Tetris

Gameplay

Across its numerous versions, Tetris generally has a consistent puzzle video game design. Gameplay consists of a rectangular field in which tetromino pieces, geometric shapes consisting of four connected squares, descend from the top-center. During the descent, the player can move the piece horizontally and rotate them until they touch the bottom of the field or another piece. The player's goal is to stack the pieces in the field to create horizontal lines of blocks. When a line is completed, it disappears and the blocks placed above fall one row. The speed of the descending pieces increases as lines are cleared. The game ends if the accumulated pieces in the field block other pieces from entering the field, a process known as "topping out". Common mechanics among Tetris versions include the queue (viewing the pieces that are next to appear), soft drop (increasing the descent of the piece), hard drop (instantly placing the piece as far down as it can go), and holding (reserving a piece for later use).

The objective of Tetris is to collect as many points as possible during a gameplay session by clearing lines.

History

Creation (1984–1985)

Alexey Pajitnov was a speech recognition and artificial intelligence researcher for the Dorodnitsyn Computing Center of the Academy of Sciences. Pajitnov developed several puzzle games on the institute's Elektronika 60, an archaic Russian clone of the PDP-11 computer. In June 1984, he became inspired to convert pentomino tiling puzzles to the computer after he bought a pentomino puzzle set from a store and played with it in his office.

Pajitnov programmed Tetris using Pascal for the RT-11 operating system on the Elektronika 60 and experimented with different versions. Because the Elektronika 60 had no graphical interface, Pajitnov modeled the field and pieces using spaces and brackets. He felt that the game would be needlessly complicated with the twelve different shapes of pentominoes, so he scaled the concept down to tetrominoes, of which there are only seven shapes. Afterward, he programmed the basic mechanics, including the ability to flip tetrominoes as they fell in a vertical screen and the clearing of lines. The name Tetris was a combination of "tetra" (meaning "four") and Pajitnov's favorite sport, tennis. Pajitnov completed the first version of Tetris 1985. This version had no scoring system and no levels, but it nonetheless captivated Pajitnov's peers.

Pajitnov sought to port Tetris to the IBM Personal Computer (IBM PC), which had a higher-quality display than the Elektronika 60. He recruited his colleague Dmitry Pavlovsky and the 16-year-old computer prodigy Vadim Gerasimov. Using Turbo Pascal, the three adapted Tetris to the IBM PC over two months, with Gerasimov incorporating color and Pavlovsky incorporating a scoreboard. Floppy disk copies of this version were distributed freely throughout the Dorodnitsyn Computing Center, before spreading quickly among Moscow computer circles. Pajitnov kept note of second-hand accounts of Tetris spread during this time. Tetris reportedly won second place in a Zelenodolsk computer game competition in November 1985, and by 1986, nearly everyone with an IBM computer in Moscow and several major cities had played Tetris.

Spread beyond the Soviet Union (1985–1988)

Under Soviet law, intellectual rights were not protected, and the state-run organization Elektronorgtechnica (Elorg) had a monopoly on the import and export of software. Around this time, Pajitnov arranged for the Dorodnitsyn Computing Center to have the rights to Tetris for ten years to ease potential legal troubles. As a result, Pajitnov could not sell Tetris for profit. Nonetheless, Pajitnov's manager Victor Brjabrin liked Tetris and sought opportunities for success beyond the Soviet Union. In early 1986, Brjabrin sent a copy of Tetris to the SZKI Institute of Computer Studies in Budapest. Robert Stein, founder of Andromeda Software who profited by licensing software from Hungary to UK companies, encountered Tetris during a visit to the SZKI Institute and found its gameplay compelling. Stein learned from the SZKI Institute director that they had managed to port Tetris to Commodore or Apple computers. He returned to London and contacted Dorodnitsyn Computing Center by telex to obtain the license rights, believing he could sell those rights to a larger UK publisher.

Brjabrin received the telex and, after translating it from English to Russian, disclosed it to Pajitnov, who spent days attempting to compose, translate to English, and send a favorable yet noncommittal response by telex to Stein. Despite this attempt, Stein interpreted the response as granting him the license and proceeded to find a publisher for Tetris. Stein pitched Tetris to Jim Mackonochie of Mirrorsoft, a UK software company founded by business magnate Robert Maxwell and Mackonochie. Though Mackonochie was skeptical about the commercial potential of Tetris, he consulted Phil Adam, president of US sister company Spectrum HoloByte, for his input. During his overseas visit to Mirrorsoft, Adam played Tetris for hours and then encouraged Mackonochie to accept Stein's offer. Though still cautious, Mackonochie agreed to allow himself the licensing rights for Europe and Adam the rights for the United States and Japan. Stein sold the rights to the two companies for £3,000 and royalties of 7.5–15% of sales, even though negotiations with the Dorodnitsyn Computing Center were at a standstill, with the Dorodnitsyn Computing Center being resistant to selling Tetris in the West.

Gilman Louie, CEO of Spectrum HoloByte, sought to exoticize the game's Soviet origins, marketing it as the first Soviet product to be sold in North America, alongside implementing Soviet folk music and imagery during gameplay and using red packaging adorned with an illustration of Saint Basil's Cathedral. Tetris was first commercially released in the West for the IBM PC, with ports to other computer systems planned for release in the following weeks. Mirrorsoft released the game in the United Kingdom on January 27, 1988, and Spectrum HoloByte released it in the United States on January 29, 1988. Mirrorsoft rewrote the code of the original IBM release for systems such as the Amiga, Atari ST, and Commodore 64. Boosted by word of mouth and positive reviews, this Tetris release was commercially successful, selling 100 thousand copies within a year. At the Software Publishers Association's Excellence in Software Awards ceremony in 1989, Tetris won across three categories.

At the time, the only document certifying a license fee was the telex from Pajitnov and Brjabrin, meaning that Stein had sold the license for a game he did not yet own. Additionally, Alexander Alexinko, director of Elorg, discovered Stein's negotiations with Pajitnov and Dorodnitsyn Computing Center and assessed their communications with disapproval. In response, Elorg took over representing the Soviet Union in negotiations. Through communications, Alexinko attempted to revoke any potential deal the Soviet Union might have had with Stein in favor of having Elorg itself sell Tetris internationally. Stein responded by threatening to create a scandal that would harm the Soviet Union's international standing, persuading Alexino to consider negotiating the rights to Tetris. An agreement was drafted by the end of February 1988 and finalized by May, granting Stein the rights to Tetris on computers.

International negotiations (1988–1989)

Following the commercial release of Tetris, Spectrum HoloByte and Mirrorsoft started licensing the game to other companies for platforms that were not covered by the contract that Stein and Elorg had agreed to. At the time, Henk Rogers had been seeking video games across the world to sell in Japan through his company Bullet-Proof Software; he discovered Tetris as a publicly displayed video game at the 1988 Winter Consumer Electronics Show (CES). Mirrorsoft sold Atari Games subsidiary Tengen the rights to sell non-computer releases of Tetris in Japan in exchange for the rights to sell computer ports of Blasteroids worldwide. Afterward, Tengen sold the Japanese arcade rights to Sega and the console rights to Rogers, who received the Japanese computer rights from Spectrum HoloByte. Bullet-Proof Software released Tetris for Japanese computers in November 1988 and Nintendo's Family Computer (Famicom) in December 1988, the latter of which became commercially successful, selling two million copies in Japan. Despite this, Elorg was unaware of the Famicom version and was receiving no royalties from Tetris worldwide success.

Around the time of Tetris Famicom version, Nintendo developed the Game Boy, an economical handheld game console that interested Nintendo president Hiroshi Yamauchi and Nintendo of America president Minoru Arakawa. Arakawa, aided by Nintendo of America vice president Howard Lincoln, sought to port Tetris to the Game Boy, believing that it would be a commercial success. They were both discouraged by the convoluted nature of the game's legal rights, leading Arakawa to enlist Rogers in getting the handheld rights to Tetris. Rogers contacted Stein by fax in November 15, 1988, for the handheld rights, with Stein responding that he was negotiating them with Elorg. At the time, Alexinko had been replaced by the more adversarial Evgeni Belikov as director of Elorg. After failing to get the rights after multiple attempts at contacting Stein, Rogers abandoned him in favor of negotiating directly with the Soviet government. In February 1989, Rogers traveled to the Soviet Union and arrived at the Elorg offices uninvited to negotiate the rights. Discussions with Rogers were scheduled the next day.

While trying to persuade Elorg to grant him the handheld rights, Rogers displayed a Famicom Tetris cartridge to demonstrate the game's success. Belikov did not recognize the cartridge, believing that the rights to Tetris had only been signed for computer systems per the contract with Stein, and accused Rogers of illegal publication. Though surprised, Rogers provided a check of over $40,000 to Elorg as to remedy this breach of contract and discussed granting him the console rights. Afterward, Belikov recognized the potential financial benefits of allying with Rogers over the other incoming negotiators: Stein and Robert's son Kevin Maxwell. While Rogers was consulting Nintendo for a potential offer to Elorg, Belikov implicitly diminished Stein and Kevin's standing in subsequent meetings by coercing the former into signing an updated contract with an exclusionary definition of computers and baiting the latter into admitting that Mirrosoft did not have the console rights, unaware of the commercial Famicom release. Rogers, alongside Arakawa and Lincoln, returned to Moscow, and after a few days of negotiation, Nintendo received both the handheld and console rights to Tetris from Elorg.

Legal battles and aftermath (1989–1996)

On March 31, 1989, taking advantage of the new agreement, Lincoln sent a cease and desist fax to Hideyuki Nakajima, president of Atari Games, concerning their subsidiary Tengen's production of Tetris for the Nintendo Entertainment System (NES), the North American equivalent to the Famicom. Believing themselves to own the console rights to Tetris, Tengen filed copyright applications for the game in the United States and preemptively sued Nintendo. Meanwhile, after being informed by Kevin, Robert pressured Elorg for sidestepping prior agreements with his companies by contacting ministers from both the Soviet and UK governments. In an in-person meeting, Robert informed Soviet General Secretary Mikhail Gorbachev of his situation regarding Tetris, to which he responded that Robert "should no longer worry about the Japanese company". Despite pressure from both Robert and the Soviet government, Belikov stated his refusal to concede in a conversation with Lincoln.

After a marketing campaign ordered by Nakajima, Tengen released their version of Tetris on the NES on May 17, 1989, selling tens of thousands of copies within a few weeks. The next month, Judge Fern M. Smith of the US District Court for the Northern District of California presided over competing lawsuits from Atari Games and Nintendo over their console rights to Tetris. Both companies motioned for preliminary injunctions that would prohibit the other company from selling Tetris. On June 15, 1989, in defense of its motion for injunction, Atari Games argued that the NES fell under the definition of computers under the original contract and that Elorg only excluded consoles from its definition of computers to take advantage of higher profits from Nintendo. Based on contradicting evidence, Smith rejected this argument and declared that Mirrorsoft and Spectrum HoloByte had never received explicit authorization for marketing on consoles, granting a preliminary injunction against Atari Games on June 22.

The next day, Atari Games withdrew its NES version from sale, and thousands of cartridges remained unsold in its warehouses. Preference for this release over Nintendo's led to Atari Games cartridges selling for up to $300 on the secondary market. The Game Boy version of Tetris was released in Japan on June 14, 1989, and as a pack-in game in the United States on July 31, 1989. Nintendo's NES version was released the same year. Both releases achieved commercial success. The Game Boy version was the primary game promoted for the Game Boy, becoming its killer app, generating $80 million in revenue, and popularizing both the Game Boy and the Tetris game. The NES version quickly sold three million copies and appeared on Nintendo's most popular games list for over a year.

On November 13, 1989, Smith ended the legal battle between Nintendo and Atari Games regarding Tetris by summary judgment, granting Nintendo the console rights to Tetris. In 1991, with Rogers' help, Pajitnov and his family emigrated to Seattle, where he worked as a freelance game designer. During this time, Pajitnov worked on several sequels to Tetris. Welltris (1990) involved adjusting geometrical pieces descending down one of four walls of a three-dimensional well, and Hatris (1990) and Faces...tris III (1991) replaced descending tetrominoes with hats and faces respectively. none replicated Tetris success. Other early versions and sequels of Tetris were developed without Pajitnov's involvement, including Spectrum Holobyte's Super Tetris (1991), Bullet-Proof Software's Tetris 2 + BomBliss (1991) and Tetris Battle Gaiden (1993), and Nintendo's Tetris 2 (1993).

The Tetris Company and Blue Planet Software (1996–2014)

The Dorodnitsyn Computing Center's rights to Tetris expired at the end of 1995, reverting back to Pajitnov. Worried that Elorg, which had become a private company under Belikov following the 1991 collapse of the Soviet Union, would try to claim the rights, Pajitnov recruited Rogers to secure them. Rogers formed The Tetris Company as an equal partnership between Elorg and Rogers' new company, Blue Planet Software. Rogers acquired Elorg and renamed it Tetris Holding in 2005. Since its formation, the Tetris Company has maintained guidelines for authorized versions of Tetris, and Blue Planet Software has served as an agent for the Tetris brand. such as in the 2012 case Tetris Holding, LLC v. Xio Interactive, Inc., where a judge ruled that the iOS game Mino violated Tetris copyright based on look and feel.

Pajitnov and Rogers sought to keep Tetris versions fresh, and innovated in new directions. Tetrisphere, developed by H2O Entertainment and released on August 11, 1997, was an example of this innovation. Gameplay involved rotating a three-dimensional sphere to place pieces on its surface. It was the first puzzle video game on the Nintendo 64 and garnered a cult following. David Crookes of Retro Gamer called Tetrisphere "proof that the concept could be modernised and tweaked, while still being faithful to the original". On other platforms around this time, Tetris Plus (1996), Tetris DX (1998), and The Next Tetris (1999) added new game modes, and Tetris: The Grand Master (1998) was an arcade game targeted toward experienced players.

According to Rogers, in order to appeal to beginner players, the Tetris Company started to incorporate features not in the original releases into the Tetris guidelines. These features included the hold feature and ability to perform both soft drops and hard drops in The New Tetris in 1999, the easy spin and super rotation system in Tetris Worlds in 2001, and the scoring system introduced in Tetris DS in 2006. Critics panned Tetris Worlds for the easy spin mechanic, which allowed players to delay a piece's descent by continually rotating it. Despite the controversy and Pajitnov's reluctance, the mechanic was implemented into the Tetris guidelines. Tetris Worlds also introduced the super rotation system, defining how pieces are to rotate, which most Tetris games have since used.

Tetris was first released on mobile devices in 2001 by G-Mode. In 2002, Rogers formed Blue Lava Wireless to develop Tetris games for mobile platforms. JAMDAT acquired Blue Lava Wireless in April 2005, granting the former a 15-year license of Tetris for mobile platforms. By December 2005, when Electronic Arts (EA) started its acquisition of JAMDAT, Tetris had been consistently selling well on American carrier phones. EA completed its acquisition in February 2006, granting it the mobile license for Tetris. EA Mobile released their mobile version of Tetris as a launch game for the iTunes store on iPod 5G on September 11, 2006, and on the Apple App Store on iOS on July 10, 2008. By January 2010, EA's mobile releases reached 100 million paid downloads, making Tetris the most popular mobile game at the time.

Maya Rogers' succession and resurgence of popularity (2014–present)

In January 2014, after eight years of involvement, Henk Rogers' daughter Maya succeeded him as the CEO of Blue Planet Software. She began by planning activities for Tetris 30th anniversary. In an interview with VentureBeat in June 2014, Maya spoke of her desire to expand Tetris brand, such as through merchandising, and keeping the game fresh. Sega released Puyo Puyo Tetris, a crossover between Tetris and Puyo Puyo, in Japan on February 6, 2014, for multiple platforms. Puyo Puyo Tetris sold over 60,000 copies within a week, with the Nintendo 3DS port being the second-highest-selling game of the week according to 4Gamer.net. Ubisoft's Tetris Ultimate was released on the Nintendo 3DS in November 2014 and the PlayStation 4 and Xbox One in December 2014. Tetris Ultimate received mixed reviews, though the online multiplayer was generally seen favorably.

In the late 2010s, the Tetris series had a resurgence in popularity with the release of Tetris Effect and Tetris 99. PCMag credited the resurgence to the 2017 release of Puyo Puyo Tetris in the Western world, where it received positive reviews and sold 1.4 million copies worldwide by November 2020. was released on the PlayStation 4 on November 9, 2018, and on Windows on July 23, 2019, receiving widespread critical acclaim for its visuals and emotional impact. Tetris 99 is a battle royale version of Tetris made available to subscribers of Nintendo Switch Online on February 13, 2019, upon its surprise announcement during Nintendo Direct. It received positive reviews and became Nintendo Switch Online's killer app; according to President of Nintendo Shuntaro Furukawa, 2.8 million Nintendo Switch Online users played Tetris 99 within a few months of release.

EA announced in January 2020 that its license for mobile releases of Tetris would expire on April 21, 2020, with the game becoming inoperable as a result. Video game developer N3twork subsequently released authorized mobile releases on the iOS and Android on January 23, 2020. These accumulated 30 million downloads before social casino company PlayStudios acquired the rights to them in November 2021. On March 28, 2023, Playstudios incorporated a playAwards loyalty program onto the Tetris mobile apps, allowing players to win points for playing Tetris that can be redeemed for real-life awards. Tetris Forever, a compilation of Tetris games and interactive documentary developed by Digital Eclipse, was released on November 12, 2024, to positive reviews for chronicling the history of Tetris.

Versions

Main article: List of Tetris variants

Tetris has been released on a multitude of platforms since its initial creation. It is available on many game consoles, personal computers, smartphones, among other platforms. To date, Guinness World Records recognizes Tetris as the video game with the most ports, totaling over 220 versions across over 70 platforms. Across its multiple versions, Tetris core gameplay has remained consistent. Since 1996, the Tetris Company has maintained annual standard specifications for authorized versions of Tetris. Pajitnov considers these guidelines a baseline for different versions and not "set in stone". Several game mechanics of Tetris have been changed over time. For example, the distribution of tetrominoes was completely randomized in early versions, while modern versions use a "bag system", in which each tetromino is guaranteed to appear once in a set of seven. Other mechanics that have become standardized in modern versions include the ability to hold tetrominoes to swap with later pieces, introduced in The New Tetris (1999), and the super rotation system and infinite spin, introduced in Tetris Worlds (2001).

MusicThe original Elektronica 60 version of Tetris had no music. Spectrum Holobyte's version of Tetris in the United States exoticized the Soviet origins through elements such as Russian music, including Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky's "Trepak" from The Nutcracker and Reinhold Glière's "Russian Sailor Dance" from The Red Poppy. This approach differed from other versions of Tetris from other countries at the time: Mirrorsoft's Commodore 64 versions in Europe used an atmospheric soundtrack, and Sega's arcade version in Japan used a synthesized pop-influenced soundtrack. Nintendo's versions for NES and Game Boy continued the pattern of using Russian music. The NES version uses Tchaikovsky's "Dance of the Sugar Plum Fairy" from The Nutcracker as Music A, with the Russian-influenced Music B and the mellow Music C having unclear origins. The Game Boy version has the 1860s Russian folk tune "Korobeiniki" for Music A, an original composition by Hirokazu Tanaka for Music B, and the Menuet of Johann Sebastian Bach's French Suite no. 3 for Music C. "Korobeiniki" has become primarily associated with Tetris as its main theme and would be used in most significant versions within the series, as mandated by the Tetris Company guidelines.

Reception

Sales

In January 2010, EA Mobile and Blue Planet Software announced that the mobile versions of Tetris released 2005 had reached 100 million paid downloads, making it most-downloaded mobile game at the time. In April 2014, Rogers announced in an interview with VentureBeat that Tetris totaled 425 million paid mobile downloads and 70 million physical copies. The majority originate from paid mobile downloads, based on Rogers' figure from the 2014 interview. Some publications consider Tetris the best-selling video game of all time due to these figures,

Accolades

Tetris has garnered accolades and awards since its initial commercial release. The Spectrum HoloByte version won three Software Publishers Association Excellence in Software awards in 1989, including Best Entertainment Program and the Critic's Choice Award for consumers. Macworld inducted Tetris into the 1988 Macworld Game Hall of Fame in the Best Strategy Game category. Macworld praised "the addictive quality" and said its "simplicity is bewitching", and Compute! gave Tetris the 1989 Choice Award for Arcade Game, describing it as "by far, the most addictive game ever". Entertainment Weekly named the NES version the eighth-greatest game available for sale in 1991, saying: "Thanks to Nintendo's endless promotion, Tetris has become one of the most popular video games."

Tetris is widely considered among the greatest video games of all time, being ranked as such by Flux (1995), Next Generation (1996 and 1999), Electronic Gaming Monthly (1997), GameSpot (2000), Game Informer (2001 and 2009), IGN (2007 and 2021), Time (2012 and 2016), GamesRadar+ (2015 and 2021), Polygon (2017), USA Today (2022 and 2024), The Times (2023), and GQ (2023). Tetris has also been ranked as among the best computer games by PC Format (1991) and Computer Gaming World (1996), among the best video game franchises by IGN (2006) and Den of Geek (2024), and among the most influential games of all time by GamePro (2007), IGN (2007), 1Up.com (2010), GamesRadar+ (2013), and The Guardian (2017).

Tetris has been inducted into the "Hall of Fame" of the following publications: Computer Gaming World (1999), GameSpy (2000), GameSpot (2003), and IGN (2007). At the 2007 Game Developers Choice Awards, Pajitnov won the First Penguin Award, known afterward as the Pioneer Award, for pioneering casual gaming through Tetris. Tetris was listed as part of the game canon, announced at the 2007 Game Developers Conference by Henry Lowood of Stanford University as a list of ten games to be considered for preservation by the Library of Congress, modeled after the National Film Preservation Board. In November 2012, the Museum of Modern Art acquired Tetris, along with thirteen other video games, to display. As part of the 2015 inaugural class, The Strong National Museum of Play inducted Tetris into the World Video Game Hall of Fame for its iconic nature.

Legacy

Industry impact

Due to Rogers and Nintendo's belief in its potential for mass appeal, Tetris was the pack-in game and the primary game promoted for the Game Boy in the United States. The resulting public anticipation led Tetris to become the Game Boy's main draw, with many, including non-gamers, buying the Game Boy specifically to play Tetris. This release simultaneously contributed to both the popularity of the Tetris game and the Game Boy, with the bundle selling out its initial run of a million copies shortly after release. Several writers credit Tetris and Pokémon Red and Blue (1996) for the Game Boy's longevity, as it would not be discontinued until 2003.

Tetris is influential in the genre of puzzle video games. Commentators have considered Tetris an early example of a casual game. Wired deemed Tetris unique for its time, given its appeal to players regardless of gender and age, and 1Up.com credits Tetris for establishing a market for puzzle video games with universal appeal. Various common elements of puzzle games, such as managing pieces over a fixed screen, originated from Tetris, and multiple clones have been created to replicate Tetris popularity. Video games influenced by Tetris include Nintendo's Dr. Mario (1990), Sega's Columns (1990), Compile's Puyo Puyo (1991), Taito's Puzzle Bobble (1994), and Capcom's Super Puzzle Fighter II Turbo (1996).

Cultural impact

Tetris cultural impact and recognition is widespread, being represented in a vast array of video game platforms, among other media such as architecture, art, and merchandise. Muppet Babies, and Monty Python. The game has also earned multiple Guinness records, such as the record for "largest architectural video game display", granted to a game of Tetris hosted on the side of the 29-story Cira Center in April 2014. "Korobeiniki", a Russian folk song, has become widely associated with Tetris following its inclusion in the Game Boy version. The "Tetris effect" refers to the phenomena of perceiving certain patterns in dreams and mental images following engagement in a repetitive activity such as playing Tetris. The term was coined by Jeffrey Goldsmith in a 1994 article for Wired, in which he compared Tetris to an "electronic drug".

The background of Tetris, including its creation and legal battles in the late 1980s, has been documented multiple times. David Sheff provided a comprehensive overview in his influential Nintendo history book Game Over (1994). Subsequent books that covered this topic include the non-fiction books Steven L. Kent's The Ultimate History of Video Games (2001), Tristan Donovan's Replay: The History of Video Games (2010), Dan Ackerman's The Tetris Effect (2016), and the graphic novel Box Brown's Tetris: The Games People Play (2016). Henk Rogers' memoir, The Perfect Game—Tetris: From Russia With Love, was published on April 1, 2025, to provide his perspective on Tetris history following the film's release.

Tetris is part of the competitive gaming scene, especially around the NES version. Competitor Jonas Neubauer and his victory in the inaugural Classic Tetris World Championship (CTWC) in 2010 were the subjects of Ecstasy of Order: The Tetris Masters, which helped popularized competitive gameplay of Tetris. Willis Gibson "beat" Tetris by playing NES Tetris until it crashed in a 40-minute livestream in January 2024, receiving significant media coverage for his achievement.

Research

The Tetris game has frequently been featured in academic research, including in psychology, computer science, and game studies. By 2014, John K. Lindstedt and Wayne D. Gray, cognitive scientists of the Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, had traced 133 scholarly papers across a variety of academic fields that utilized Tetris in their research. Prior to studying them, Pokhilko observed that distributed copies of Tetris to his colleagues impaired medical research due to their constant gameplay. Although he initially destroyed these copies, after new copies were reintroduced to his facility, Pokhilko used Tetris in psychological tests of his patients.

In psychology, starting with the research of American psychologist Richard J. Haier in 1992, Tetris has been frequently used in neuroimaging studies testing how gameplay affects the human brain. For example, the near-transfer effects of Tetris on mental rotation is frequently researched, though research methods have varied widely and results have been contradictory. Furthermore, Tetris has been studied as a potential form of psychological intervention, particularly regarding post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).

In computer science, the Tetris game has been the subject of research papers analyzing how the tetrominoes affect gameplay. Most analyze a traditional game of Tetris and do not account for features such as lookahead. In 1992, John Brzustowski argued in his master's thesis for the University of Waterloo that it is impossible to play a traditional game of Tetris indefinitely, a conclusion affirmed by Heidi Burgiel of the University of Minnesota in 1997, who attributed the inevitable end to the game's Z-shaped tetrominoes and calculated a hard cap of seventy thousand tetrominoes. Partly accounting for the lookahead feature, in 2003 a trio of MIT students proved that the optimal strategy for playing a game of Tetris is NP-complete, meaning it is difficult to be solved by an algorithm within a reasonable time due to the game's complexity. This is true even if the player knew the complete sequence of incoming pieces.

Notes

References

Bibliography

Books

Video documentaries

References

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