Ticket machine

Ticket and fare formats

For most of the twentieth century, ticket machines issued paper tickets, or tokens worth one fare each. Later, fare value was loaded onto stored-value cards (first paper, later smart cards). Passengers could load any amount within a range; it did not necessarily have to correspond to any particular single fare. The cards could be reloaded until their expiration date, again with any monetary amount within a given range.

To encourage usage of ticket machines and reduce the need for salespersons, machine prices may in some cases be lower than those at a ticket counter.

Timeline

• 1904: first self-service ticket machines on the Central London Railway, now part of London Underground
• 1954: Toronto Subway opens and has tokens in machines from day one
• 1977: San Diego–based airline PSA introduces vending machines for airline tickets

Staff-operated machines

Mechanical ticket machines were used by bus drivers and conductors since the late 1920s. Their functions may include printing tickets, recording of sales and payments. Some manufacturers are MicroFx, Almex, Setright, AEG, CAMP (Compagnie d'Ateliers Mecaniques de Precision), Gibson GFI Genfare, Parkeon, Xerox, Beckson and Corvia (Ticketer).

Since the 1970s (jobs), electronic computer terminals and printers are used.

Handheld ticket machines are used on buses in India to sell tickets, validate smart cards and renew passes. These machines replaced the earlier manual fare collection system where tickets were often punched to indicate journey and fare stages.

Enforcement

In many countries where trains and urban transport tickets operate largely on the honor system (with enforcement by roving inspectors or conductors), there are also machines in stations (or in vehicles) for validating tickets. This is for the situation where one buys a ticket in advance and decides to use it later. Usually, the ticket is time-stamped to determine its validity period. A common problem is forgetting to validate and then being fined as if one had no ticket at all. Such machines are generally not used in the United States. Nearly all American mass transit networks operating on the honor system expect their users to buy tickets immediately before use; regular riders can avoid that inconvenience by buying period passes in advance (often from the same machines that sell daily or one-time tickets). Recently, however, a handful of commuter rail systems like Metrolink have adopted the use of validation machines for at least some ticket types.

Issues

Ticket machines that are out of service or accept 'exact change only' result in losses for transport providers.

Applications

Ticket machines are also often used for amusement parks, cinemas (in those cases sometimes called ticketing kiosks), car parking (see pay and display), as well as those that issue free tickets—for example, those for virtual queueing.

Japan uses ticket machines in restaurants, cafes and other establishments. Customers select an item on the machine, insert money into the machine then receive a voucher that can be exchanged for their order, unlike a vending machine where the customer would receive their item. Some ticket machines are standalone machines while other versions of the machine are located at the counter.

Gallery

File:Opal card Top up machine at Engadine train station.jpg|Opal card ticket and top-up machine in Sydney, Australia File:Presto card at Oriole Station (20181011172332).jpg|A ticket and Presto card top-up machine at a suburban train station in Toronto File:Automat biletowy2.jpg|Ticket machine in Otwock, Poland File:14-08-12-helsinki-RalfR-N3S 0439-069.jpg|A VR ticket machine at the Helsinki Central Station in Helsinki, Finland File:WuKaiShaStation-TicketMachines.png|Ticket machines in Wu Kai Sha station of Hong Kong's MTR File:MetroNorthRRTicketMachine11172007.JPG|Machine for Metro-North Railroad, a metropolitan New York City commuter rail system, United States. File:Jordanhill station ticket machine.jpg|A ticket machine at the Jordanhill railway station in Scotland File:Transport Ticket Machine in Olomouc.jpg|Ticket Machine in Olomouc, Czech Republic File:Trenitalia self service ticket machine.jpg|Trenitalia's ticket Machine at the Acqui Terme railway station

References

References

1. [http://www.metadyne.co.uk/pdf_files/AFC4.pdf M. A. C. Home, ''Automatic Fare Collection on the London Underground and London Buses'', Chapter 3]
2. "A brief history of TTC tokens".
3. (2013-02-04). "US Airways". Arcadia.
4. Sen, Somit. (4 December 2010). "BEST tickets will be issued electronically". [[Times of India]].
5. Sheth, Priya. (4 August 2011). "The coloured bus ticket is now a collectible!". [[The Hindu]].
6. "[Vending machine powerhouse Japan! ] How to use a ticket machine that foreigners do not know".