Streptococcus oralis

Role in the oral microbiome

S. oralis is one of a few pioneer species important in early colonisation of the dental pellicle, where it establishes an eubiotic biofilm believed to be protective for teeth. It discourages competition by other mouth commensals and pathobionts such as S. mutans and Candida albicans implicated in dysbiotic biofilm formation by sequestering (i.e. accumulating and storing) nutrients and releasing metabolites such as H2O2. A recent study by Leo et al. has investigated the potential mechanism employed by S. oralis to achieve biofilm establishment. The study described a novel protease therein named MdpS released extracellularly by S. oralis, which directly breaks down MUC5B, an O-glycosylated protein which constitutes the majority of the dental pellicle. Through this interaction, S. oralis may be able to adhere to dental enamel, acquire nutrients from the broken-down MUC5B molecules, and hence establish the biofilm. The genome for this protease is highly conserved amongst the S. mitis group, but is notably distant from the genome of S. mutans, indicating that they occupy competing niches; MdpS is active at pH 6.5-7.5, whilst S. mutans modifies the pH of its environment to 4.5-5.5 by releasing lactic acid. MdpS also showed mild immunomodulatory activity, as the study found that it can cleave IgA to a certain extent. Since other IgA proteases of S. oralis have been described in prior literature, immunomodulation may be another adaptation advantageous for establishing the eubiotic biofilm. However, further research is required to establish these mechanisms further.

Opportunistic pathogenicity

S. oralis has been implicated in opportunistic cases of bacteraemia, septicaemia and meningitis in immunocompromised patients, usually in relation to chronic dental disease and/or prior treatment which could provide a point of entry. The infection most associated with S. oralis is infective endocarditis.[[File:Streptococcus oralis biofilm.jpg|thumb|S. oralis exhibits a carpet‐like arrangement of two or three cell layers on titanium substrates, in vitro.]]

Natural genetic transformation

Like other streptococci and oral commensals, S. oralis also shows high genetic diversity. As such, it is competent for natural genetic transformation. S. oralis cells are able to take up exogenous DNA and incorporate exogenous sequence information into their genomes by homologous recombination. These bacteria can employ a predatory fratricidal mechanism for active acquisition of homologous DNA.

References

Note

References

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