Swisher County, Texas

History

Native Americans

Apachean cultures roamed the county until Comanche dominated around 1700. The Comanches were defeated by the United States Army in the Red River War of 1874. No significant combat occurred in the county. After the 1874 battle of Palo Duro Canyon, Ranald S. Mackenzie ordered 1450 Indian horses shot. The Buffalo Hunters' War of 1876 was an attempt by the Comanches to drive out the white man and stop depletion of their hunting grounds.

County established and growth

In 1876 the Texas state legislature carved Swisher County from Young and Bexar districts. The county was organized in 1880, and Tulia, became the county seat.

The area was by and large unsettled until the JA Ranch of Charles Goodnight came in 1883, which added the Tule Ranch.

Although settlers gradually arrived, the county was dominated by ranching the remainder of the 19th century. Good underground water at shallow depths gave to windmills that facilitated the stock-farmer.

In 1906, the Santa Fe Railroad branch line from Amarillo came through the county and later connected the county with Hale County, and with Lubbock by 1910, giving Swisher a major north–south rail line and boosting the economy.

The Great Depression had a devastating effect on the county's economy, somewhat relieved by road work. The stimulus of World War II demand and, particularly, the development of large-scale irrigation in the area, led to the revival of the county's economy.

The first successful extensive local use of underground water from the Ogallala Aquifer came in 1936. After World War II this activity increased dramatically; by the 1980s over 225000 acre in Swisher County were irrigated.

In 2002 the county had 578 farms and ranches covering 566429 acre, 69 percent of which were devoted to crops and 30 percent to pasture.

The Ozark Trail

Rural Texas in the early 20th century was often connected by unpaved routes, often of caliche or other rock and dirt paths. Swisher's road structure fell into this category. In 1920 the Ozark Trail served as a predecessor to today's intra-continental highway structure. The Ozark Trail was a highway network maintained by local entities or private citizens from Arkansas and Missouri through Kansas, Oklahoma, Louisiana, and Texas, to New Mexico. In Texas the trail was made of graded and upgraded roads. Collingsworth, Childress, Hall, Briscoe, Swisher, Castro, and Parmer counties along with Curry and Roosevelt counties in New Mexico raised $10,000 in 1920 to erect markers along already existing roads to mark the Ozark Trail from Oklahoma across Texas to New Mexico. By the mid-1920s Tulia was linked to Nazareth, Dimmitt, and Bovina by State Highway 86, to Canyon and Amarillo by U.S. Highway 385 (now U.S. 87 or Interstate Highway 27), to Silverton by State Highway 80, and to Plainview and Lubbock by U.S. 385.

Geography

According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 901 sqmi, of which 890 sqmi is land and 11 sqmi (1.2%) is water.

Major highways

• [[Image:I-27 (TX).svg|20px]] Interstate 27
• [[Image:US 87.svg|20px]] U.S. Highway 87
• [[Image:Texas 86.svg|20px]] State Highway 86

Adjacent counties

• Randall County (north)
• Armstrong County (northeast)
• Briscoe County (east)
• Floyd County (southeast)
• Hale County (south)
• Castro County (west)

Demographics

|align-fn=center 1850–2010 2010 2020

2020 census

As of the 2020 census, the county had a population of 6,971. The median age was 38.8 years; 24.4% of residents were under the age of 18 and 18.6% of residents were 65 years of age or older. For every 100 females there were 113.6 males, and for every 100 females age 18 and over there were 116.7 males age 18 and over.

There were 2,490 households in the county, of which 34.2% had children under the age of 18 living in them. Of all households, 50.2% were married-couple households, 17.1% were households with a male householder and no spouse or partner present, and 26.1% were households with a female householder and no spouse or partner present. About 25.5% of all households were made up of individuals and 12.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older.

There were 3,034 housing units, of which 17.9% were vacant. Among occupied housing units, 68.4% were owner-occupied and 31.6% were renter-occupied. The homeowner vacancy rate was 3.5% and the rental vacancy rate was 14.4%.

The racial makeup of the county was 60.0% White, 6.3% Black or African American, 0.7% American Indian and Alaska Native, 0.2% Asian,

Racial and ethnic composition

2000 census

As of the census of 2000, there were 8,378 people, 2,925 households, and 2,152 families residing in the county. The population density was 9 /mi2. There were 3,315 housing units at an average density of 4 /mi2. The racial makeup of the county was 71.75% White, 5.85% Black or African American, 0.54% Native American, 0.16% Asian, 0.02% Pacific Islander, 19.41% from other races, and 2.28% from two or more races. 35.22% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.

There were 2,925 households, out of which 35.70% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 60.20% were married couples living together, 9.50% had a female householder with no husband present, and 26.40% were non-families. 24.10% of all households were made up of individuals, and 13.80% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.65 and the average family size was 3.15.

In the county, the population was spread out, with 27.90% under the age of 18, 10.30% from 18 to 24, 25.50% from 25 to 44, 20.40% from 45 to 64, and 15.90% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 35 years. For every 100 females there were 109.20 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 111.30 males.

The median income for a household in the county was $29,846, and the median income for a family was $34,444. Males had a median income of $25,164 versus $20,448 for females. The per capita income for the county was $14,326. About 14.20% of families and 17.40% of the population were below the poverty line, including 24.20% of those under age 18 and 11.90% of those age 65 or over.

Communities

Cities

• Kress
• Tulia (county seat)

Town

• Happy (small part in Randall County)

Unincorporated communities

• Love
• Vigo Park

Politics

Whereas the counties to its north in the Panhandle proper became overwhelmingly Republican at a Presidential level with Dwight D. Eisenhower in the 1950s, Swisher County continued to favor the Democratic Party for another four decades, even being narrowly won by Walter Mondale in 1984 when he came within 3,819 votes of losing all fifty states. During the twentieth century the only Republicans to carry Swisher County were Herbert Hoover in 1928 due to intense anti-Catholic sentiment against Al Smith, Dwight D. Eisenhower in 1952, and Richard Nixon in 1972.

Like the rest of the Bible Belt, due to opposition to the Democratic Party's liberal positions on social issues Swisher has trended powerfully Republican and in the last six elections the Republican nominee has won more than 64 percent of the vote – over seven percent more than Nixon won in his 3,000-plus-county landslide in 1972.

Education

School districts:

• Happy Independent School District
• Kress Independent School District
• Tulia Independent School District

All of the county is in the service area of Amarillo College.

References

References

1. "Swisher County, Texas".
2. "Find a County". National Association of Counties.
3. (2008). "Texas: Individual County Chronologies". [[Newberry Library.
4. Schilz, Thomas F. "Battle of Palo Duro Canyon". Texas State Historical Association.
5. Abbe, Donald R. "Swisher County, Texas". Texas State Historical Association.
6. "Tulia, Texas". Texas Escapes - Blueprints For Travel, LLC.
7. (February 1985). "The Big Country". Texas Monthly.
8. Coppedge, Clay. "Windmills". Texas Escapes - Blueprints For Travel, LLC.
9. "Santa Fe Southern Railway". Santa Fe Southern Railway.
10. "High Plains Regional Ground Water (HPGW) Study". U.S. Geological Survey.
11. "The Ozark Trails, New Mexico". Drive the old Spanish Trail.
12. Utley, Dan K. (2010). "History Ahead: Stories beyond the Texas Roadside Markers". TAMU Press.
13. (August 22, 2012). "2010 Census Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau.
14. "Decennial Census of Population and Housing by Decade". [[US Census Bureau]].
15. "Texas Almanac: Population History of Counties from 1850–2010". Texas Almanac.
16. (2021). "2020 Decennial Census Demographic Profile (DP1)".
17. (2021). "2020 Decennial Census Redistricting Data (Public Law 94-171)".
18. (2023). "2020 Decennial Census Demographic and Housing Characteristics (DHC)".
19. "P2 Hispanic or Latino, and Not Hispanic or Latino by Race – 2010: DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94-171) – Swisher County, Texas".
20. "P2 Hispanic or Latino, and Not Hispanic or Latino by Race – 2020: DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94-171) – Swisher County, Texas".
21. "U.S. Census website". [[United States Census Bureau]].
22. Cohn, Nate; [https://www.nytimes.com/2014/04/24/upshot/southern-whites-loyalty-to-gop-nearing-that-of-blacks-to-democrats.html ‘Demographic Shift: Southern Whites’ Loyalty to G.O.P. Nearing That of Blacks to Democrats’], ''[[New York Times]]'', April 24, 2014
23. Leip, David. "Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections".
24. (November 5, 2024). "2024 Senate Election (Official Returns)".
25. "2020 CENSUS - SCHOOL DISTRICT REFERENCE MAP: Swisher County, TX". [[U.S. Census Bureau]].
26. [https://statutes.capitol.texas.gov/Docs/ED/htm/ED.130.htm Texas Education Code, Sec. 130.164. AMARILLO COLLEGE DISTRICT SERVICE AREA.].