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Subsequent Nuremberg trials

1946–1949 trials of Nazi leadership

Judges of the Nuremberg Military Tribunals pose for a group photo.

The subsequent Nuremberg trials (also Nuremberg Military Tribunals; 1946–1949) were twelve military tribunals for war crimes committed by the leaders of Nazi Germany (1933–1945). The Nuremberg Military Tribunals occurred after the Nuremberg trials, held by the International Military Tribunal, which concluded in October 1946. The subsequent Nuremberg trials were held by U.S. military courts and dealt with the cases of crimes against humanity committed by the business community of Nazi Germany, specifically the crimes of using slave labor and plundering occupied countries, and the war-crime cases of Wehrmacht officers who committed atrocities against Allied prisoners of war, partisans, and guerrillas.

Background

The Allies had initially planned to convene several international trials for war crimes at the International Military Tribunal, but failed because the Allies could not agree upon the proper legal management and disposition of military and civilian war criminals; however, the Control Council Law No. 10 (20 December 1945) of the Allied Control Council empowered the military authorities of every occupation zone in Germany to place on trial people and soldiers suspected of being war criminals. Based on this law, the U.S. authorities proceeded after the end of the initial Nuremberg Trial against the major war criminals to hold another twelve trials in Nuremberg. The judges in all these trials were American, and so were the prosecutors; the chief of counsel for the prosecution was Brigadier General Telford Taylor. In the other occupation zones, similar trials took place.

Trials

The twelve U.S. trials after the Nuremberg Military Tribunals (NMT) took place from 9 December 1946 to 13 April 1949. The trials were as follows:

Designations	Dates	Defendants
1	Doctors' Trial	9 December 1946 – 20 August 1947	23 Nazi physicians of the Aktion T4
2	Milch Trial	2 January – 14 April 1947	Field Marshal Erhard Milch of the Luftwaffe
3	Judges' Trial	5 March – 4 December 1947	16 Nazi German "racial purity" jurists
4	Pohl Trial	8 April – 3 November 1947	Oswald Pohl and 17 SS officers
5	Flick Trial	19 April – 22 December 1947	Friedrich Flick and 5 directors of his companies
6	IG Farben Trial	27 August 1947 – 30 July 1948	24 directors of IG Farben, maker of Zyklon B
7	Hostages Trial	8 July 1947 – 19 February 1948	12 German generals of the Balkan Campaign
8	RuSHA Trial	20 October 1947 – 10 March 1948	14 racial cleansing and resettlement officials
9	Einsatzgruppen Trial	29 September 1947 – 10 April 1948	24 officers of Einsatzgruppen
10	Krupp Trial	8 December 1947 – 31 July 1948	12 directors of the Krupp Group
11	Ministries Trial	6 January 1948 – 13 April 1949	21 officials of Reich ministries
12	High Command Trial	30 December 1947 – 28 October 1948	13 generals and 1 admiral of the High Command

Result

The Nuremberg process initiated 3,887 cases of which about 3,400 were dropped. 489 cases went to trial, involving 1,672 defendants. A total of 1,416 of them were found guilty; fewer than 200 were executed, and another 279 defendants were sentenced to life in prison. By the 1950s almost all of them had been released.

Many of the longer prison sentences were reduced substantially by an amnesty under the decree of high commissioner John J. McCloy in 1951, after intense political pressure. Ten outstanding death sentences from the Einsatzgruppen Trial were converted to prison terms. Many others who had received prison sentences were released outright.

Criticism

Some of the Nuremberg Military Tribunals have been criticised for their conclusion that "morale bombing" of civilians, including its nuclear variety, was legal, and for their judgment that, in certain situations, executing civilians in reprisal was permissible.

Judges

Judge	Position	Designations	Previous or Current Position
Hu C. Anderson	Presiding Judge	Krupp Trial	President of the Tennessee Court of Appeals
Walter B. Beals	Doctors' Trial	Justice of the Washington Supreme Court
Mallory B. Blair	Judge	Judges' Trial	Judge of the Third Court of Appeals of Texas
James T. Brand	Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of Oregon
George J. Burke	Hostages Trial	Former Prosecuting Attorney of Washtenaw County, Michigan
Edward F. Carter	Associate Justice of the Nebraska Supreme Court
William C. Christianson	Presiding Judge	Ministries Trial	Associate Justice of the Minnesota Supreme Court
Judge	Flick Trial	Minnesota Supreme Court Justice
Johnson T. Crawford	RuSHA Trial	Judge of the Oklahoma Court of Appeals
Doctors' Trial
Edward J. Daly	Krupp Trial	Associate Justice Connecticut Supreme Court
Richard D. Dixon	Alternate judge	Flick Trial	North Carolina Superior Court Judge
Judge	Einsatzgruppen Trial
Winfield B. Hale	High Command Trial	Judge Tennessee Court of Appeals
Justin W. Harding	Bar of the State of Ohio
Alternate judge	Judges' Trial
Paul M. Hebert	Judge	IG Farben Trial	Dean of the Law School of Louisiana State University
Robert F. Maguire	Ministries Trial	Master in Chancery United States District Court for the District of Oregon
Carrington T. Marshall	Presiding Judge	Judges' Trial	Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Ohio
Clarence F. Merrell	Alternate judge	IG Farben Trial	Lawyer from Indiana (friend of Judge Shake)
James Morris	Judge	Justice of the North Dakota Supreme Court
Michael Musmanno	Presiding Judge	Einsatzgruppen Trial	Military Governor of an Occupied District in Italy
Judge	Milch Trial
Pohl Trial
Daniel T. O'Connell	RuSHA Trial	Associate Justice of the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court
Fitzroy Donald Phillips	Milch Trial	Judge North Carolina Superior Court
Pohl Trial
Leon W. Powers	Ministries Trial	Justice of the Iowa Supreme Court
Frank Richman	Flick Trial	Indiana Supreme Court Justice
Harold Sebring	Doctors' Trial	Justice of the Florida Supreme Court
Charles B. Sears	Presiding Judge	Flick Trial	Chief Judge of the New York Court of Appeals
Curtis Grover Shake	IG Farben Trial	Chief Judge of the Indiana Supreme Court
John J. Speight	Judge	Einsatzgruppen Trial	Lawyer from Alabama
Alternate judge	Milch Trial
Pohl Trial
Victor C. Swearingen	Doctors' Trial	Special Assistant to the Attorney General of the United States
Robert M. Toms	Presiding Judge	Milch Trial	Judge of the Circuit Court for Wayne County, Michigan
Pohl Trial
Charles F. Wennerstrum	Hostages Trial	Chief Justice of the Iowa Supreme Court
William J. Wilkins	Judge	Krupp Trial	King County Superior Court Judge
Lee B. Wyatt	Presiding Judge	RuSHA Trial	Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of Georgia
John C. Young	High Command Trial	Former Chief Justice Colorado Supreme Court

References

"Nuremberg Trials". A&E Television Networks.
[[Kevin Jon Heller]]. (2011). "The Trials. Introduction: the indictments, biographical information, and the verdicts". Oxford University Press.
(April 2009). "Red Orchestra: The Story of the Berlin Underground and the Circle of Friends Who Resisted Hitler". Random House.
Heller, Kevin Jon. (2011). "The Nuremberg Military Tribunals and the Origins of International Criminal Law". [[Oxford University Press]].

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