Thomas Howard, 2nd Duke of Norfolk

| honorific-prefix = His Grace | honorific-suffix = KG PC Henry VIII Lord Temporal Hereditary Peerage

Sir Edward Howard Lord Edmund Howard Elizabeth Boleyn, Countess of Wiltshire William Howard, 1st Baron Howard of Effingham Lord Thomas Howard Dorothy Stanley, Countess of Derby 11 more

Thomas Howard, 2nd Duke of Norfolk (144321 May 1524), styled Earl of Surrey from 1483 to 1485 and again from 1489 to 1514, was an English nobleman, soldier and statesman who served four monarchs. He was the eldest son of John Howard, 1st Duke of Norfolk, by his first wife, Catharina de Moleyns. The Duke was the grandfather of both Queen Anne Boleyn and Queen Catherine Howard and the great-grandfather of Queen Elizabeth I. In 1513, he led the English to victory over the Scots at the decisive Battle of Flodden, for which he was richly rewarded by King Henry VIII, then away in France.

Early life

Thomas Howard was born in 1443 at Stoke-by-Nayland, Suffolk, the only surviving son of John Howard, later 1st Duke of Norfolk, by his first wife, Katherine, the daughter of Sir William Moleyns and his wife Margery. He was educated at Thetford Grammar School.

Service under Edward IV

While a young man, he entered the service of King Edward IV as a henchman. Howard took the King's side when war broke out in 1469 with the Earl of Warwick, and took sanctuary at Colchester when the King fled to Holland in 1470. Howard rejoined the royal forces at Edward's return to England in 1471, and was severely wounded at the Battle of Barnet on 14 April 1471.

Service under Richard III

After the death of Edward IV on 9 April 1483, Thomas Howard and his father John supported Richard III. Thomas bore the Sword of State at Richard's coronation and served as steward at the coronation banquet. Both Thomas and his father were granted lands by the new King, and Thomas was also granted an annuity of £1000. On 28 June 1483, John Howard was created Duke of Norfolk, while Thomas was created Earl of Surrey. Surrey was also sworn of the Privy Council and invested with the Order of the Garter. In the autumn of that year Norfolk and Surrey suppressed a rebellion against the King by the Duke of Buckingham. Both Howards remained close to King Richard throughout his two-year reign, and fought for him at the Battle of Bosworth in 1485, where Surrey was wounded and taken prisoner, and his father killed. Surrey was attainted in the first Parliament of the new King, Henry VII, stripped of his lands, and committed to the Tower of London, where he spent the next three years.

Service under Henry VII

Howard was offered an opportunity to escape during the rebellion of the Earl of Lincoln in 1487, but refused, perhaps thereby convincing Henry VII of his loyalty. In May 1489 Henry restored him to the earldom of Surrey, although most of his lands were withheld, and sent him to quell a rebellion in Yorkshire. Surrey remained in the north as the King's lieutenant until 1499.

In 1499, Surrey was recalled to court, and accompanied the King on a state visit to France in the following year. In 1501 he was again appointed a member of the Privy Council, and on 16 June of that year was made Lord High Treasurer. Surrey, Richard Foxe (Bishop of Winchester and Lord Privy Seal) and William Warham (Archbishop of Canterbury and Lord Chancellor), became the King's "executive triumvirate".

Service under Henry VIII

Surrey was an executor of the will of King Henry VII when the King died on 21 April 1509, and played a prominent role in the coronation of King Henry VIII, in which he served as Earl Marshal. He challenged Thomas Wolsey in an effort to become the new King's first minister, but eventually accepted Wolsey's supremacy. Surrey expected to lead the 1513 expedition to France, but was left behind when the King departed for Calais on 30 June 1513. Shortly thereafter King James IV of Scotland launched an invasion into England, and Surrey, with the aid of other noblemen and his sons Thomas and Edmund, crushed James's much larger force at the Battle of Flodden, near Branxton, Northumberland, on 9 September 1513. The Scots may have lost as many as 10,000 men, and King James was killed. The victory at Flodden brought Surrey great popular renown and royal rewards. On 1 February 1514, at the age of 71, he was created 2nd Duke of Norfolk, his late father's title, and his son Thomas was made Earl of Surrey. Both were granted lands and annuities, and the Howard arms were augmented in honour of Flodden with an inescutcheon bearing the lion of Scotland pierced through the mouth with an arrow.

Final years

In the final decade of his life, Norfolk continued his career as a courtier, diplomat and soldier. In 1514 he joined Wolsey and Foxe in negotiating the marriage of Mary Tudor to King Louis XII of France, and escorted her to France for the wedding. On 1 May 1517, he led a private army of 1,300 retainers into London to suppress the Evil May Day riots. In May 1521 he presided as Lord High Steward over the trial of Edward Stafford, 3rd Duke of Buckingham, father of Norfolk's daughter-in-law, Elizabeth. According to David M. Head, "he pronounced the sentence of death with tears streaming down his face".

By the spring of 1522, Norfolk was almost 80 years of age and in failing health. He withdrew from court, resigned as Lord Treasurer in favour of his son in December of that year, and after attending the opening of Parliament in April 1523, retired to his ducal castle at Framlingham in Suffolk where he died on 21 May 1524. His funeral and burial on 22 June at Thetford Priory were said to have been "spectacular and enormously expensive, costing over £1300 and including a procession of 400 hooded men bearing torches and an elaborate bier surmounted with 100 wax effigies and 700 candles", befitting the richest and most powerful peer in England. After the dissolution of Thetford Priory, the Howard tombs were moved to the Church of St Michael the Archangel, Framlingham. A now-lost monumental brass depicting the 2nd Duke was formerly in the Church of St. Mary at Lambeth.

Marriages and issue

On 30 April 1472, Howard married Elizabeth Tilney, the daughter of Sir Frederick Tilney of Ashwellthorpe, Norfolk, and widow of Sir Humphrey Bourchier, slain at Barnet, son and heir apparent of Sir John Bourchier, 1st Baron Berners. They had issue:

• Thomas Howard, 3rd Duke of Norfolk
• Sir Edward Howard
• Lord Edmund Howard, father of Henry VIII's fifth Queen, Katherine Howard
• Sir John Howard 1482-1530
• Henry Howard
• Charles Howard
• Henry Howard (the younger)
• Richard Howard
• Elizabeth Howard, married Thomas Boleyn, 1st Earl of Wiltshire, and was mother of Queen Anne Boleyn, and grandmother of Queen Elizabeth.
• Muriel Howard (died 1512), married firstly John Grey, 2nd Viscount Lisle (died 1504), and secondly Sir Thomas Knyvet

Norfolk's first wife died on 4 April 1497, and on 8 November 1497 he married, by dispensation dated 17 August 1497, her cousin, Agnes Tilney, the daughter of Hugh Tilney of Skirbeck and Boston, Lincolnshire and Eleanor, a daughter of Walter Tailboys. They had issue:

• William Howard, 1st Baron Howard of Effingham
• Lord Thomas Howard (1511–1537)
• Richard Howard (died 1517)
• Dorothy Howard, married Edward Stanley, 3rd Earl of Derby
• Anne Howard, married John de Vere, 14th Earl of Oxford
• Katherine Howard, married firstly, Rhys ap Gruffydd. Married secondly, Henry Daubeney, 1st Earl of Bridgewater.
• Elizabeth Howard (died 1536), married Henry Radclyffe, 2nd Earl of Sussex. Note: Thomas Howard indeed had two living daughters named Elizabeth Howard and two living sons named Thomas Howard. It is unclear if he had two sons named Richard as well or if it was the same person. In the Dukes of Norfolk family tree, there is clearly a mistake. Richard Howard is there linked to Agnes Tilney (2nd wife of Thomas Howard), yet is said to born in 1487, which is impossible to be true, as at the time Thomas Howard was married to Elizabeth Tilney.

Family

Ancestors

Family tree

Footnotes

References

• {{Cite book |title = The Complete Peerage edited by the Honourable Vicary Gibbs
• {{Cite book |title = The Complete Peerage edited by the Honourable Vicary Gibbs
• {{Cite book |title = The Complete Peerage, edited by H.A. Doubleday
• {{Cite book |title = The Complete Peerage, edited by H.A. Doubleday
• {{Cite book |title = The Complete Peerage, edited by Geoffrey H. White
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• {{Cite book |access-date = 12 March 2011 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110929005615/http://www.oxforddnb.com/index/13/101013939/ |archive-date = 29 September 2011}}
• {{Cite book |title = Boleyn, Thomas, earl of Wiltshire and earl of Ormond (1476/7–1539), courtier and nobleman |access-date = 13 March 2011
• {{Cite book |access-date = 13 March 2011 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121102191947/http://www.oxforddnb.com/index/26/101026262/ |archive-date = 2 November 2012}}
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• {{Cite book |title = Medieval Framlingham
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• {{Cite book |title = The Six Wives of Henry VIII Attribution:

References

1. {{Harvard citation no brackets. Richardson. 2004. Cokayne. 1936
2. {{Harvard citation no brackets. Richardson. 2004
3. He was appointed an [[esquire of the body]] in 1473. On 14 January 1478 he was [[knighted]] by Edward IV at the marriage of the King's second son, the young [[Richard of Shrewsbury, 1st Duke of York. Duke of York]], and [[Anne de Mowbray, 8th Countess of Norfolk. Head. 2008.
4. He and his family lived in [[Sheriff Hutton Castle]] while in the North. In 1496/7 he was given a command against invading Scots and took his sons Thomas and Edward with him. Surrey knighted both of them on 30 September 1497 at [[Ayton Castle, Scottish Borders. Ayton Castle]], on the same day the [[Pedro de Ayala. treaty of Ayton]] was signed at the [[Ayton Parish Church. nearby church]].Norman Macdougall, ''James IV'' (Tuckwell, 1997), p. 141.
5. {{Harvard citation no brackets. Head. 2008; {{Harvard citation no brackets. Cokayne. 1936
6. {{Harvard citation no brackets. Richardson. 2004. Cokayne. 1912
7. {{Harvard citation no brackets. Richardson. 2004. Loades. 2008
8. {{Harvard citation no brackets. Richardson. 2004. Warnicke. 2008
9. {{Harvard citation no brackets. Richardson. 2004. Hughes. 2007
10. {{Harvard citation no brackets. Richardson. 2004. Gunn. 2008.
11. {{Harvard citation no brackets. Richardson. 2004
12. {{Harvard citation no brackets. Richardson. 2004. Riordan. 2004
13. {{Harvard citation no brackets. Weir. 1991
14. {{Harvard citation no brackets. Richardson. 2004. Cokayne. 1916
15. {{Harvard citation no brackets. Richardson. 2004. Cokayne. 1945
16. Douglas Richardson. ''Plantagenet Ancestry: A Study in Colonial And Medieval Families,'' 2nd Edition. 2011. pg 267-74.
17. Douglas Richardson. ''Plantagenet Ancestry: A Study in Colonial And Medieval Families,'' 2nd Edition. 2011. pg 523–5.
18. Alleged daughter of Henry de Beaumont, 3rd Lord and Margaret de Vere (Douglas Richardson. ''Plantagenet Ancestry: A Study in Colonial And Medieval Families,'' 2nd Edition. 2011. pg 523.)