Subacute bacterial endocarditis

Signs and symptoms

Among the signs of subacute bacterial endocarditis are:

• Malaise
• Weakness
• Excessive sweat
• Fever

Causes

It is usually caused by a form of Viridans group streptococcus bacteria that normally live in the mouth (*Streptococcus mutans, mitis, sanguis *or milleri).

Other strains of streptococci can cause subacute endocarditis as well. These include streptococcus intermedius, which can cause acute or subacute infection (about 15% of cases pertaining to infective endocarditis).

Enterococci from urinary tract infections and coagulase negative staphylococci can also be causative agents.

Mechanism

The mechanism of subacute bacterial endocarditis could be due to malformed stenotic valves which, in the company of bacteremia, become infected via adhesion and subsequent colonization of the surface area. This causes an inflammatory response, with recruitment of matrix metalloproteinases and destruction of collagen.

Underlying structural valve disease is usually present in patients before developing subacute endocarditis, and is less likely to lead to septic emboli than is acute endocarditis, but subacute endocarditis has a relatively slow process of infection and, if left untreated, can worsen for up to one year before it is fatal. In cases of subacute bacterial endocarditis, the causative organism (streptococcus viridans) needs previous heart valve disease to colonize. On the other hand, in cases of acute bacterial endocarditis the organism can colonize on the healthy heart valve, causing the disease.

Diagnosis

Subacute bacterial endocarditis can be diagnosed by collecting three blood culture specimens over a 24-hour period for analysis, also it can usually be indicated by the existence of:

• Osler's nodes
• Roth's spots
• Nail clubbing

Treatment

The standard treatment is with a minimum of four weeks of high-dose intravenous penicillin with an aminoglycoside such as gentamicin. The use of high-dose antibiotics is largely based upon animal models.

Leo Loewe of Brooklyn Jewish Hospital was the first to successfully treat subacute bacterial endocarditis with penicillin. Loewe reported at the time seven cases of subacute bacterial endocarditis in 1944.

References

Further references

References

1. Keogan, Mary. (2006-04-18). "Concise Clinical Immunology for Healthcare Professionals". Routledge.
2. Jefferson, James W.. (2012-12-06). "Neuropsychiatric Features of Medical Disorders". Springer Science & Business Media.
3. deWit, Susan C.. (2014-04-14). "Medical-Surgical Nursing: Concepts & Practice". Elsevier Health Sciences.
4. Verhagen, DW. (2006). "Antimicrobial treatment of infective endocarditis caused by viridans streptococci highly susceptible to penicillin: historic overview and future considerations". The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy.
5. "Endocarditis".
6. "Infective Endocarditis. Information; prevention of endocarditis {{!}} Patient".
7. {{EMedicine. article. 1954887. Pathology of Infectious Endocarditis
8. Pommerville, Jeffrey C.. (2012-01-15). "Alcamo's Fundamentals of Microbiology: Body Systems Edition". Jones & Bartlett Publishers.
9. Copstead-Kirkhorn, Lee-Ellen C.. (2014-06-25). "Pathophysiology". Elsevier Health Sciences.
10. Engelkirk, Paul G.. (2008-01-01). "Laboratory Diagnosis of Infectious Diseases: Essentials of Diagnostic Microbiology". Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
11. Kahan, Scott. (2008-03-01). "Signs and Symptoms". Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
12. Diepenbrock, Nancy H.. (2011-02-15). "Quick Reference to Critical Care". Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
13. {{EMedicine. article. 1105946. Clubbing of the Nails. clinical
14. Loewe, Leo. (1944). "Combined penicillin and heparin therapy of subacute bacterial endocarditis". Journal of the American Medical Association.