Moscovium	2003	Y. Oganessian et al. (JINR in Dubna)			last1 = Oganessian	first1 = Yu. Ts.	year = 2005	title = Synthesis of elements 115 and 113 in the reaction 243Am + 48Ca	journal = Physical Review C	volume = 72	article-number = 034611	doi = 10.1103/PhysRevC.72.034611	last2 = Utyonkov	first2 = V. K.	last3 = Dmitriev	first3 = S. N.	last4 = Lobanov	first4 = Yu. V.	last5 = Itkis	first5 = M. G.	last6 = Polyakov	first6 = A. N.	last7 = Tsyganov	first7 = Yu. S.	last8 = Mezentsev	first8 = A. N.	last9 = Yeremin	first9 = A. V.	last10 = Voinov	first10 = A.	last11 = Sokol	first11 = E.	last12 = Gulbekian	first12 = G.	last13 = Bogomolov	first13 = S.	last14 = Iliev	first14 = S.	last15 = Subbotin	first15 = V.	last16 = Sukhov	first16 = A.	last17 = Buklanov	first17 = G.	last18 = Shishkin	first18 = S.	last19 = Chepygin	first19 = V.	last20 = Vostokin	first20 = G.	last21 = Aksenov	first21 = N.	last22 = Hussonnois	first22 = M.	last23 = Subotic	first23 = K.	last24 = Zagrebaev	first24 = V.	last25 = Moody	first25 = K.	last26 = Patin	first26 = J.	last27 = Wild	first27 = J.	last28 = Stoyer	first28 = M.	last29 = Stoyer	first29 = N.	last30 = Shaughnessy	first30 = D.	issue = 3	bibcode = 2005PhRvC..72c4611O	display-authors = 29	url = https://www.dora.lib4ri.ch/psi/islandora/object/psi%3A13194/datastream/PDF/view }}
113	Nihonium	2003–2004	Y. Oganessian et al. (JINR in Dubna) and K. Morita et al. (RIKEN in Wako, Japan)			title=Experiment on the Synthesis of Element 113 in the Reaction 209Bi(70Zn,n)278113	year=2004	journal=Journal of the Physical Society of Japan	volume=73	issue=10	pages=2593–2596	doi=10.1143/JPSJ.73.2593	bibcode=2004JPSJ...73.2593M	last1=Morita	first1=Kosuke	last2=Morimoto	first2=Kouji	last3=Kaji	first3=Daiya	last4=Akiyama	first4=Takahiro	last5=Goto	first5=Sin-ichi	last6=Haba	first6=Hiromitsu	first7=Eiji	last7=Ideguchi	first8=Rituparna	last8=Kanungo	first9=Kenji	last9=Katori	first10=Hiroyuki	last10=Koura	first11=Hisaaki	last11=Kudo	first12=Tetsuya	last12=Ohnishi	first13=Akira	last13=Ozawa	first14=Toshimi	last14=Suda	first15=Keisuke	last15=Sueki	first16=HuShan	last16=Xu	first17=Takayuki	last17=Yamaguchi	first18=Akira	last18=Yoneda	first19=Atsushi	last19=Yoshida	first20=YuLiang	last20=Zhao	doi-access=free}} Both teams began their experiments in 2003; Oganessian's team detected its first atom in 2003, but Morita's only in 2004. However, both teams published in 2004.
117	Tennessine	2009	Y. Oganessian et al. (JINR in Dubna)			Prepared by bombardment of berkelium with calcium

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{{Ullmann
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