Teodoro de Croix

Background

Teodoro de Croix was born in France, the third son of Alexandre-Maximilien-François de Croix, Marquis of Heuchin, and Isabelle-Claire-Eugène de Houchin. He entered the Spanish army at age 17 and was sent to Italy as an ensign of grenadiers of the Royal Guard. In 1750 he transferred to the Walloon Guards, bodyguards of the Bourbon kings of Spain. In 1756 he was promoted to lieutenant and was made a knight in the Teutonic Order. He became a colonel (still in the Walloon Guards) in 1760.

In 1766 he came to New Spain as a captain in the guard of Viceroy Carlos Francisco de Croix, marqués de Croix. He subsequently served as commandant of the fortress in Acapulco and as inspector of all troops in the viceroyalty. He served in this capacity until 1770. In 1771 the term of Viceroy Croix ended, and both Francisco and Teodoro returned to Spain. Visitador José de Gálvez returned with them.

Provincias Internas del Norte

The Commandancy General of the Provincias Internas del Norte (Commandancy General of the Internal Provinces of the North) was established in New Spain in 1776, incorporating Nueva Vizcay, Santa Fe de Nuevo México, Nuevo León, Coahuila, Sonora y Sinaloa, Las Californias, and Spanish Texas. This arrangement was a response to numerous attacks by Apaches, Seris, Comanches, and other Indigenous tribes and to the fear of encroachment by other European powers. Headquarters was to be at Arizpe, Sonora.

On May 16, 1776, King Charles III of Spain named Brigadier Teodoro de Croix the first commandant general of the new jurisdiction. He replaced Hugo Oconór, an appointee of New Spain Viceroy Antonio María de Bucareli y Ursúa, in charge of Spanish forces on the northern frontier. He was independent of the viceroy of New Spain in most of this territory, but in Alta California the two were to share jurisdiction.

Croix assumed his office on January 1, 1777. He left Mexico City to inspect his new jurisdiction in August. He was responsible for military defense, civilian colonization and conversion of the Indians over the large, sparsely inhabited territory. Croix reported directly to the minister of the Indies, José de Gálvez. Critically for historians, he appointed Juan Agustín Morfi as chaplain of this expedition; Morfi went on to become the most important chronicler of the New Philippines;

He built up the strongest military force across the northern frontier from Texas to Sonora than had ever been seen in the area, revamping the whole border defense in the process. On October 24, 1781, the king approved the separation of the Californias as a jurisdiction at the level of the Provincias Internas de Occidente.https://web.archive.org/web/20060920094549/http://www.sbthp.org/soldados/StBarbara/funderon.htm

Viceroy of Peru

Croix was appointed lieutenant general and named viceroy of Peru on February 13, 1783. He relinquished command in the Provincias Internas del Norte to Felipe de Neve.

As viceroy of Peru, he decentralized the government through the creation of seven intendencias. He built the anatomical amphitheater and began the Botanical Garden of Lima. He adopted rigorous measures to suppress the thought of the Encyclopedists and revolutionaries in the United States and France. He improved the fortification of the coast and collaborated in the creation of the Junta Superior de Comercio and the Tribunal de Minería (1786).

As viceroy he sent naval officer José de Moraleda y Montero to draw new maps of Chiloé Archipelago and neighboring waters in northern Patagonia.

His term as viceroy ended in 1790 and he returned to Spain. In 1791 he was made a colonel in the king's bodyguard and a commander in the Teutonic Order. He died in Madrid the following year.

The people of Lima knew him as el Flamenco (The Fleming).

Notes

References

• Thomas, Alfred Barnaby, trans., Teodoro de Croix and the Northern Frontier of New Spain, 1776-1783. Norman, Okla.: University of Oklahoma Press, 1941. .
• Glesener, Thomas, L'empire des exilés. Les Flamands et le gouvernement de l'Espagne au XVIIIe siècle, Madrid, Casa de Velázquez, 2017. . On line
• Glesener, Thomas & Mertens, Jozef, "Croix d’Heuchin, Théodore François de, chevalier, commandeur van de Duitse Orde, commandant-generaal van de ‘Provincias Internas del Norte’, onderkoning van Peru, kolonel van de Gardes Wallonnes", in Nationaal biografisch woordenboek, Bruxelles, Koninklijke Academiën van België, 2018, vol. 23, c. 337-358.

References

1. Fisher, Lillian Estelle. (1929). "Teodoro de Croix". The Hispanic American Historical Review.
2. (1 June 1976). "The First Bishop of Sonora: Antonio de los Reyes, O.F.M". University of Arizona Press.
3. (9 June 2013). "El ovetense Juan Agustín Morfi, el gran historiador de Texas". [[La Nueva España]].
4. (2009). "Navegación científica en el Mar del Sur. El piloto Moraleda (1772-1810)". Revista de historia iberoamericana.