Spring and Autumn Annals

History and content

The Spring and Autumn Annals was likely composed in the 5th century BC. By the time of Confucius, in the 6th century BC, the term 'springs and autumns' (zh 春秋, Old Chinese och) had come to mean 'year' and was probably becoming a generic term for 'annals' or 'scribal records'. The Annals was not the only work of its kind, as many other Eastern Zhou states also kept annals in their archives. Mencius mentioned in his work Li Lou (離婁) that the annals of the state of Chu had been called Taowu (梼杌) and that of the state of Jin is called Cheng (乘), the state of Lu calls it Chunqiu.

The Annals is a succinct scribal record that has around 18,000 total words, with terse entries that record events such as the accessions, marriages, deaths, and funerals of rulers, battles fought, sacrificial records observed, natural disasters, and celestial phenomena believed to be of ritual significance. The entries/sentences average only 10 characters in length; the longest entry in the entire work is only 47 characters long, and a number of the entries are only a single character long. There are 11 entries that read simply och 螽 (), meaning 'a plague of insects'—probably locusts.

Some modern scholars have questioned whether the entries were ever originally intended as a chronicle for human readers, and have suggested that the Annals entries may have been intended as "ritual messages directed primarily to the ancestral spirits".

Commentaries

Since the text of this book is terse and its contents limited, a number of commentaries were composed to annotate the text, and explain and expand on its meanings. The Book of Han vol. 30 lists five commentaries:

• The Commentary of Zou (鄒氏傳)
• The Commentary of Jia (夾氏傳)
• The Gongyang Zhuan
• The Guliang Zhuan
• The Zuo Zhuan

No text of the Zou or Jia commentaries has survived. The surviving commentaries are known collectively as the Three Commentaries on the Spring and Autumn Annals (). Both the Book of Han and the Records of the Grand Historian provide detailed accounts of the origins of the three texts.

The Gongyang and Guliang commentaries were compiled during the 2nd-century BC, although modern scholars had suggested they probably incorporate earlier written and oral traditions of explanation from the period of Warring States. They are based upon different editions of the Spring and Autumn Annals, and are phrased as questions and answers.

The Zuo Zhuan, composed in the early 4th century BC, is a general history covering the period from 722 to 468 BC which follows the succession of the rulers of the state of Lu. In the 3rd-century AD, the Chinese scholar Du Yu interpolated the Zuo Zhuan with the Annals so that each entry of the Annals was followed by the corresponding passages of the Zuo Zhuan. Du Yu's version of the text was the basis for the "Right Meaning of the Annals" (春秋正義 Chūnqiū zhèngyì) which became the imperially authorised text and commentary on the Annals in 653 AD.

During the late Han dynasty, there was a saying that the Guoyu was an "Outer Commentary" to the Spring and Autumn Annals.

There is also the * Chunqiu shiyu* from the Mawangdui tombs detailing less information and some say shiyu was the teacher's name who wrote it.

Influence

The Annals is one of the core Chinese classics and had an enormous influence on Chinese intellectual discourse for nearly 2,500 years. This was due to Mencius' assertion in the 4th century BC that Confucius himself edited the Annals, an assertion which was accepted by the entire Chinese scholarly tradition and went almost entirely unchallenged until the early 20th century. The *Annals''' terse style was interpreted as Confucius' deliberate attempt to convey "lofty principles in subtle words" (微言大義; zh). Not all scholars accepted this explanation: Tang dynasty historiographer Liu Zhiji believed the Commentary of Zuo was far superior to the Annals, and Song dynasty prime minister Wang Anshi famously dismissed the Annals as "a fragmentary court gazette" (斷爛朝報; zh). Some Western scholars have given similar evaluations: the French sinologist Édouard Chavannes referred to the *Annals'' as "an arid and dead chronicle".

The Annals have become so evocative of the era in which they were composed that it is now widely referred to as the Spring and Autumn period.

Translations

• (part 1 and part 2 at the Internet Archive; also with Pinyin transliterations here).
• Reprinted (1951), Paris: Cathasia.
• Watson, Burton (1989). The Tso Chuan: Selections from China's Oldest Narrative History. New York: Columbia University Press.
• Miller, Harry (2015). The Gongyang Commentary on the Spring and Autumn Annals: A Full Translation. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.

Note

References

Works cited

References

1. [[Du Yu]], 《春秋經傳集解》 ''Chunqiu Zuozhuan - Collected Explanations''. [http://www.chinaknowledge.de/Literature/Poetry/sibucongkan.html Sibu Congkan First Series] version, "vol. 1" [https://ctext.org/library.pl?if=gb&file=77348&page=69#%E8%9E%BD p. 69 of 189] quote: "螽……蚣蝑之屬為災"
2. Xu, Gan. (2002-01-01). "Balanced Discourses: A Bilingual Edition". Yale University Press.
3. Shaughnessy, Edward. (2019-11-18). "Chinese Annals in the Western Observatory: An Outline of Western Studies of Chinese Unearthed Documents". Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG.