Sylvania Electric Products

History

The Hygrade Sylvania Corporation was formed with the 1931 merger of the Nilco Lamp Works, Inc., Sylvania Products Co. and #Hygrade Lamp Company. Hygrade and Nilco manufactured incandescent lamps under license from General Electric, Hygrade (since 1928) and Sylvania (since 1924) made vacuum tubes under license from RCA.

Between June 17, 1933, and October 14, 1933, employment increased from 2,511 to 4,750, weekly payroll from $57,000 to $88,000 in the company's 4 plants (Salem, Emporium, St. Marys, Clifton with a combined floor space of 9.7 acres / 423,000sqft). The company had a total production capacity for 120,000 lamps and 100,000 tubes per day.

In 1936 a second plant of 91,600sqft was built for $330,000 in Salem on Loring Avenue exclusively for vacuum tube production and absorbed that part of the business from the main Salem plant. Also in 1936 the Economic Lamp Co. of Malden, Massachusetts was acquired. This included a license agreement with General Electric and Hygrade's quota rose from 8.2242% to 9.124% of General Electric's domestic sales of standard (non-miniature) light bulbs. The Malden plant was disposed of some time before 1941.

In 1939, Hygrade Sylvania started preliminary research on fluorescent technology, and later that year, demonstrated the first linear, or tubular, fluorescent lamp. It was featured at the 1939 New York World's Fair. Sylvania acquired multiple fluorescent lamp related licenses from other companies, including for the production of chemicals and In April 1940 began mass production of fluorescent lamp fixtures, formerly handled in Salem, on 70,000sqft leased floor space in Ipswich and within a year extended the lease by an additional 48,000sqft.

Just before the war the company made additional financial transactions.{{efn| In 1940 the company offered a new preferred stock in a capital reorganization, apparently the first major influx of outside/cash capital since before 1928 and the first of many to follow. On September 16, 1941, the common stock was split 2-for-1 and 100,000 new shares were issued at $19.375 for working capital. On August 12, 1942, the company changed its name to Sylvania Electric Products Inc on the occasion of the listing of its common stock on the New York Stock Exchange.

During World War II, Sylvania was chosen from among several competing companies to manufacture the miniature vacuum tubes used in proximity fuze shells due to its quality standards and mass production capabilities. The new fluorescent lamp plant in Danvers was working overtime to meet the demand of factories now run on a 24-hour basis. In 1942 and 1943 the company made further financial transactions. Sylvania announced on August 2, 1943, the acquisition of its fifteenth manufacturing plant, a former motor sales and repair shop in Warren, Pennsylvania which was converted to produce assembly parts for lamps and tubes. About 85% of Sylvania's production in 1943 was for the war effort and production was expanding further in 1944 amidst a leveling off throughout the industry in general. In May 1944 Sylvania acquired the Colonial Radio Corp as a wholly owned subsidiary, a producer of radio receivers. Throughout 1944 and the first half of 1945, 85% of Sylvania's and essentially all of Colonial Radio's production was for war. Sylvania became a much more decentralized company during the war. Production capacity was rapidly increased with the opening of feeder plants in small nearby towns, some of which were government owned and sponsored. The main plants tilted more towards the final assembly stages in the supply chain. Since Sylvania was on a path to continue growing, some of the government owned plants were naturally taken over, which required more capital. These were the complete plants built at Williamsport and Brookville and additions to company plants (some old and some only opened during the war) at Ipswich, Mill Hall, Altoona, Towanda, Warren and Emporium. The government received approximately $3 million in exchange. In 1946, the Loring Avenue plant in Salem was converted to lamp production and its tube business moved to the Pennsylvania cluster.

Sylvania raised $10 million with an October 1945 sale of its new $4 preferred stock and redeemed all of what was left of the 1942 15-year bonds.

In August 1948 RCA became licensee for some 200 patents held by Sylvania, the agreement ran for 7 years at royalties of 0.75% but not exceeding $200,000 per year.

Sylvania in 1948 began to greatly expand its capacity for cathode ray tube production. The program was revised at the end of 1948, when the attained capacity of 500,000 CRTs per year was decided to be further tripled. Production began in the Emporium radio tube plant and in the latter part of 1948 new plants in Ottawa, Ohio and Seneca Falls, New York were bought.

Sylvania entered the television field with its September 7, 1949, launch of Sylvania Television branded devices (10-inch, 12.5-inch and 16-inch variants) sold at $199.95 - $449.95 and manufactured in the Colonial Radio Corp plant in Buffalo.

The Sylvania Electric Products explosion, which involved scrap thorium, occurred on July 2, 1956, at their facility in Bayside, Queens, New York City. The incident injured nine people;

In 1959, Sylvania Electronics merged with General Telephone to form General Telephone and Electronics (GTE) in the largest merger of the decade.

Sylvania developed the earliest flash cubes for still cameras, later selling the technology to Eastman Kodak Company, and later a 10-flash unit called FlipFlash, as well as a line of household electric light bulbs, which continued during GTE's ownership, later sold off to the German manufacturer Osram, and is today marketed as Osram Sylvania.

In June 1964, Sylvania unveiled a color TV picture tube in which europium-bearing phosphor was used for a much brighter, truer red than was possible before.

Through merger and acquisitions, the company became a significant, but never dominating supplier of electrical distribution equipment, including transformers and switchgear, residential and commercial load centers and breakers, pushbuttons, indicator lights, and other hard-wired devices. All were manufactured and distributed under the brand name GTE Sylvania, with the name Challenger used for its light commercial and residential product lines. GTE Sylvania contributed to the technological advancement of electrical distribution products in the late 1970s with several interesting product features. At the time, they were the leading supplier of vacuum cast coil transformers, manufactured in their Hampton, Virginia plant. Their transformers featured aluminum primary windings and were cast using relatively inexpensive molds, allowing them to produce cast coil transformers in a variety of KVA capacities, primary and secondary voltages and physical coil sizes, including low profile coils for mining and other specialty applications. They also developed the first medium voltage 3 phase panel that could survive a dead short across two phases. Their patented design used bus bars encapsulated in a thin coating of epoxy and then bolted together across all three phases, using special non-conductive fittings.

By 1981 GTE had made the decision to exit the electrical distribution equipment market and began selling off its product lines and manufacturing facilities. The Challenger line, mostly manufactured at the time in Jackson, Mississippi, was sold to a former officer of GTE, who used the Challenger name as the name of his new company. Challenger flourished, and was eventually sold to Westinghouse, and later Eaton Corporation. By the mid-1980s, the GTE Sylvania electrical equipment product line and name was no more.

In 1993 GTE exited the lighting business to concentrate on its core telecomms operations. The European, Asian and Latin American operations are now under the ownership of Havells Sylvania. With the acquisition of the North American division by Osram GmbH in January 1993 Osram Sylvania Inc. was established.

Polling

The New York Stock Exchange conducted a polling campaign from 1942-1959 to determine the value of the company.

com 1942 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15-78 17 16 17-12 17-18 19 18 19-58 19 25-12 com 1943 23 26-14 22-58 26-18 23-12 27 24 26-78 26-38 34 30-14 35 29-14 35-12 29-14 33-78 31 34-58 28-14 31-78 26-14 29-12 27-12 33-14 com 1944 29-12 33-14 29 30-38 27-34 31-58 26-34 29 27-14 29-14 27-12 31-14 28-12 32-38 28-14 30-18 27-12 30 27 29-38 27 28-12 27-12 31-58 com 1945 30-18 32-58 31-38 32-38 29-58 32-38 29 33-12 32 35-14 31-14 34-12 30 33 30-58 36-18 34-14 37-12 36-18 39 37-12 43-12 39 43-12 com 1946 37-12 41 36-14 40-14 34-12 39-78 35-34 40 33-14 37-14 31 34-12 28-34 33-34 29-12 33-38 23-18 29-34 21-18 27-14 19-14 23-12 20-12 25 com 1947 22-34 27-12 26-14 28-12 25-14 28-14 21-12 26-14 20-58 24-14 21 23-12 22 24-12 22-18 23-58 21-14 23 20-34 23-58 20-14 22-38 18-34 21 com 1948 19-14 21 17-18 20 17-34 20-12 19-12 22-12 21-38 25-58 22-58 26 21 23-78 21 22 20-58 22-58 21-18 24-14 20-18 24 21-58 24-58 com 1949 21-18 24-12 20-38 21-78 20-78 22-34 21-12 22-14 19-34 22 17-14 20-14 17-14 19-13 17-18 18-34 17-14 19-18 17-78 19-78 17-78 19-18 18-18 20-34 com 1950 19-38 22-34 21-78 23-78 21 23-58 22-18 26-58 22-12 25-18 19-18 24 18-14 21 20-38 22-38 20-34 24 22-14 24-34 21-34 26 22 25-14 com 1951 23-34 29 27-58 29-38 27-18 30 26-14 29-34 27-14 29-12 28-14 31-38 29-12 35-38 32-14 35-12 33-12 39 32-12 38 31-12 35-38 35-38 36-78 com 1952 36-18 38-34 33-34 38-14 34-34 39-18 32-34 38-58 32-14 34-58 33-12 37-38 34-14 37-14 34-14 36 34-34 38 36-78 38-34 37-14 41-14 38-18 41-78 com 1953 37 40 36 37-14 34-38 36-58 33-58 36 33-78 36-14 31 34-12 32 33-58 30-58 34-12 29-14 32-12 30-14 35-34 30-58 36-14 31-18 33 com 1954 31-78 34 33-18 34-34 34 36-78 33-34 35-12 34-38 36-38 34 37-18 36-12 40-38 35-78 38-38 36 38-58 36 40-38 38-78 48-38 44-14 48-78 com 1955 42-18 47-14 42-34 47-38 41 47-14 43-18 46 43-58 48-38 47-18 49-78 45-12 49 43-12 46-38 42-14 48-12 42-18 45-14 43-58 46-38 44 46-14 com 1956 42-34 46-58 42 48-12 47-18 52-14 49-18 54-34 47-34 55-78 47 52-18 51-18 53 51-12 55-34 47-14 52-38 46-18 50-78 46-14 50 43-12 47-78 com 1957 40-78 46-14 39-58 41-78 40-14 42 41-14 44-78 42 44-12 40 42-34 39 43-12 35 38-38 34 37-78 30-12 35-14 32-12 34-78 29-14 34-18 com 1958 31-12 37-38 34-34 37-12 35 36-34 34-58 36-12 34-12 36-38 34-38 36-38 35-12 38-12 36-78 41-58 40-58 45-34 43-12 51 50-18 57-78 54-18 61-12 com 1959 59 63-12 58-14 68 68-38 73-12

Brand name

Main article: Sylvania (brand)

In 1981, GTE Sylvania sold the rights to the name Sylvania and Philco for use on consumer electronics equipment only, to the Netherlands' NV Philips. Philips wanted the Philco name as the Philco trademark precluded selling products under their own name in the United States. This marked the end of Sylvania's TV production in Batavia, New York, USA, and Smithfield, North Carolina, USA. The Sylvania Smithfield plant later became Channel Master. The rights to the Sylvania name in many countries are held by the U.S. subsidiary of the German company Osram. The Sylvania brand name is owned worldwide, apart from Australia, Canada, Mexico, Thailand, New Zealand, Puerto Rico and the USA, by Havells Sylvania, headquartered in London.

Osram Sylvania

Osram Sylvania manufactures and markets a wide range of lighting products for homes, business, and vehicles and holds a leading share of the North American lighting market [2]. In fiscal year 2008, the company achieved sales of about 1.75 billion euros, which comprised about 38% of Osram's total sales at the time. Osram's worldwide lighting businesses employed about 9,000 people at the time. In 2016, Osram spun off the general lighting business which included the North American Osram Sylvania unit into an independent company called LEDVANCE headquartered in Garching, Germany. In 2017, LEDVANCE was merged into a consortium of Chinese investment companies and the Chinese lighting manufacturer MLS under the LEDVANCE name. The North American headquarters of LEDVANCE, previously referred to as Osram Sylvania, and located in Danvers, Massachusetts, was relocated to Wilmington, Massachusetts in 2015, a town north of Boston, MA. LEDVANCE continues to use the well known Osram and Sylvania brand names in their corresponding and representative markets throughout the world.

Advertising

• From 1951 until 1956, Sylvania sponsored the game show Beat the Clock. The grand prizes on the show would be Sylvania television sets, and some consolation prizes would be Sylvania radios. Sylvania "Blue Dot for sure shot" flashbulbs would be used to take a photograph of the contestants in awkward outfits or messy stunts.
• One of Sylvania's heavily advertised TV features was a lighted perimeter mask of adjustable brightness called "HALOLIGHT", which was purported to ease the optical transition if a viewer glanced from a dark background to the bright TV screen. Today Philips markets an Ambilight feature, lighting the wall behind a flat display to soften the viewing experience. HALOLIGHT could not be adapted for color TV, because color TV white balance (aka tracking from low to high brightness) was unpredictable. Since the white color temperature of the HALOLIGHT and the illuminated color screen could not be made equivalent, HALOLIGHT was withdrawn.
• Osram Sylvania sponsored the It's a Small World ride at Disneyland in California with a twelve-year agreement starting in 2009. In 2014, the sponsor logo at the attraction's entrance changed to that of Siemens, the parent company of Sylvania.

Hygrade Lamp Company

The Hygrade Lamp Company was incorporated with a capital of $300,000 in Massachusetts on September 19, 1917 as successor/continuation of the lamp business founded in 1901 by Frank A. Poor (1880-1956). Hygrade manufactured incandescent light bulbs under a license agreement with General Electric Co. which expired on December 11, 1934 (but was then extended with a new agreement). Production grew from

• 3,100,000 in 1917
• 5,600,000 in 1922
• 11,000,000 in 1928

Hygrade's main (and most of the time only) plant was located in Salem, Massachusetts. It had opened in February 1916 when the equipment was relocated from the former small manufacturing shop in Danvers.

In 1917 acquired the F. V. Rooney Lamp Co and Dexter Lamp Co. and the Alpha Lamp Co. in 1918. Companies acquired with their General Electric licenses (quotas) were the Lux Manufacturing Co in 1922 and Triumph Lamp Co. in 1928.

In August 1928 Hygrade acquired the assets and quotas of the Vosburgh Miniature Lamp Co., which produced five million automobile bulbs a year. This made Hygrade the third largest producer of large bulbs and fourth largest producer of auto bulbs (in the United States). The assets were moved to the Salem plant.

Hygrade produced vacuum tubes beginning in 1928 through the wholly owned subsidiary Neptron Corp. Production was moved from Beverly to Salem at the end of 1928, at which time daily production totaled 1,000 vacuum tubes.

In October 1928 Hygrade (and/or independent underwriters) made an initial public offering.{{efn|The company offered 15,500 shares of its no-par $6.50 convertible preferred at $99 and 17,000 shares of its no-par common at $39, apparently an initial public offering. All but 500 preferred shares were not new financing, but stock previously acquired from individuals. Total capitalization was

• 18,300 preferred authorized and outstanding
• 154,300 common authorized, 117,684 outstanding, 36,600 reserved for conversion of the preferred}}

Management consisted of Frank A. Poor, Edward J. Poor, and Walter E. Poor; they and their families owned more than 50% of the company's stock.

Hygrade entered into a license agreement with RCA for the manufacture of vacuum tubes in May 1929, when its daily output was 5,000 and plans were in place to produce 15,000 by September 1929. Production capacity in June 1930 was 20,000 tubes per day, total sales in 1929 was 624,000 tubes and contracts entered into indicated that 1930 would surpass this number.

The Hygrade Employee's Association was formed in January 1919, every dollar paid in was matched with one dollar from the company. The association provided sickness/disability and life insurance.

References

Footnotes

References

1. (September 12, 1931). "Hygrade Sylvania Corp. - Listing of Additional Stock". Commercial and Financial Chronicle.
2. (May 30, 1931). "Hygrade Lamp Co. - Proposed Consolidation". Commercial and Financial Chronicle.
3. (July 4, 1931). "Hygrade Lamp Co. - Merger Approved". Commercial and Financial Chronicle.
4. (March 14, 1931). "Radio Corporation of America - Annual Report for Year Ended Dec 31, 1930". Commercial and Financial Chronicle.
5. (March 21, 1931). "General Electric Co. - 39th Annual Report Year Ended Dec 31, 1930". Commercial and Financial Chronicle.
6. (October 1, 1933). "Hygrade Sylvania Corporation (advertisement)". Broadcasting.
7. (February 1934). "New Products the Manufacturers Offer". Electronics.
8. (December 30, 1933). "Hygrade Sylvania Corporation (advertisement)".
9. (November 25, 1933). "Hygrade Sylvania Corp. - Employment Increased". Commercial and Financial Chronicle.
10. (February 1, 1936). "Sales Opportunities in New Construction".
11. (June 6, 1936). "Hygrade Sylvania Corp. - Acquisition". Commercial and Financial Chronicle.
12. A. A. Bright Jr. (1949). "The Electric Lamp Industry".
13. (September 27, 1941). "Hygrade Sylvania Corp. - Common Stock Offered". Commercial and Financial Chronicle.
14. "The Nilco story".
15. (September 16, 1941). "Hygrade Sylvania - Stock Split Approved". Commercial and Financial Chronicle.
16. (October 14, 1941). "Details of New Capital Flotations During September 1941". Commercial and Financial Chronicle.
17. (August 17, 1942). "Hygrade Sylvania Corp. - Change in Name". Commercial and Financial Chronicle.
18. (July 27, 1942). "Sylvania Products, Inc. - Listing". Commercial and Financial Chronicle.
19. (1963). "History of Communications-electronics in the United States Navy ...". U.S. Government Printing Office.
20. (May 10, 1941). "Hygrade Sylvania Plant".
21. (January 10, 1942). "Hygrade-Sylvania Corp. - Plant on 24-Hour Basis". Commercial and Financial Chronicle.
22. (June 8, 1942). "Hygrade-Sylvania Corp - Debentures Offered". Commercial and Financial Chronicle.
23. (June 14, 1943). "Sylvania Electric Products, Inc. - Only 280 Shares of Preferred Unconverted". Commercial and Financial Chronicle.
24. (July 5, 1943). "Sylvania Electric Products, Inc. - Stockholders Approve Reduction of Authorized Capital". Commercial and Financial Chronicle.
25. (June 14, 1943). "Details of New Captial Flotations During May, 1943". Commercial and Financial Chronicle.
26. (August 9, 1943). "Sylvania Electric Products, Inc. - Earnings". Commercial and Financial Chronicle.
27. (May 29, 1944). "Sylvania Electric Products, Inc. - Stock Offered". Commercial and Financial Chronicle.
28. (May 15, 1944). "Sylvania Electric Products, Inc. - To Increase Common Stock - Financing Probable". Commercial and Financial Chronicle.
29. (October 1945). "Sylvania - a Case Study in Decentralization". Factory Management and Maintenance.
30. (October 28, 1946). "Sylvania Electric Products Inc. - Bank Loans". Commercial and Financial Chronicle.
31. (July 5, 1948). "Sylvania Electric Products Inc. - Places Debentures Privately". Commercial and Financial Chronicle.
32. (October 15, 1951). "Sylvania Electric Products Inc - Financing Plans". Commercial and Financial Chronicle.
33. (November 26, 1951). "Sylvania Electric Products Inc. - Securities Offered". Commercial and Financial Chronicle.
34. (December 3, 1951). "Sylvania Electric Products Inc - Stock Sold". Commercial and Financial Chronicle.
35. (March 18, 1944). "Sylvania Electric Opens New Hampshire Plant".
36. (March 10, 1947). "Sylvania Electric Products Inc - Sales, etc". Commercial and Financial Chronicle.
37. (October 22, 1945). "Sylvania Electric Products, Inc. - Preferred Stock Offered". Commercial and Financial Chronicle.
38. (December 24, 1945). "Sylvania Electric Products, Inc. - Listing of Preferred". Commercial and Financial Chronicle.
39. (August 2, 1948). "Sylvania Electric Products Inc. - RCA Licensed Under Tube Patents". Commercial and Financial Chronicle.
40. (August 9, 1948). "Sylvania Electric Products Inc. - Common Stock Offered". Commercial and Financial Chronicle.
41. (March 28, 1949). "Sylvania Electric Products, Inc. - Common Stock Offered". Commercial and Financial Chronicle.
42. (September 12, 1949). "Sylvania Electric Products, Inc. - Enters Television Field". Commercial and Financial Chronicle.
43. (November 20, 1943). "Sylvania Net Sales Rise 93% in '43".
44. (July 3, 1956). "Nine Injured In Atomic Lab Blasts". [[Pittsburgh Post-Gazette]].
45. (July 3, 1956). "No Radiation Threat Seen In A-laboratory Blast". [[St. Petersburg Times]].
46. (August 9, 1956). "Dies of Sylvania Blast; Chemical Engineer Succumbs to Burns Suffered July 2". The New York Times.
47. (June 5, 1964). "Sylvania Develops New Color-Tv Tube". The New York Times.
48. [[The Washington Post]]: [https://archive.today/20131026201413/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost/access/8526938.html?dids=8526938:8526938&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&date=AUG+07,+1992&author=&pub=The+Washington+Post&desc=GTE+to+Sell+Sylvania+Light+Unit GTE to Sell Sylvania Light Unit], August 7, 1992
49. (January 28, 1943). "Course of Prices of Railroad and Miscellaneous Stocks for the Year 1942". Commercial and Financial Chronicle.
50. (January 20, 1944). "Course of Prices of Railroad and Miscellaneous Stocks for the Year 1943". Commercial and Financial Chronicle.
51. (January 25, 1945). "Course of Prices of Railroad and Miscellaneous Stocks for the Year 1944". Commercial and Financial Chronicle.
52. (January 31, 1946). "Course of Prices of Railroad and Miscellaneous Stocks for the Year 1945". Commercial and Financial Chronicle.
53. (January 23, 1947). "Course of Prices of Railroad and Miscellaneous Stocks for the Year 1946". Commercial and Financial Chronicle.
54. (January 22, 1948). "Course of Prices of Railroad and Miscellaneous Stocks for the Year 1947". Commercial and Financial Chronicle.
55. (January 20, 1949). "Course of Prices of Railroad and Miscellaneous Stocks for the Year 1948". Commercial and Financial Chronicle.
56. (January 19, 1950). "Course of Prices of Railroad and Miscellaneous Stocks for the Year 1949". Commercial and Financial Chronicle.
57. (January 18, 1951). "Course of Prices of Railroad and Miscellaneous Stocks for the Year 1950". Commercial and Financial Chronicle.
58. (January 17, 1952). "Course of Prices of Railroad and Miscellaneous Stocks for the Year 1951". Commercial and Financial Chronicle.
59. (January 22, 1953). "Course of Prices of Railroad and Miscellaneous Stocks for the Year 1952". Commercial and Financial Chronicle.
60. (January 21, 1954). "Course of Prices of Railroad and Miscellaneous Stocks for the Year 1953". Commercial and Financial Chronicle.
61. (January 20, 1955). "Course of Prices of Railroad and Miscellaneous Stocks for the Year 1954". Commercial and Financial Chronicle.
62. (January 19, 1956). "Course of Prices of Railroad and Miscellaneous Stocks for the Year 1955". Commercial and Financial Chronicle.
63. (January 17, 1957). "Course of Prices of Railroad and Miscellaneous Stocks for the Year 1956". Commercial and Financial Chronicle.
64. (January 17, 1958). "Course of Prices of Railroad and Miscellaneous Stocks for the Year 1957". Commercial and Financial Chronicle.
65. (January 15, 1959). "Course of Prices of Railroad and Miscellaneous Stocks for the Year 1958". Commercial and Financial Chronicle.
66. (January 21, 1960). "Course of Prices of Railroad and Miscellaneous Stocks for the Year 1959". Commercial and Financial Chronicle.
67. [http://apps1.eere.energy.gov/buildings/publications/pdfs/ssl/harrison_vancouver09.pdf Osram Sylvania Management presentation June 25, 2009] {{Webarchive. link. (October 21, 2011)
68. (December 17, 2009). "Theme Parks: SYLVANIA to Sponsor Iconic 'it's a small world' at Disneyland Resortsort". blooloop.
69. (September 24, 1917). "Corporations Get Charters". The Christian Science Monitor.
70. (October 19, 1940). "Hygrade Sylvania Corp. - Preferred Stock Offered". Commercial and Financial Chronicle.
71. (August 1956). "Frank A. Poor Dies - Sylvania Founder". Illuminating Engineering.
72. (1922). "Municipal History of Essex County in Massachusetts".
73. (1951). "“Sylvania” During 50 Years 1901-1951 (Don G. Mitchell speech)".
74. (August 19, 1911). "New Incorporations". Electrical Review.
75. (September 21, 1912). "With the Electrical Manufacturers". Electrical Review.
76. (November 10, 1917). "Activities in the Trade". Electrical Review.
77. (June 8, 1918). "Trade Activities". Electrical Review.
78. (1925). "Annual Report of the Federal Trade Commission for the Fiscal Year Ended June 30, 1925".
79. Orra L. Stone. (1930). "History of Massachusetts Industries - Their Inception Growth and Success".
80. (January 12, 1928). "Assets of Triumph Lamp Co. Bought by Hygrade Lamp Co.". Hardware Age.
81. (September 4, 1915). "Organization of Vosburgh Miniature Lamp Company".
82. (October 13, 1928). "Hygrade Lamp Company Buys Vosburgh Lamp Works".
83. (November 10, 1928). "Hygrade Lamp Co. - Removes Radio Tube Business". Commercial and Financial Chronicle.
84. (October 11, 1928). "Hygrade Lamp Company (advertisement)". The New York Times.
85. (December 1, 1928). "Boston Stock Exchange - Record of Transactions Nov 24-Nov 30". Commercial and Financial Chronicle.
86. (July 20, 1935). "Current Events and Discussions - Boston Stock Exchange". Commercial and Financial Chronicle.
87. (October 13, 1928). "Hygrade Lamp Co. - Stocks Sold". Commercial and Financial Chronicle.
88. (May 18, 1929). "Hygrade Lamp Co. - Enters Into License Agreement". Commercial and Financial Chronicle.
89. (June 14, 1930). "Hygrade Lamp Co. - Orders Increase". Commercial and Financial Chronicle.
90. (January 11, 1919). "Hygrade Lamp Company Employees Form Benefit Association".