Tempe, Arizona

History

The Hohokam lived in this area and built canals to support their agriculture. They abandoned their settlements during the 15th century, with a few individuals and families remaining nearby.

Fort McDowell was established approximately 25 mi northeast of present downtown Tempe on the upper Salt River in 1865 allowing for new towns to be built farther down the Salt River. US military service members and Hispanic workers were hired to grow food and animal feed to supply the fort, and less than a year later, had set up small camps near the river that were the first permanent communities in the Valley after the fall of the Hohokam. (Phoenix was settled shortly afterward, by 1867–68.) The two settlements were 'Hayden's Ferry', named after a ferry service operated by Charles T. Hayden, and 'San Pablo', and were located west and east of Hayden Butte respectively. The ferry became the key river crossing in the area. The Tempe Irrigating Canal Company was soon established by William Kirkland and James McKinney to provide water for alfalfa, wheat, barley, oats, and cotton.

Pioneer Darrell Duppa is credited with suggesting Tempe's name, adopted in 1879, after comparing the Salt River valley near a 300 ft-tall butte, to the Vale of Tempe near Mount Olympus in Greece.

From its founding in 1871 until 90 years later, Tempe was a sundown town where African Americans were permitted to work but forced to live elsewhere. In 1965, Warren and Carol Livingston were the first African Americans to buy property in Tempe.

In 1885, the 13th Arizona Territorial Legislature chose Tempe for the site of the Territorial Normal School, which became Arizona Normal School, Arizona State Teachers College, Arizona State College and finally Arizona State University.

The Maricopa and Phoenix Railroad, built in 1887, crossed the Salt River at Tempe, linking the town to the nation's growing transportation system. The Tempe Land and Improvement Company was formed to sell lots in the booming town. Tempe became an economic hub for the surrounding agricultural area. The Maricopa County Board of Supervisors incorporated the town of Tempe in 1894.

The completion of Roosevelt Dam in 1911 guaranteed enough water to meet the growing needs of Valley farmers. On his way to dedicate the dam, former President Theodore Roosevelt applauded the accomplishments of the people of central Arizona and predicted that their towns would be prosperous cities in the future. Less than a year later, Arizona was admitted as the 48th state, and the Salt River Valley continued to develop.

On August 30, 1971, Tempe was hit by a rare F2 tornado that injured 41 people, the most injuries recorded from a tornado in Arizona, and caused damage in upwards of $3 million. One indirect fatality occurred when a man died from a heart attack during the storm.

In the 20th and 21st centuries, Tempe has expanded as a suburb of Phoenix, and as a center of education and commerce.

Geography

Tempe is an inner suburb, located between the core city of Phoenix and the rest of the East Valley. Due to this, as well as being the home of the main campus of Arizona State University, Tempe has a fairly dense, urbanized development pattern in the northern part of the city especially in relation to the Valley Metro Line. Going south, development becomes less dense, consisting of single-family homes, strip malls and lower-density office parks.

The Salt River runs west through the northern part of Tempe; part of the river is dammed in two places to create Tempe Town Lake.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the landlocked city has a total area of 40.2 sqmi, of which 40.1 sqmi is land and 0.1 sqmi is water. The total area is 0.32% water, including Tempe Town Lake. The city of Tempe is bordered by Mesa to the east, Scottsdale and the Salt River Pima–Maricopa Indian Community to the north, Phoenix and Guadalupe to the west, and Chandler to the south.

Tempe is generally flat, except for Tempe Butte or Hayden Butte (generally known as A-Mountain for Arizona State University's "A" logo located on its south face), located next to Sun Devil Stadium, Twin Buttes and Bell Butte on the western edge of Tempe, and the buttes within Papago Park at northwest corner of Tempe. Elevation ranges from 1140 ft at Tempe Town Lake to 1495 ft atop Hayden Butte.

Climate

Tempe experiences a desert climate with a higher degree of diurnal temperature variation than neighboring Phoenix.

|Jan record high F = 87 |Feb record high F = 92 |Mar record high F = 100 |Apr record high F = 105 |May record high F = 113 |Jun record high F = 119 |Jul record high F = 118 |Aug record high F = 119 |Sep record high F = 115 |Oct record high F = 112 |Nov record high F = 98 |Dec record high F = 88

|Jan avg record high F = 80.2 |Feb avg record high F = 83.2 |Mar avg record high F = 90.6 |Apr avg record high F = 98.0 |May avg record high F = 104.1 |Jun avg record high F = 110.5 |Jul avg record high F = 112.2 |Aug avg record high F = 110.8 |Sep avg record high F = 107.5 |Oct avg record high F = 100.7 |Nov avg record high F = 89.9 |Dec avg record high F = 79.9 |year avg record high F = 113.1

|Jan avg record low F = 30.5 |Feb avg record low F = 33.8 |Mar avg record low F = 37.8 |Apr avg record low F = 42.5 |May avg record low F = 51.4 |Jun avg record low F = 60.3 |Jul avg record low F = 68.7 |Aug avg record low F = 68.6 |Sep avg record low F = 60.3 |Oct avg record low F = 46.7 |Nov avg record low F = 36.0 |Dec avg record low F = 29.5 |year avg record low F = 27.4

|Jan record low F = 16 |Feb record low F = 19 |Mar record low F = 24 |Apr record low F = 30 |May record low F = 35 |Jun record low F = 45 |Jul record low F = 53 |Aug record low F = 52 |Sep record low F = 45 |Oct record low F = 26 |Nov record low F = 23 |Dec record low F = 20

|access-date = April 30, 2023 |archive-date = April 30, 2023 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230430175155/https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/services/data/v1?dataset=normals-monthly-1991-2020&stations=USC00028499&format=pdf&dataTypes=MLY-TMAX-NORMAL,MLY-TMIN-NORMAL,MLY-TAVG-NORMAL,MLY-PRCP-NORMAL,MLY-SNOW-NORMAL |url-status = live |access-date = April 30, 2023 |archive-date = July 7, 2022 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220707085315/https://www.weather.gov/wrh/climate?wfo=psr |url-status = live

Demographics

|align-fn=center

As of the 2010 census, there were 161,719 people, 63,602 households, and 33,645 families residing in the city. The population density was 3,959.4 PD/sqmi. There were 67,068 housing units at an average density of 1,674.1 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the city was 77.5% White, 5.9% Black or African American, 2.9% Native American, 5.7% Asian, 0.4% Pacific Islander, 8.5% from other races, and 3.9% from two or more races. 21.2% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.

There were 63,602 households, out of which 24.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 38.4% were married couples living together, 9.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 47.1% were non-families. 28.5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 4.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.41 and the average family size was 3.05.

In the city, 19.8% of the population was under the age of 18, 21.3% from 18 to 24, 33.2% from 25 to 44, 18.5% from 45 to 64, and 7.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 29 years. For every 100 females, there were 106.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 107.1 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $42,361, and the median income for a family was $55,237. Males had a median income of $36,406 versus $28,605 for females. The per capita income for the city was $22,406. About 7.5% of families and 14.3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 13.6% of those under age 18 and 5.1% of those age 65 or over.

There is a Mexican-American community in Tempe centered around the neighboring town of Guadalupe.

Economy

Tempe is the headquarters and executive office of one Fortune 500 company: DriveTime. Benchmark Electronics, Carvana, GoDaddy, NortonLifeLock, First Solar, the Salt River Project, Circle K, and Fulton Homes are also headquartered in Tempe. Cold Stone Creamery was originally headquartered in Tempe and location #0001 is still in operation today at 3330 S McClintock Drive in Tempe. Tempe prides itself in assisting burgeoning businesses and has a variety of resources and programs available, such as FABRiC (Fashion and Business Resource Innovation Center) and BRiC (Business Resource and Innovation Center).

Tempe is also home to the first and largest campus of Arizona State University. It was the longtime host of the Fiesta Bowl (1971–2006), where it hosted multiple national championship college football games. It then began hosting the Insight Bowl in December 2006, which remained through the January 2015 playing, when it was known as the Cactus Bowl.

Tempe houses several performance venues including Gammage Auditorium and the Tempe Center for the Arts.

Tempe Town Lake is home to many national and international events, such as Ironman Arizona and Rock n Roll Marathon. Gammage Auditorium was also the site of one of the three Presidential debates in 2004, and Super Bowl XXX was played at Sun Devil Stadium. Additionally, Tempe is the spring training host city of the Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim.

One of Arizona's largest shopping malls, Arizona Mills, sits near the border with the town of Guadalupe. The city is the location of the first IKEA branch in Arizona, also near the southern boundary. Tempe Marketplace, a large open air mall featuring live music and water and laser shows, is located just southeast of Tempe Town Lake. Tempe can boast an array of wholesalers and manufacturers. Mill Avenue, located just west of Hayden Butte, is a shopping and entertainment area in the city popular with pedestrians and students. With the completion of Tempe Town Lake, commercial and high-rise development along the reservoir quickly transformed the cityscape of Mill Avenue and the skyline of downtown Tempe.

Top employers

According to Tempe's Comprehensive Annual Financial Report for the financial year ending June 2020, the top employers in the city are:

Arts and culture

Tempe Center for the Arts

Opened in September 2007, Tempe Center for the Arts (TCA) is a community crown jewel for performing and visual arts. The $65 million venue houses a state-of-the-art 600-seat theater, a 200-seat studio theater, a picturesque 200-seat multi-purpose space, a 3,500 square-foot art gallery.

Tempe History Museum

The Tempe History Museum explores local history through collections, research services, exhibits, and programs.

Public art

The Tempe Public Art Program coordinates artists with building designers to install permanent and temporary public art projects. Since 1988, more than 50 projects have been commissioned by the Tempe's Community Services Division. The Art in Private Development ordinance of 1991 has helped add more than 60 privately owned pieces of art to the city, accessible by the public.

Live music scene

Tempe enjoyed a thriving alternative music scene throughout the 1980s and '90s, producing acts including as the Gin Blossoms, Meat Puppets, Dead Hot Workshop, The Refreshments, Roger Clyne and the Peacemakers, Hans Olson, The Maine, and Injury Reserve. Historic dive-bar Yucca Tap Room, one of the last remaining 'small stage' venues that defined this era, continues to host nightly local live music.

Tempe Music Walk

The Tempe Music Walk honors select bands, musicians and musical venues with plaques embedded in the sidewalk on Mill Avenue. Honorees are Walt Richardson, The Gin Blossoms, Hans Olson, and Long Wong's.

Public libraries

Tempe Public Library is the local library. It is located adjacent to the Tempe History Museum.

Tourism

Many of the reasons people visit Tempe are places and events, such as P. F. Chang's Rock 'n' Roll Arizona Marathon & 1/2 Marathon, Tempe Marketplace, Arizona Mills, Mill Avenue, and Tempe Town Lake.

The Tempe Tourism Office, located on Mill Avenue's downtown district, provides maps and additional information about hotels and upcoming city events.

Historic properties

Main article: List of historic properties in Tempe, Arizona

There are numerous properties in the city of Tempe which are considered to be historical and have been included either in the National Register of Historic Places.

Sports

From 1988 to 2005, Sun Devil Stadium hosted the National Football League's Arizona Cardinals (they were known as the Phoenix Cardinals from 1988 to 1993). The Cardinals have since moved to State Farm Stadium in Glendale for games, but their headquarters are in Tempe until they move to their new facility in north Phoenix in 2028. Many residents follow the teams in nearby Phoenix and Glendale. (For more information, read the sports section on the Phoenix page)

The Arizona State University Sun Devils compete in football, basketball, baseball, as well as a number of other sports in the Big-12 Conference of the NCAA. The Sun Devils football team plays their games at Sun Devil Stadium. Currently as a Division I Independent program, the men's ice hockey team plays at 5,000-seat Mullett Arena. The Sun Devils' nearest rival is the University of Arizona Wildcats, in Tucson. The two teams compete in the "Duel in the Desert" for control of the Territorial Cup. Sun Devil Stadium had hosted the annual Fiesta Bowl until the 2007 game moved to State Farm Stadium.

The Los Angeles Angels have their spring training at Tempe Diablo Stadium, a 9,785-seat ballpark built in 1968. The Angels moved to Tempe in 1993 from Palm Springs, California.

The Arizona Coyotes began using Mullett Arena as their home venue for the 2022-23 National Hockey League season after struggling to find long-term arena agreements in the greater Phoenix area. This was to be a short-term solution until a new arena was built. After several unsuccessful attempts at securing a new arena, the Coyotes played what would ultimately be the franchise's final two seasons in Arizona at Mullett Arena before ceasing operations in 2024 and relocating to Salt Lake City, Utah.

The Arizona Hotshots of the Alliance of American Football played their one season in Tempe in early 2019. The league folded before the season was completed.

Rugby union is a developing sport in Tempe as well as in the Phoenix metropolitan area. The multiple clubs, ranging from men's and women's clubs to collegiate and Under 19, are part of the Arizona Rugby Union. Notable clubs are Arizona State University Rugby Football Club and the Tempe "Old Devils" Rugby Club.

Parks and recreation

Tempe is home to many outdoor activities. Tempe Town Lake is a publicly accessible lake that is run by City of Tempe. The lake provides recreation activities to residents and tourists, but also helps protect the surrounding area from flooding. The City of Tempe estimated that 2.7 million people visited the lake in 2013.

Papago Park and Tempe Butte Desert Preserves offer hiking, mountain and road biking, rock climbing, disc golf, and equestrian activities. Tempe is also home to the annual Ironman Triathlon, which takes place in late November.

Tempe has more than 50 neighborhood and community parks, including Kiwanis Park, Tempe Beach Park and Tempe Sports Complex. Kiwanis Park contains Kiwanis Lake, the only indoor wave pool in the Phoenix area, a gymnasium, a batting range, tennis courts, a fitness center, and classroom programs.

Government

• Mayor: Corey Woods
• Vice Mayor: Doreen Garlid
• City Manager: Rosa Inchausti
• Chief of Police: Kenneth McCoy
• Fire Chief: Darrel Duty
• City Attorney: Eric Anderson
• City Council Members: Vice Mayor Doreen Garlid, Councilmembers Jennifer Adams, Nikki Amberg, Arlene Chin, Berdetta Hodge and Randy Keating.

The city has had 33 mayors since 1894.

• 1894–1896: Fenn J. Hart
• 1896–1897: E.A. Murphy
• 1897–1902: John Knight
• 1902–1903: Samuel Brown
• 1903–1912: J.A. Dins
• 1912–1914: Joseph T. Birchett
• 1914–1916: George M. Frizzell
• 1916–1920: J.A. Dins
• 1920–1922: C.M. Woodward
• 1922–1924: Curt W. Miller
• 1924–1926: Garfield A. Goodwin
• 1926–1928: J.L. Felton
• 1928–1930: Hugh E. Laird
• 1930–1932: Thanks Anderson
• 1932–1934: F.E. Ostrander
• 1934–1937: Thanks Anderson
• 1937–1948: W.W. Cole
• 1948–1960: Hugh E. Laird
• 1960–1961: Clyde Gililland
• 1961–1962: Ross R. Rice
• 1962–1963: Bernard R. Caine
• 1963–1964: Harold Andrews
• 1964–1966: John C. Moeur
• 1966–1968: Rudy E. Campbell
• 1968–1970: Elmer Bradley
• 1970–1974: Dale R. Shumway
• 1974–1978: William J. LoPiano
• 1978–1994: Harry Mitchell
• 1994–2004: Neil Giuliano
• 2004–2012: Hugh Hallman
• 2012–2020: Mark Mitchell
• 2020–present: Corey Woods

Tempe is in Arizona's 3rd and 4th congressional districts, which are served by Representatives Yassamin Ansari (D) and Greg Stanton (D), respectively.

Education

Tempe is served by multiple school districts. Most of Tempe is within the Tempe Elementary School District and the Tempe Union High School District; however, other portions are served by the Kyrene School District (K–8), Scottsdale Unified School District (K–12), and Mesa Public Schools (K–12). James Madison Preparatory School and Tempe Preparatory Academy are also located in the area.

Emmanuel Lutheran School is a Christian Pre-K–8 grade school of the Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod in Tempe.

Tempe also contains one of the state's three major universities, Arizona State University, the Maricopa County Community College District administrative offices and the headquarters of Rio Salado Community College. Arizona State University is known for its numerous studies and innovations, particularly in the field of science which include furthering the knowledge of certain cancers, business management research, and population science. Tempe is also the home of several other schools, including the University of Phoenix, Brookline College, Southwest College of Naturopathic Medicine, Southwest Institute of Healing Arts, Bryan University and Lamson Junior College.

Media

• Tempe 11, a local access channel, found on Cox Cable Channel 11.
• KJZZ, an NPR station, is located in Tempe at Rio Salado College.
• KBAQ, a 24/7 member-supported classical radio station, is the only such service in the Phoenix metropolitan area. Sun Sounds, a radio station for the blind, is also located there.
• Tempe Tribune and Times Media Group have offices in Tempe. Tempe Independent covers Tempe

Infrastructure

Transportation

Main article: Metropolitan Phoenix freeways

Tempe is one of the most densely populated cities in the state and serves as a crossroads for the area's largest communities.

Freeways make up the major transportation system for the Valley. Included in the system surrounding Tempe are Interstate 10 near the western edge as it traverses the Broadway Curve, Loop 202 crossing the northern side, Loop 101 following the eastern border, and U.S. Route 60 running east–west through the center of the city.

Valley Metro operates bus routes and the Valley Metro Rail system that serves Downtown Tempe and Arizona State University, providing service to Phoenix and Mesa. The City of Tempe operates a free neighborhood circulator service called Orbit involving five free shuttle routes near Arizona State University that operate on a regular basis seven days a week. Three other FLASH (Free Local Area Shuttle) circulate in northern Tempe around the university. Tempe residents and commuters make extensive use of public transit and service is offered on a more frequent basis than elsewhere in the greater Phoenix valley, or in the entire state. Most Tempe buses offer 15 minute service during rush hour and 30 minute service throughout the rest of the day.

Phoenix Sky Harbor International Airport, located 2 mi northwest of Tempe, provides extensive air service to points throughout North America and to London, England, and various cities in Hawaii.

Phoenix-Mesa Gateway Airport is located in Mesa, and offers air service to many additional destinations.

Tempe is one of the few cities in the United States to permit self-driving taxis. Waymo currently offers service within most parts of the city as well as certain other portions of the Valley. In 2018, Tempe was the location of the first reported killing of a pedestrian by a self-driving car, when Elaine Herzberg was struck and killed by a car owned by Uber that was operating in autonomous mode. The incident caused Uber to suspend its self-driving car program nationwide, and its permit to operate in Arizona was revoked.

Tempe is home to the nation's first zero-driving community called Culdesac Tempe which opened in 2023.  The $170 million development project will contain 761 apartments, housing 1,000 residents and 16,000 square feet of retail, serving as a form of infill development in the city as it is being built on a vacant 17-acre lot.  In this community, residents are contractually forbidden from parking a vehicle within a quarter mile radius of the area. Prices to live in Culdesac Tempe are projected to be similar to rent prices in the rest of the area and discounted public transport services are included in the monthly rent to allow for residents to travel to other places.

Notable people

• The article must mention how they are associated with the community, whether born, raised, or residing. • The fact of their association should have a reliable source cited, or it should be stated in their Wikipedia article • Alphabetical by last name please, within the appropriate category • All others will be deleted without further explanation END OF NOTICE --

• Albert Alan – financial literacy advocate and author, born in Tempe
• Steven Anderson – pastor of Faithful Word Baptist Church
• Jules Asner – television personality, model, author
• Roger Clyne – musician
• Norman Dubie – poet
• Gabe Freeman – professional basketball player
• Grady Gammage – educator, president of NAU and, after, ASU
• Gin Blossoms – rock band
• Margaret Gisolo – baseball pioneer, dance educator
• Mary Green – first Black property owner in Tempe
• Carl T. Hayden – United States Senator for Arizona, and its first Representative in the House
• Katie Hobbs – 24th and current governor of Arizona since 2023
• Injury Reserve - hip hop group
• Joe Jackson – professional football player
• Frank Kush – college football coach
• Ryan Maifield - Professional R/C Car Driver
• Aaron McCreary – college baseball, basketball and football coach
• The Meat Puppets – rock band
• Harry E. Mitchell – former U.S. Representative
• Paul "P.H." Naffah – musician
• Mike Pollak – professional football player
• Psychostick – comedy rock band
• John H. Pyle – Governor of Arizona from 1951 to 1955.
• The Refreshments – alternative rock band
• Alberto Ríos – poet
• Brooke Schofield - internet personality and podcaster
• Charli Turner Thorne – college basketball coach

Twin towns and sister cities

: FRA Beaulieu-sur-Mer, Alpes-Maritimes, Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur, France : IRL Carlow, Carlow, Ireland : NZL Lower Hutt, New Zealand : DEU Regensburg, Bavaria, Germany : NMK Skopje, North Macedonia : PRC Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China : MLI Timbuktu, Mali : ECU Cuenca, Ecuador : PER Cuzco, Peru : SWE Trollhättan, Sweden : IND Agra City, India

The newest sister city is Agra City, India, since 2016.

References

References

1. "Tempe AZ ZIP Codes". Zipdatamaps.
2. {{GNIS. 2412045
3. "2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau.
4. "'Tempe' definition and pronunciation". merriamwebster.com.
5. Blanton, Shirley R.. (2007). "Tempe". Arcadia Publishing.
6. Mark, Jay. (February 21, 2014). "Black History More Readily Available with Curator's Book". [[The Arizona Republic]].
7. "African American Contributions to Tempe History". Tempe History Museum.
8. "Timeline".
9. Andrew, Glass. (February 14, 2017). "Arizona admitted to the union as the 48th state, Feb. 14, 1912". Politico.
10. (August 31, 1971). "Storm batters family's home into a shell". Central Newspapers Inc..
11. (August 30, 2019). "Tempe, AZ F2 Tornado - August 30, 1971".
12. "Census of Population and Housing". Census.gov.
13. "P004 Hispanic or Latino, and Not Hispanic or Latino by Race – 2000: DEC Summary File 1 – Tempe city, Arizona".
14. "P2 Hispanic or Latino, and Not Hispanic or Latino by Race – 2010: DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94-171) – Tempe city, Arizona".
15. "P2 Hispanic or Latino, and Not Hispanic or Latino by Race – 2020: DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94-171) – Tempe city, Arizona".
16. (September 27, 2023). "Mexicans in Tempe". Arcadia.
17. "Identity Theft Protection From ID & Credit Fraud – LifeLock".
18. "Vertically Integrated Utility-Scale PV Power Solutions Provider – First Solar".
19. "Honeywell CEO resigns, will head Tempe-based First Solar".
20. "Small Business {{!}} City of Tempe, AZ".
21. "Comprehensive Annual Financial Report".
22. "Welcome | Tempe Center for the Arts".
23. "Tempe History Museum | City of Tempe, AZ".
24. "Tempe Public Art | City of Tempe, AZ".
25. "The Danelle Project - Local Music Legacy".
26. "Tempe's Music Walk".
27. "About Tempe Public Library". City of Tempe.
28. "News from Tempe Convention & Visitors Bureau". Archive.constantcontact.com.
29. "Downtown Tempe".
30. "Tempe Tourism Tempe, AZ Tourism Office – Welcome to Tempe!".
31. "Arizona (AZ), Maricopa County". American Dreams Inc..
32. "Arizona Cardinals Franchise". Arizona Cardinals.
33. "Arizona Rugby Union". Arizona Rugby Union.
34. (September 21, 2004). "Rugby, E.V. style: No wimps allowed". [[East Valley Tribune]].
35. (2014). "Tempe Town Lake". City of Tempe, Arizona.
36. "Parks".
37. "Kiwanis Recreation Center".
38. "Emmanuel Lutheran School".
39. (April 15, 2019). "A three-dimensional (3D) organotypic microfluidic model for glioma stem cells – Vascular interactions". Biomaterials.
40. (April 6, 2019). "CEO Risk-Taking and Socioemotional Wealth: The Behavioral Agency Model, Family Control, and CEO Option Wealth". Journal of Management.
41. Sheehan, Connor M.. (March 30, 2019). "Education and Health Conditions Among the Currently Incarcerated and the Non-incarcerated Populations". Population Research and Policy Review.
42. "Tempe 11 | City of Tempe, AZ".
43. "Neighborhood Circulator Expansion". City of Tempe, Arizona.
44. (March 19, 2018). "Self-driving Uber kills Arizona woman in first fatal crash".
45. Dougherty, Conor. (October 31, 2020). "The Capital of Sprawl Gets a Radically Car-Free Neighborhood". The New York Times.
46. Bliss, Laura. (September 8, 2021). "Developers Offer Mobility Services to Lure Car-Free Renters".
47. (May 12, 2017). "Once homeless man to receive 3 degrees at Friday's UA commencement". tucson.com.
48. "Jules Asner (Author of Whacked)".
49. Leatherman, Benjamin. (August 6, 2014). "The 15 Biggest Rock Stars Who Live in Arizona".
50. "Gabe Freeman profile".
51. "HAYDEN, Carl Trumbull, (1877–1972)". United States Congress.
52. "Pyle, John Howard (1906–1987)". The Political Graveyard.
53. "Our Sister Cities".
54. (2013). "Skopje – Twin towns & Sister cities". Grad Skopje.
55. "Our Sister Cities".