Tenet Healthcare

History

1967–1999

Tenet was first incorporated in 1969 by attorneys Richard Eamer, Leonard Cohen, and John Bedrosian, as National Medical Enterprises, (NME) and headquartered in Los Angeles. By 1975, NME owned, operated, and managed 23 hospitals and a home health care business. By 1981, NME owned or managed 193 hospitals and nursing homes, and became the third-largest healthcare company in the U.S. In the mid-1980s, NME shifted its focus to specialty hospitals. By 1990, the company had 200 hospitals in its network and was the second-largest hospital company in the U.S.

After some scandals in the early 1990s (see below), NME divested its specialty facilities. After completing the acquisition, NME changed its name to Tenet Healthcare Corporation. Also in 1996, Tenet acquired OrNda, then the third-largest investor-owned hospital chain. In 1998, Tenet purchased eight Philadelphia hospitals owned by the bankrupt Allegheny Health, Education & Research Foundation for $345 million.

2000–2013

In 2002, one of Tenet's hospitals came under scrutiny for its surgical practices and another was investigated in a kickback scheme. Federal investigations into the company's billing practices, particularly those related to Medicare, began late in 2002, leading to a decline in Tenet's stock price of about 70%. Rebuilding its ethics and compliance programs, Tenet hired a chief compliance officer to report directly to the company's board of directors. In 2003, Tenet sold or closed 14 hospitals and closed more than 20 facilities in 2004 to achieve its financial performance goals. Also in 2004, Tenet moved its headquarters from Santa Barbara to Dallas. The company entered into a five-year corporate integrity agreement with the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services which required them to provide detailed financial reports on its patient mix, collection rates and accounts receivables. In 2007, Tenet appointed former Florida governor Jeb Bush to its board of directors to improve its reputation.

In 2008, Tenet launched Conifer Health Solutions, a healthcare services company. As of 2018, Conifer served approximately 800 clients in the U.S. and processed $30 billion in net revenue annually. In early 2009, the price of Tenet stock briefly dipped below $4 per share after cresting above $200 per share in 2002. By the end of 2009, the company rebounded to become the S&P 500's number 2 performer, with an operating revenue and net profit of $9 billion and $181 million, respectively. On July 24, 2019, Tenet announced it intended to spin off Conifer Health Solutions into an independent publicly traded company.

In May 2011, Tenet's board rejected a $7.3 billion takeover bid from Community Health Systems, in a deal which would have created the largest hospital company in the United States. In April 2012, Tenet agreed to pay $42.75 million to resolve allegations that it improperly billed Medicare between 2005 and 2007. An internal investigation by Tenet revealed Medicare billing irregularities, and the company reported itself to the U.S. government. In May 2012, Tenet sold Diagnostic Imaging Services, Inc., its former diagnostic imaging center business in Louisiana. In August 2012, Tenet sold its Creighton University Medical Center in Omaha, Nebraska. In 2013, Tenet acquired Vanguard Health Systems, based in Nashville in a deal worth $4.3 billion. Through its acquisition of Vanguard, Tenet acquired 28 hospitals and 39 outpatient centers that served communities in Arizona, California, Illinois, Massachusetts, Michigan and Texas. The acquisition created the third-largest for-profit hospital chain in the U.S. in terms of revenue and the third-largest in number of hospitals owned.

2014

In 2014, Tenet ranked #229 in the annual Fortune 500 list of the largest American companies. In March 2014, Tenet formed a partnership with the Yale New Haven Health System to create a healthcare delivery network in Connecticut. Then in May 2014, Tenet announced plans to partner with the Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center in El Paso, Texas to develop a new 140-bed teaching hospital on the city's west side. Tenet launched MedPost Urgent Care in May 2014, which is a national network of urgent care centers. Previously, Tenet's urgent care locations often took on the names of nearby Tenet hospitals. At the time of the rebranding, MedPost had 23 facilities, with six in Texas, and others in Arizona, California, Florida, Georgia, Mississippi, Missouri, and Tennessee.{{cite news |access-date = 2015-05-25 |archive-date = May 27, 2014 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140527094458/http://www.dallasnews.com/business/health-care/20140519-tenet-rebrands-its-urgent-care-centers.ece |url-status = dead | access-date = 2015-06-05

In July 2014 Tenet announced that Saint Mary's Hospital in Waterbury, Connecticut would be acquired by a subsidiary of the company, with the hospital's religious directives and uncompensated care policies remaining intact. That continued a trend of Tenet allowing a model of common ownership, where each acquired hospital has its own agreement conditions.{{cite news | access-date = 13 July 2014 | access-date = 15 December 2016

On August 1, 2014, Tenet acquired Emanuel Medical Center, a 209-bed hospital operated by the Swedish Evangelical Covenant Church located in Turlock, California, bringing the number of Tenet's hospitals at the time to 80 nationwide.{{cite news |access-date = 2014-08-24 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140903051031/http://www.modbee.com/2014/08/01/3468416_tenet-completes-purchase-of-emanuel.html?rh=1 |archive-date = September 3, 2014 |url-status = dead

As of the fourth quarter 2014, Tenet had turned a profit, explained by higher admissions and revenue (admissions through Medicaid increased by 20.5% after the Affordable Care Act). There was an increase in hospital admissions during the last quarter of 2014, while the company's bad debt expense ratio decreased. At the same time, its full year financial projections affirmed a price of $1.32 to $2.4 per share with revenue of $17.4 to $17.7 billion, with its earnings topping $1.95 billion. On May 7, 2015, the Tenet board of directors appointed Trevor Fetter, Tenet's then president and CEO, as chairman of the board. | access-date = 2015-05-10 | access-date = 2015-06-30

2015–2016

In March 2015, Tenet announced an agreement to acquire a majority interest in United Surgical Partners International (USPI), which would make Tenet the largest operator of outpatient surgery centers in the United States. The June 2015 acquisition of USPI almost doubled Tenet's prior count of 210 outpatient centers. | access-date = 2015-01-19 | access-date = 15 July 2014 | access-date = 15 July 2014 | access-date = 2014-03-29 |access-date = 2015-06-30 |archive-date = June 21, 2015 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150621035924/http://investor.tenethealth.com/press-release/acquisition-and-development/tenet-healthcare-corporation-completes-united-surgical-par |url-status = dead

Early in September 2015, | access-date = 2015-09-03 | access-date = 2015-09-03 | access-date = 2014-08-27 | access-date = 2015-09-22

After first announcing the deal in March 2015, | access-date = 2014-03-25 | access-date = 2016-07-08 | access-date = 2016-07-08 | access-date = 2016-07-08 | access-date = 2016-07-08 | access-date = 2016-07-08 | access-date = 2016-07-08

On October 3, 2016, it was announced that Tenet had agreed to pay a $514 million settlement in an agreement with the Department of Justice.{{cite news | access-date = 2016-10-08 | access-date = 2016-10-08

In 2015, Tenet announced the acquisition of Baptist Health System of Birmingham, Alabama. Tenet's own Brookwood Medical Center in Birmingham would be included in the merger. The merger was finalized in 2016 and the new subsidiary was renamed Brookwood Baptist Health.

In September 2016, an agreement between Tenet and Humana Inc, a health insurance company based in Louisville, Kentucky came to an end, putting Tenet's facilities and physicians out-of-network for patients with Humana insurance, including those covered through commercial plans, Medicare Advantage, Healthcare Marketplace Exchange, Medicaid, and TRICARE. A new agreement was reached in May 2017 and hospital outpatient centers and physicians returned to Humana's network in June 2017.

2017–present

Tenet Healthcare announced that the sale of three Houston hospitals and other facilities to HCA Healthcare was finalized in August 2017. The transaction was reported at $750 million in proceeds. In August 2017, Glenview Capital Management removed two of its representatives from the Tenet board over strategy disagreements with the board. In September 2017 there were "speculative" press reports that Tenet was considering "strategic options" such as a sale. In October 2017, the press reported that a sale was no longer being considered. Trevor Fetter stepped down as CEO in October 2017, and Ron Rittenmeyer was named CEO in addition to his position of executive chairman. Tenet increased its ownership in USPI to 95 percent in April 2018.

In August 2018, Tenet divested entirely from the United Kingdom. "Tenet Completes Sale of UK-Based Aspen Healthcare to NMC Healthcare UK Limited." (Tenet Health) (August 20, 2018) Retrieved March 3, 2019. In the United States in 2018, Tenet Healthcare sold the for-profit MacNeal Hospital in Berwyn, Illinois, to the non-profit regional Roman Catholic Loyola Medicine. In January 2019, Tenet Healthcare sold its three remaining Chicago-area for-profit hospitals to Los Angeles-based Pipeline Health, which is partially owned and operated by Eric E. Whitaker. The three hospitals in the sale were Louis A. Weiss Memorial Hospital, Chicago; Westlake Hospital, Melrose Park, Illinois; and West Suburban Medical Center, Oak Park, Illinois. Then, in February 2019 Whitaker announced that Pipeline Health would close Westlake Hospital within five months, keeping the other two open.

During the COVID-19 pandemic, Tenet made nearly $399 million in profit. At the same time, the company furloughed 11,000 workers. J. Roger Davis was appointed president and CEO of Conifer in 2020. In December 2020, Tenet acquired the controlling interest in 45 ambulatory surgery centers from SurgCenter Development.

In April 2021, the company sold its urgent care service run by subsidiary United Surgical Partners International. That August, Tenet sold five of its Florida hospitals to Steward Health Care: Coral Gables Hospital in Coral Gables; Florida Medical Center, Lauderdale Lakes; Hialeah Hospital; North Shore Medical Center, Miami; and Palmetto General Hospital, Hialeah.

Controversies

Psychiatric fraud

In the early 1990s as National Medical Enterprises, the company was accused of committing fraud by admitting thousands of psychiatric patients who did not need hospitalization and then charging them inflated prices. In 1991, the federal government investigated the company for fraud and conspiracy. In 1993, law enforcement raided company offices in an attempt to show that the company was defrauding patients and insurance companies. In 1994, the company paid total $2.5 million to settle lawsuits from 23 patients at its psychiatric hospitals. Again in 1994, National Medical Enterprises settled fraud charges with the U.S. and 28 states involving payments of a record $380 million at the time and federal guilty pleas on eight criminal counts by two of its units. The company also agreed to a five-year corporate integrity agreement with the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.

Unnecessary heart surgeries

In the late 1990s through the early 2000s, Redding Medical Center (at the time, a Tenet-owned hospital), was investigated for performing unnecessary heart surgeries on over 600 patients. To settle the allegations, Tenet agreed to pay a $54 million fine to the federal government and the state of California, without admitting wrongdoing. This settlement did not preclude civil or criminal charges against individuals of the company. In order for the hospital to continue receiving Medicare reimbursements, Tenet was compelled by federal regulators to sell the hospital which was subsequently renamed Shasta Regional Medical Center. In 2004, Tenet paid an additional $395 million to 769 patients to settle litigation for the unnecessary surgeries. The scandal and subsequent federal investigation are described in the book Coronary: A True Story of Medicine Gone Awry by author Stephen Klaidman.

California Closures

In the mid-1990s, Tenet had a strategy of buying up community hospitals in Southern California in an effort to capitalize on rising insurance costs in the region. The company and former CEO Jeffrey Barbakow received scrutiny after Tenet began closing these community hospitals, inconsistently citing financial difficulties. The city of Pasadena, California publicly attacked Tenet on numerous occasions after their buyout of the Oronda Health group in 1996. St. Luke Medical Center in Pasadena, at the time was one of only two general care community hospitals serving the city. Tenet was negatively criticized after numerous complaints accused the company of neglecting the facility after recent renovations. Tenet presented numerous inconsistencies in their quarterly reports as the company claimed that St. Luke was fiscally underperforming, leading Tenet to shutter the hospital in January 2002. Pasadena city officials expressed widespread anger at Barbakow and Tenet for the closure. Barbakow eventually received an undisclosed settlement and resigned from the company three months later.

Medicare fraud

In June 2006, Tenet agreed to pay $725 million in cash and give up $175 million of Medicare payments for a total of $900 million in fees to resolve claims it defrauded the federal government for overbilling Medicare claims during the 1990s. Financing the settlement, they sold 11 hospitals in four states including Memorial Medical Center in New Orleans (see below). In September of 2006, Tenet entered into a five-year corporate integrity agreement with the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. That agreement expired on September 27, 2011.

Bribery

In October 2016, Tenet Healthcare and two of its subsidiaries agreed to pay $513 million to resolve allegations that they had defrauded the United States and had made use of a kickback scheme to gain patient referrals. The two subsidiaries pleaded guilty to conspiracy to defraud the United States and to using kickbacks and bribes to refer primarily female undocumented Hispanic patients towards the labor and delivery services of Tenet Healthcare.

Hurricane Katrina

Main article: Memorial Medical Center and Hurricane Katrina

In August 2005, Tenet-owned Memorial Medical Center in New Orleans was struck by Hurricane Katrina. During and immediately following the storm, several hundred patients, visitors and staff sought medical care and shelter in the building. The hospital became surrounded by flood waters, which submersed the lower floors of the building, rendering the facility's emergency generators inoperable. Hospital staff were left to care for patients without electricity, sanitation, air conditioning, or adequate food and drinking water. The hospital was evacuated over the course of several days, during which time 45 patients died within the hospital building. It was alleged that staff intentionally hastened the death of several patients by administering lethal doses of sedatives and pain medication. In July 2006, Dr. Anna Pou and nurses Lori Budo and Cheri Landry were arrested after being charged by Louisiana Attorney General Charles Foti of second-degree murder in the deaths of four patients. In August 2007, a New Orleans grand jury declined to indict the three women and a New Orleans judge expunged their arrest records. In July 2007, Dr. Pou sued Foti for defamation and damage to her career. In June 2006, Tenet announced it planned to sell Memorial Medical Center and three other hospitals in the greater New Orleans area. In July 2009, Governor Bobby Jindal approved a bill passed by the Louisiana Legislature to reimburse Pou's legal fees, which were more than $450,000.

Tax dodging and lobbying

In December 2011, the non-partisan organization Public Campaign criticized Tenet Healthcare for spending $3.43 million on lobbying and not paying any taxes during 2008–2010, instead getting $48 million in tax rebates, despite making a profit of $415 million, and increasing executive pay by 19% to $24 million in 2010 for its top 5 executives.

Florida pediatric heart surgery standards

In 2015, CNN reported that Tenet had lobbied the governor of Florida, Rick Scott, as well as Republican Party Florida legislators in order to remove hospital standard rules for pediatric heart surgeries after one of its hospitals failed to meet standards. Both the officials and Tenet denied any wrongdoing, with Tenet telling the press that "at no time have we discussed the pediatric cardiac standards with the governor or his office, or with any elected official or anyone on their staff... our opinion was not sought on the standards nor have we expressed a position on the possible repeal of the standards or the role of the Cardiac Technical Advisory Panel." Florida Health released a statement indicating that the legal basis for the removal of pediatric surgery standards had been revoked in 2001. The revocation invalidated the standards and it was an oversight that they were not formally stricken from record until 2015.

Children's Hospital of Michigan physician barring

In late 2019, the physician group, University Pediatricians announced that they were separating from the Wayne State University School of Medicine in Detroit and joining Central Michigan University in Mount Pleasant, Michigan instead. In retaliation, Wayne State announced that they were creating their own physician group, Wayne Pediatrics and gave doctors who taught medicine at the university 30 days to switch over their affiliation to Wayne Pediatrics or lose their access to the Children's Hospital of Michigan in Detroit. The group University Pediatricians has had an exclusive contract with the Detroit Medical Center and DMC's owner, Tenet Healthcare, decided that doctors from Wayne Pediatrics would lose their affiliation with the hospital and doctors with Wayne Pediatrics would not be able to treat or admit patients at the hospital. In April 2020 Wayne State officials announced that they were taking up legal action against Tenet Healthcare.

2021 Saint Vincent Hospital strike

Main article: 2021 Saint Vincent Hospital strike

On March 8, 2021, workers at Saint Vincent Hospital in Worcester, Massachusetts went on strike. According to the workers' union, the Massachusetts Nurses Association, the hospital, owned by Tenet Healthcare, has spent over $60,000,000 on the strike, hiring scab nurses to replace striking workers and paying the Worcester Police Department over $30,000 a day for overtime patrol of the picket line. A union spokesperson claimed that this amount was triple the cost of the nurses demands, but the hospital's president disputed the $60,000,000 number. In an interview with Jacobin, a magazine, the head of the Massachusetts Nurses Association alleged unsafe conditions at Saint Vincent Hospital, with a work overload of nurses resulting in inadequate care for patients. The union's head also said that with the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, nurses faced an even higher workload and that Tenet received large amounts of money from the CARES Act while simultaneously furloughing nurses. Tenet made a contract offer in early July. Further negotiations ensued during July 22 and 23, with a subsequent two-day negotiation slated to begin August 2, 2021.

Operations

Tenet Healthcare Corporation employed, in 2021, approximately 110,000 people. Through its brands, subsidiaries, joint ventures, and partnerships with companies like United Surgical Partners International (USPI), "Statement of changes in beneficial ownership of securities." (Tenet Health) (January 31, 2019) Retrieved 20 July, 2020. Tenet subsidiaries own or lease and operate a number of medical office buildings, all located on or near Tenet hospital campuses. Tenet subsidiaries operate free-standing and provider-based outpatient centers, including diagnostic imaging centers, ambulatory surgery centers, off-campus emergency departments, and urgent care centers.

Awards and recognition

Tenet Healthcare has received various honors for the company, including its operations and leadership. In 2013, the American Heart Association recognized Tenet as a "Platinum Fit-Friendly Company." Tenet's board of directors was named the Outstanding Board of Directors for a Public Company by the Dallas Business Journal | access-date = 2014-11-20 | access-date = 2014-11-20

Philanthropy

In 2002, the Tenet Healthcare Foundation awarded a $1 million grant to provide financial support to Latino nursing students. In 2004, THF, Tenet's charitable giving arm, awarded $2.78 million to support accelerated undergraduate and graduate nursing degree programs at five nursing colleges in Southern California, South Florida, Georgia and Texas. In 2012, Tenet joined GE and Verizon in supporting the launch of the Clinton Health Matters Initiative, created by the William J. Clinton Foundation to build on its work on global health and childhood obesity. In Tenet's "2013 Sustainability Report: Tenet Cares," the company stated that its support for local communities that year totaled $545 million in uncompensated care and $158 million in charity care.

References

References

1. (February 18, 2025). "Tenet Healthcare Corporation 2024 Annual Report (Form 10-K)". [[U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission]].
2. "Tenet Healthcare Corp Key Metrics".
3. Jacobson, Gary. (1 October 2013). "Tenet completes $4.3 billion acquisition of Vanguard Health Systems". [[The Dallas Morning News]].
4. "Tenet Healthcare Closes $4.3B Vanguard Acquisition". D Healthcare Daily.
5. (2020). "Tenet Healthcare". Fortune.
6. (August 2022)
7. "Tenet Healthcare Corporation: History". Hoovers.
8. (2005). "Vault Guide to the Top Health Care Employers". Vault Inc..
9. (12 October 1994). "NME to Buy Rival Chain American Medical". Los Angeles Times.
10. (6 May 2004). "Tenet to Move Its Headquarters to Dallas". Los Angeles Times.
11. "Tenet Healthcare: To Acquire Ornda Healthcorp".
12. (30 September 1998). "Judge OKs Tenet's Purchase of 8 Facilities". Los Angeles Times.
13. Moss, David. (August 11, 2009). "Best in Class: Why Tenet Is the Healthiest Play in Hospitals". [[TheStreet.com]].
14. "Quality Care". Tenet Healthcare.
15. (5 August 2003). "Tenet Moves to Beef Up Compliance". [[Los Angeles Times]].
16. "Ethics and Compliance". Tenet Healthcare.
17. (28 January 2004). "Tenet Healthcare to Sell Hospitals And Take Charge of $1.4 Billion". Wall Street Journal.
18. (28 January 2004). "Tenet Healthcare Is Planning to Sell 27 Hospitals in a Turnaround Move". New York Times.
19. (29 June 2006). "Tenet to Pay $725 Million To Settle Medicare Case". Wall Street Journal.
20. (3 July 2006). "Tenet CEO Tries To Erase Effects Of Scandals". Wall Street Journal.
21. (27 September 2006). "Corporate Integrity Agreement". [[Office of Inspector General, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services]].
22. (28 September 2006). "Tenet Enters Into Five-Year Corporate Integrity Agreement". Tenet Healthcare.
23. (12 April 2007). "Jeb Bush joins board of Tenet Healthcare". [[Reuters]].
24. "About Us". Conifer Health Solutions.
25. "Conifer Health Solutions". Tenet Healthcare Corporation.
26. Worman, Jay. "Our History".
27. "Conifer Health Solutions - Healthcare Business Solutions".
28. "Tenet Healthcare Corp. stock price". Yahoo! Finance.
29. Krantz, Matt. (4 January 2010). "Many near-death stocks revived in '09". [[USA Today]].
30. (4 November 2009). "Earnings Roundup: Tenet Healthcare; Hospital operator swings to a loss". Los Angeles Times.
31. "Tenet Healthcare Corp.". MarketWatch.
32. "Tenet To Spin-Off{{sic".
33. (24 July 2019). "Tenet Healthcare to Spin Off Conifer Unit".
34. (9 May 2011). "Tenet Rejects Community Health's $7.3 Billion Takeover Bid". Bloomberg News.
35. (28 February 2014). "Behind the Rebirth of Tenet Healthcare". D CEO.
36. (24 February 2015). "Form 10-K for Year Ended December 31, 2015". Tenet Healthcare Corporation.
37. Jacobson, Gary. (1 October 2013). "Tenet completes $4.3 billion acquisition of Vanguard Health Systems". The Dallas Morning News.
38. (24 June 2013). "Tenet to Acquire Vanguard Health Systems for $1.8 Billion". New York Times.
39. (24 June 2013). "Tenet to Acquire Vanguard Health for $1.73 Billion". Wall Street Journal.
40. "2013 Sustainability Report: Tenet Cares". Tenet Healthcare.
41. "Fortune 500: Tenet Healthcare". CNNMoney.
42. (5 March 2007). "Tenet, Yale New Haven join forces in Connecticut". Modern Healthcare.
43. (7 May 2014). "Tenet to Build Teaching Hospital in El Paso". Becker's Hospital Review.
44. "Tenet rebrands its urgent care centers". Dallas Morning News.
45. "Tenet acquires Texas Regional Medical in Sunnyvale, "bullish on Texas"". Dallas Business Journal.
46. "Tenet Opens New Hospital in New Braunfels, Texas". Tenet Healthcare.
47. "Tenet's Resolute Health Hospital is open for business in New Braunfels". San Antonio Business Journal.
48. "Emanuel Medical Center Still Working to Complete Sale to Tenet". Turlock City News.
49. "Tenet Healthcare Swings to Profit on Higher Admissions". [[The Wall Street Journal]].
50. "Tenet Upbeat on 2014 Results". [[The Wall Street Journal]].
51. (5 April 2016). "Brookwood and Baptist merged system unveils new name, logo".
52. Rice, Sabriya. (2 May 2017). "Tenet Healthcare hospitals will be back in-network for Humana by October". Dallas News.
53. Martin, Brittney. (4 October 2016). "Tenet Healthcare, which owns Baptist Health System, severs ties with Humana insurance". My San Antonio.
54. Larson, Chris. (5 June 2017). "Humana renews deal with huge national provider". Louisiana Business First.
55. Ellison, Ayla. (August 1, 2017). "Tenet sells 3 Texas hospitals to HCA". Becker's Hospital Review.
56. (11 December 2017). "Tenet Healthcare's Fall From Grace".
57. Japsen, Bruce. "A Tenet Healthcare Sale Could Draw Many Bidders".
58. "Health Care : Tenet Healthcare now expects to lay off 2,000 workers".
59. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-tenet-m-a-exclusive/exclusive-hospital-operator-tenet-healthcare-scraps-sale-plans-sources- {{dead link. (July 2021)
60. (27 April 2018). "Tenet acquires remaining stake in United Surgical Partners for $630M".
61. Elejalde-Ruiz, Alexia. (February 26, 2018). "Loyola's purchase of MacNeal Hospital could take away Berwyn's biggest source of property tax revenue". [[Chicago Tribune]].
62. Schencker, Lisa. (July 18, 2018). "'We can ... save these hospitals': Weiss, Westlake, West Suburban sold for $70 million to for-profit firm". Chicago Tribune.
63. Schencker, Lisa. (January 29, 2018). "Weiss, Westlake and West Suburban hospitals to be sold to firm headed by Obama friend". Chicago Tribune.
64. Schencker, Lisa. (February 19, 2018). "The state can't stop the new owners of Westlake Hospital from closing it. That wasn't always the case.". Chicago Tribune.
65. Gelles, David. (2021-04-24). "C.E.O. Pay Remains Stratospheric, Even at Companies Battered by Pandemic". The New York Times.
66. (7 December 2020). "D Magazine".
67. "SEC Form 10-Q".
68. (30 April 2021). "ASC Transactions & Valuation Issues".
69. "Tenet sells 5 Florida hospitals".
70. Kerr, Peter. (31 July 1992). "8 Big Insurers Sue National Medical Enterprises". [[The New York Times]].
71. (8 October 1991). "COMPANY NEWS; U.S. Investigating National Medical". The New York Times.
72. (27 August 1993). "U.S. Raids Hospital Operator". The New York Times.
73. (9 March 1994). "National Medical Settlement". The New York Times.
74. (December 1994). "National Medical Agrees to Settlement of Fraud Charges Totaling $380 Million". [[American Academy of Pediatrics]].
75. Appleby, Julie. (6 August 2003). "Tenet to pay $54M to settle disputed surgery case". USA Today.
76. Girion, Lisa. (17 April 2004). "Tenet Reaches Deal to Sell Redding Hospital". [[Los Angeles Times]].
77. (22 December 2004). "$395 Million Payment to Settle Unnecessary-Surgeries Suits". The New York Times.
78. Klaidman, Stephen. Coronary: a true story of medicine gone awry. Simon and Schuster, 2008.
79. (February 18, 2007). "A heart surgery scandal revisits Redding in print / People trusted their doctors -- a bit too much". SFGate.
80. DuBois, James M., Elena Kraus, and Meghan Vasher. "The development of a taxonomy of wrongdoing in medical practice and research." American Journal of Preventive Medicine 42.1 (2012): 89-98.
81. (27 May 2003). "With No Surprise, Chief Leaves Tenet Healthcare". The New York Times.
82. (13 March 2002). "Jeffrey Barbakow: Lost & Found".
83. (17 February 2002). "Makeover on Tap for Robert F. Kennedy Medical Center".
84. (January 5, 2002). "After 68 years, Money Woes Force the Closure of St. Luke's Medical Center". [[Los Angeles Times]].
85. "Huntington Hospital Healthcare Impact Report".
86. "Closure of St Luke Medical Center: Issues, Impacts, and Responses".
87. Pettersson, Edvard. (2 August 2007). "Tenet Healthcare Wins Dismissal of Racketeering Suit". [[Bloomberg News]].
88. Koenig, David. (30 June 2006). "Tenet to pay $900 million in Medicare settlement". [[U-T San Diego.
89. (29 June 2006). "Tenet Healthcare Corporation to Pay U.S. more than $900 Million to Resolve False Claims Act Allegations". US Department of Justice.
90. (2016-10-03). "Hospital Chain Will Pay over $513 Million for Defrauding the United States and Making Illegal Payments in Exchange for Patient Referrals; Two Subsidiaries Agree to Plead Guilty".
91. "Tenet Healthcare to Pay $514 Million to Settle Kickback Allegations".
92. (11 March 2010). "Coroner: Post-Katrina hospital death not homicide". [[CNN]].
93. Fink, Shari. (25 August 2009). "The Deadly Choices at Memorial". The New York Times.
94. (29 June 2006). "Four Area Hospitals For Sale". [[WDSU]] News.
95. (18 March 2009). "Panel recommends paying Dr. Anna Pou's legal fees". Times-Picayune.
96. (July 2009). "Governor Signs Bill To Reimburse Doctor Cleared Of Committing Mercy Killings During Katrina". KTBS.com.
97. Portero, Ashley. (9 December 2011). "30 Major U.S. Corporations Paid More to Lobby Congress Than Income Taxes, 2008–2010". [[International Business Times]].
98. (13 January 2016). "Heart doctors outraged Florida dumps hospital standards after big gifts to GOP". [[CNN]] News.
99. "Florida Health - Setting the Record Straight".
100. (2020-05-06). "Detroit Medical Center says it will bar Wayne State pediatricians from Children's Hospital".
101. Dwyer, Dustin. (5 May 2020). "Wayne State pediatricians being evicted from DMC Children's Hospital, dean says".
102. (2021-05-26). "Nurses in Massachusetts Are Striking for Their Patients".
103. Freyer, Felice. (2021-05-22). "Saint Vincent strike enters 12th week as both sides dig in".
104. (6 July 2021). "St. Vincent Hospital in Worcester makes another offer as nurses take ongoing strike to Texas". [[WCVB]]5.
105. (1 August 2021). "St. Vincent Nurses to Resume Talks with Dallas-Based Tenet Healthcare Monday and Tuesday, Aug. 2 & 3".
106. "Tenet Healthcare Corp.". The Wall Street Journal.
107. "Providence top El Paso executive promoted to Tenet hospital chain's chief nursing officer". [[El Paso Times]].
108. (October 2023). "Our Awards". Tenet Healthcare.
109. "Fit-Friendly Worksites: Platinum Award Recognition". American Heart Association.
110. "New HQ just part of CEO's transformation of country's largest for-profit health care company".
111. "Here are the 2019 Most Admired CEOs in North Texas".
112. (6 February 2019). "100 Most Influential People in Healthcare - 2019".
113. (28 April 2021). "Board is at the center of Tenet Healthcare's recent transformation (Video)". Dallas Business Journal.
114. (2006). "Nurses on the Move: Migration and the Global Health Care Economy". Cornell University Press.
115. "Grants to address nursing shortage". Santa Barbara News-Press.
116. "President Clinton announces launch of the Clinton Health Matters Initiative". Clinton Foundation.
117. "2014 Health Matters Conference". Clinton Foundation.