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Taoiseach

Head of government of Ireland

Field	Value
post	Taoiseach
insignia	Logo of the Department of the Taoiseach.svg
insigniasize	300px
image	Micheal Martin, 2025 (cropped).jpg
incumbent	Micheál Martin
incumbentsince	23 January 2025
department
style
type	Head of government
member_of
reports_to	Oireachtas
residence	None
seat	Government Buildings,
Merrion Street, Dublin, Ireland
nominator	Dáil Éireann
appointer	President of Ireland
termlength	While commanding the confidence of the majority of Dáil Éireann. No term limits are imposed on the office.
constituting_instrument	Article 13, Constitution of Ireland
precursor	President of the Executive Council
formation	29 December 1937
first	Éamon de Valera
deputy	Tánaiste
salary	€248,773 annually (2025)

website	Department of the Taoiseach

Merrion Street, Dublin, Ireland

(including €115,953 TD salary)

The taoiseach is the head of government, or prime minister of Ireland. The office is appointed by the president of Ireland upon nomination by Dáil Éireann (the lower house of the Oireachtas, Ireland's national legislature) and the office-holder must retain the support of a majority in the Dáil to remain in office.

The Irish word means "chief" or "leader", and was adopted in the 1937 Constitution of Ireland as the title of the "head of the Government or Prime Minister". It is the official title of the head of government in both English and Irish, and is not used for the prime ministers of other countries, who are instead referred to in Irish by the generic term príomh-aire. The phrase an Taoiseach is sometimes used in an otherwise English-language context, and means the same as "the taoiseach".

The incumbent taoiseach is Micheál Martin, TD, leader of Fianna Fáil, who took office on 23 January 2025, following the 2024 general election and an agreement between Fianna Fáil, Fine Gael and independent TDs.

Overview

Under the Constitution of Ireland, the taoiseach is nominated by a simple majority of the voting members of Dáil Éireann from among the lower house's members. The taoiseach is then formally appointed to office by the President, who is required to appoint whomever the Dáil designates, without the option of declining to make the appointment. For this reason, the taoiseach may informally be said to have been "elected" by Dáil Éireann.

If the taoiseach loses the support of a majority in Dáil Éireann, they are not automatically removed from office. Instead, they are compelled either to resign or to persuade the President to dissolve the Dáil and call new elections. If the President "in his absolute discretion" refuses to grant a dissolution, this effectively forces the taoiseach to resign. To date, no President has ever refused a dissolution, although the option to exercise this prerogative arose in 1944 and 1994, and twice in 1982. The taoiseach may lose the support of Dáil Éireann by the passage of a vote of no confidence, or implicitly, through the failure of a vote of confidence. Alternatively, the Dáil may refuse supply. In the event of the taoiseach's resignation, they continue to exercise the duties and functions of office until the appointment of a successor.

The taoiseach nominates the remaining members of the Government, who are then, with the consent of the Dáil, appointed by the President. The taoiseach may advise the President to dismiss cabinet ministers from office; the President does not have discretion on accepting such advice. The taoiseach is also responsible for appointing eleven members of the sixty members of the upper house of parliament, the Seanad.

The Department of the Taoiseach is the government department which supports and advises the taoiseach in carrying out his or her various duties. The taoiseach is assisted by one or more Ministers of State at the Department of the Taoiseach, one of whom is the Government Chief Whip.

Salary

The taoiseach's salary is €248,773, as of 2025.

The taoiseach's salary was cut from €214,187 to €200,000 when Enda Kenny took office in 2011 before being cut further to €185,350 under the Haddington Road Agreement in 2013.

A proposed increase of €38,000 in 2007 was deferred when Brian Cowen became taoiseach and in October 2008, the government announced a 10% salary cut for all ministers, including the taoiseach. However this was a voluntary cut and the salaries remained nominally the same with both ministers and taoiseach essentially refusing 10% of their salary. This caused controversy in December 2009 when a salary cut of 20% was based on the higher figure before the refused amount was deducted. The taoiseach is also allowed an additional €134,148 in annual expenses, as of 1 August 2025.

Residence

There is no official residence of the taoiseach. In 2008 it was reported speculatively that the former Steward's Lodge at Farmleigh adjoining the Phoenix Park would become the official residence of the Taoiseach. However, no official statements were made nor any action taken. The house, which forms part of the Farmleigh estate acquired by the State in 1999 for €29.2 million, was renovated at a cost of nearly €600,000 in 2005 by the Office of Public Works. Former Taoiseach Bertie Ahern did not use it as a residence, but his successor Brian Cowen used it occasionally, as did later Taoisigh Enda Kenny and Leo Varadkar, who each paid €50 per night for the use of the house to avoid benefit-in-kind tax being levied on them for use of the house as a grace and favour mansion.

Salute

"Mór Chluana" ("More of Cloyne") is a traditional air collected by Patrick Weston Joyce in 1873. "Amhrán Dóchais" ("Song of Hope") is a poem written by Osborn Bergin in 1913. John A. Costello chose the air as his musical salute. The salute is played by army bands on the arrival of the taoiseach at state ceremonies. Though the salute is often called "Amhrán Dóchais", Brian Ó Cuív argued "Mór Chluana" is the correct title.

History

Origins and etymology

The words taoiseach and tánaiste (deputy prime minister) are both from the Irish language and of ancient origin. The taoiseach is described in the Constitution of Ireland as "the head of the Government or Prime Minister", its literal translation is or . Although Éamon de Valera, who introduced the title in 1937, was a democratic politician who had in the past associated with paramilitaries, some have remarked that the meaning in 1937 made the title similar to the titles of fascist dictators of the time, such as Führer (for Adolf Hitler), Duce (for Benito Mussolini) and Caudillo (for Francisco Franco). Tánaiste, in turn, refers to the system of tanistry, the Gaelic system of succession whereby a leader would appoint an heir apparent while still living.

In Scottish Gaelic, tòiseach translates as 'clan chief' and both words originally had similar meanings in the Gaelic languages of Scotland and Ireland. The related Welsh language word tywysog (current meaning: 'prince') has a similar origin and meaning. It is hypothesised that both derive ultimately from the proto-Celtic 'chieftain, leader'.

The plural of taoiseach is taoisigh (Northern and Western , Southern: ).

Although the Irish form An Taoiseach is sometimes used in English instead of 'the Taoiseach', the English version of the Constitution states that they "shall be called … the Taoiseach".

Debate on the title

In 1937 when the draft Constitution of Ireland was being debated in the Dáil, Frank MacDermot, an opposition politician, moved an amendment to substitute "Prime Minister" for the proposed "Taoiseach" title in the English text of the Constitution. It was proposed to keep the "Taoiseach" title in the Irish language text. The proponent remarked:

The President of the Executive Council, Éamon de Valera, gave the term's meaning as "chieftain" or "Captain". He said he was "not disposed" to support the proposed amendment and felt the word "Taoiseach" did not need to be changed. The proposed amendment was defeated on a vote and "Taoiseach" was included as the title ultimately adopted by plebiscite of the people.

Modern office

The modern position of taoiseach was established by the 1937 Constitution of Ireland and is the most powerful role in Irish politics. The office replaced the position of President of the Executive Council of the 1922–1937 Irish Free State.

The positions of taoiseach and president of the Executive Council differed in certain fundamental respects. Under the Constitution of the Irish Free State, the latter was vested with considerably less power and was largely just the chairman of the cabinet, the Executive Council. For example, the President of the Executive Council could not dismiss a fellow minister on his own authority. Instead, the Executive Council had to be disbanded and reformed entirely to remove a member. The President of the Executive Council also did not have the right to advise the Governor-General to dissolve Dáil Éireann on his own authority, that power belonging collectively to the Executive Council.

In contrast, the office of taoiseach as created in 1937 possesses a much more powerful role. The holder of the position can both advise the President to dismiss ministers and dissolve Parliament on his own authority—advice that the President is almost always required to follow by convention.

The taoiseach's role is significantly enhanced on paper compared to its counterparts in other parliamentary systems because it is vested with both de jure and de facto executive authority. In other parliamentary systems, the head of state is at least nominal chief executive, but is either bound by convention to act on the advice of the cabinet, or must have their acts countersigned by a minister. In Ireland, the Constitution explicitly vests executive authority in the Government, of which the taoiseach is the leader.

Generally, where there have been multi-party or coalition governments, the Taoiseach has been the leader of the largest party in the coalition. One exception to this was John A. Costello, who was not the leader of his party, but an agreed choice to head the government, because the other parties refused to accept then Fine Gael leader Richard Mulcahy as Taoiseach. In 2011 Taoiseach Brian Cowen, resigned as party leader and was succeeded by Micheál Martin, but continued as Taoiseach until the formation of a new government following a general election.

Following the 2020 election, Fianna Fáil and Fine Gael entered coalition together for the first time. The two agreed to rotate the role of taoiseach, with Micheál Martin going first before becoming Tánaiste under Leo Varadkar, and later Simon Harris, of the smaller Fine Gael party. The two parties opted to continue this rotation after the 2024 election.

List of office holders

Main article: List of Irish heads of government, Records of Irish heads of government since 1922

Before the enactment of the 1937 Constitution, the head of government was the President of the Executive Council. This office was held by W. T. Cosgrave of Cumann na nGaedheal from 1922 to 1932, and by Éamon de Valera of Fianna Fáil from 1932 to 1937. By convention, Taoisigh are numbered to include Cosgrave; therefore, Micheál Martin is considered the 15th Taoiseach, not the 14th.

No.	Portrait	Name
(Birth–Death)
Constituency	Term of office	Party	Exec. Council
Composition	Vice President	Dáil
(elected)	Cumann na nGaedheal}}; color:white;" rowspan=5	1	Fianna Fáil}}; color:white;" rowspan=3	2	No.	Portrait	Name
(Birth–Death)
Constituency	Term of office	Party	Government
Composition	Tánaiste	Dáil
(elected)	Fianna Fáil}}; color:white;" rowspan=4	(2)	Fine Gael}}; color:white;"	3	Fianna Fáil}}; color:white;"	(2)	Fine Gael}}; color:white;"	(3)	Fianna Fáil}}; color:white;"	(2)	Fianna Fáil}}; color:white;" rowspan=3	4	Fianna Fáil}}; color:white;" rowspan=2	5	Fine Gael}}; color:white;"	6	Fianna Fáil}}; color:white;"	(5)	Fianna Fáil}}; color:white;"	7	Fine Gael}}; color:white;"	8	Fianna Fáil}}; color:white;"	(7)	Fine Gael}}; color:white;" rowspan=2	(8)	Fianna Fáil}}; color:white;" rowspan=3	(7)	Fianna Fáil}}; color:white;" rowspan=3	9	Fine Gael}}; color:white;"	10	Fianna Fáil}}; color:white;"	11	Fianna Fáil}}; color:white;"	12	Fine Gael}}; color:white;"	13	Fine Gael}}; color:white;"	14	Fianna Fáil}}; color:white;"	15	Fine Gael}}; color:white;"	(14)	Fine Gael}}; color:white;"	16	Fianna Fáil}}; color:white;"	(15)
	W. T. Cosgrave
(1880–1965)
TD for Carlow–Kilkenny until 1927
TD for Cork Borough from 1927	6 December
1922	9 March
1932	Sinn Féin
(Pro-Treaty)	1st	SF (PT) (minority)	Cumann na nGaedheal}}" rowspan=5		Kevin O'Higgins	3 (1922)
Cumann na nGaedheal	2nd	CnG (minority)	4 (1923)
3rd	Ernest Blythe	5 (Jun.1927)
4th	6 (Sep.1927)
5th
	Éamon de Valera
(1882–1975)
TD for Clare	9 March
1932	29 December
1937	Fianna Fáil	6th	FF (minority)	Fianna Fáil}}" rowspan=3		Seán T. O'Kelly	7 (1932)
7th	8 (1933)
8th	9 (1937)
	Éamon de Valera
(1882–1975)
TD for Clare	29 December
1937	18 February
1948	Fianna Fáil	1st	FF (minority)	Fianna Fáil}}" rowspan=3		Seán T. O'Kelly	9 ( ···· )
2nd	FF	10 (1938)
3rd	FF (minority)	11 (1943)
4th	FF	Fianna Fáil}}"		Seán Lemass	12 (1944)
	John A. Costello
(1891–1976)
TD for Dublin South-East	18 February
1948	13 June
1951	Fine Gael	5th	FG–Lab–CnP–CnT–NL–Ind	Labour Party (Ireland)}}"		William Norton	13 (1948)
	Éamon de Valera
(1882–1975)
TD for Clare	13 June
1951	2 June
1954	Fianna Fáil	6th	FF (minority)	Fianna Fáil}}"		Seán Lemass	14 (1951)
	John A. Costello
(1891–1976)
TD for Dublin South-East	2 June
1954	20 March
1957	Fine Gael	7th	FG–Lab–CnT	Labour Party (Ireland)}}"		William Norton	15 (1954)
	Éamon de Valera
(1882–1975)
TD for Clare	20 March
1957	23 June
1959	Fianna Fáil	8th	FF	Fianna Fáil}}"		Seán Lemass	16 (1957)
	Seán Lemass
(1899–1971)
TD for Dublin South-Central	23 June
1959	10 November
1966	Fianna Fáil	9th	FF	Fianna Fáil}}"		Seán MacEntee
10th	FF (minority)	17 (1961)
11th	FF	Fianna Fáil}}" rowspan="2"		Frank Aiken	18 (1965)
	Jack Lynch
(1917–1999)
TD for Cork Borough until 1969
TD for Cork City North-West from 1969	10 November
1966	14 March
1973	Fianna Fáil	12th	FF
13th	FF	Fianna Fáil}}"		Erskine H. Childers	19 (1969)
	Liam Cosgrave
(1920–2017)
TD for Dún Laoghaire and Rathdown	14 March
1973	5 July
1977	Fine Gael	14th	FG–Lab	Labour Party (Ireland)}}"		Brendan Corish	20 (1973)
	Jack Lynch
(1917–1999)
TD for Cork City	5 July
1977	11 December
1979	Fianna Fáil	15th	FF	Fianna Fáil}}" rowspan="2"		George Colley	21 (1977)
	Charles Haughey
(1925–2006)
TD for Dublin Artane	11 December
1979	30 June
1981	Fianna Fáil	16th	FF
	Garret FitzGerald
(1926–2011)
TD for Dublin South-East	30 June
1981	9 March
1982	Fine Gael	17th	FG–Lab (minority)	Labour Party (Ireland)}}"		Michael O'Leary	22 (1981)
	Charles Haughey
(1925–2006)
TD for Dublin North-Central	9 March
1982	14 December
1982	Fianna Fáil	18th	FF (minority)	Fianna Fáil}}"		Ray MacSharry	23 (Feb.1982)
	Garret FitzGerald
(1926–2011)
TD for Dublin South-East	14 December
1982	10 March
1987	Fine Gael	19th	FG–Lab
FG (minority) from Jan 1987	Labour Party (Ireland)}}"		Dick Spring	24 (Nov.1982)
Fine Gael}}"		Peter Barry
	Charles Haughey
(1925–2006)
TD for Dublin North-Central	10 March
1987	11 February
1992	Fianna Fáil	20th	FF (minority)	Fianna Fáil}}" rowspan="2"		Brian Lenihan	25 (1987)
21st	FF–PD	26 (1989)
Fianna Fáil}}"		John Wilson
	Albert Reynolds
(1932–2014)
TD for Longford–Roscommon	11 February
1992	15 December
1994	Fianna Fáil	22nd	FF–PD
FF (minority) from Nov 1992
23rd	FF–Lab
FF (minority) from Nov 1994	Labour Party (Ireland)}}"		Dick Spring	27 (1992)
Fianna Fáil}}"		Bertie Ahern
	John Bruton
(1947–2024)
TD for Meath	15 December
1994	26 June
1997	Fine Gael	24th	FG–Lab–DL	Labour Party (Ireland)}}"		Dick Spring
	Bertie Ahern
(b. 1951)
TD for Dublin Central	26 June
1997	7 May
2008	Fianna Fáil	25th	FF–PD (minority)	Progressive Democrats}}"		Mary Harney	28 (1997)
26th	FF–PD	29 (2002)
Michael McDowell
27th	FF–Green–PD	Fianna Fáil}}"		Brian Cowen	30 (2007)
	Brian Cowen
(b. 1960)
TD for Laois–Offaly	7 May
2008	9 March
2011	Fianna Fáil	28th	FF–Green–PD
FF–Green–Ind from Nov 2009
FF (minority) from Jan 2011	Fianna Fáil}}"		Mary Coughlan
	Enda Kenny
(b. 1951)
TD for Mayo	9 March
2011	14 June
2017	Fine Gael	29th	FG–Lab	Labour Party (Ireland)}}"		Eamon Gilmore	31 (2011)
Labour Party (Ireland)}}"		Joan Burton
30th	FG–Ind (minority)	Fine Gael}}"		Frances Fitzgerald	32 (2016)
	Leo Varadkar
(b. 1979)
TD for Dublin West	14 June
2017	27 June
2020	Fine Gael	31st	FG–Ind (minority)
Simon Coveney
	Micheál Martin
(b. 1960)
TD for Cork South-Central	27 June
2020	17 December
2022	Fianna Fáil	32nd	FF–FG–Green	Fine Gael}}"		Leo Varadkar	33 (2020)
	Leo Varadkar
(b. 1979)
TD for Dublin West	17 December
2022	9 April
2024	Fine Gael	33rd	FG–FF–Green	Fianna Fáil}}"		Micheál Martin
	Simon Harris
(b. 1986)
TD for Wicklow	9 April
2024	23 January
2025	Fine Gael	34th	FG–FF–Green	Fianna Fáil}}"
	Micheál Martin
(b. 1960)
TD for Cork South-Central	23 January
2025	Incumbent	Fianna Fáil	35th	FF–FG–Ind	Fine Gael}}"		Simon Harris	34 (2024)

Timeline

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bar:16 width:18 color:LIFESPAN align:center fontsize:M from:17/10/1986 till:09/04/2024 shift:(-0,$dy) textcolor:NAME text:Simon Harris color:LIFESPAN from:09/04/2024 till:$now color:FG from:09/04/2024 till:23/01/2025

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Notes

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